Basic Parameters Research Articles

Multidimensional Multi-Connected Fuzzy Interval-Logic Controller

The key features and the principle of operation of a multidimensional fuzzy interval-logic controller with interconnected adjustable parameters developed by the authors are considered. The scheme of interpretation of continuous physical quantities by an equivalent set of terms and the basic version of the block diagram of the regulator are presented. The main elements of the logical output block are described, including the block of production rules, which includes a predefined database of values of control actions on control objects in the form of ordinal numbers of terms of output continuous quantities. The advantages and features of setting up the mutual connections between the input and output continuous values of the regulator are considered, which is expressed in determining the functional dependencies between them. The set of parameters possessed by the terms of input continuous quantities in relation to specific output continuous quantities of the regulator is described. The methods of defuzzification of the values of output continuous quantities within the boundaries of their terms are shown. The possibility of combining input and output continuous quantities into groups when setting up mutual connections between them is described. The mechanism of determining groups of interrelated continuous quantities is illustrated, the total number of which is determined by forming a matrix of relationships, according to the author’s scheme. The algorithm of sequential processing of the contents of the cells of the matrix of relationships, consisting of three steps, is considered. Expressions are given for calculating the basic parameters of a multidimensional fuzzy interval-logic controller with interrelated adjustable parameters. The results of a computational experiment to reduce the system of production rules of the regulator in determining the relationships between input and output continuous quantities are presented.

UKRmol-scripts: A Perl-based system for the automated operation of the photoionization and electron/positron scattering suite UKRmol+

UKRmol-scripts is a set of Perl scripts to automatically run the UKRmol+ codes, a complex software suite based on the R-matrix method to model fixed-nuclei photoionization and electron- and positron-scattering for polyatomic molecules. Starting with several basic parameters, the scripts operatively produce all necessary input files and run all codes for electronic structure and scattering calculations as well as gather the more frequently required outputs. The scripts provide a simple way to run such calculations for many molecular geometries concurrently and collect the resulting data for easier post-processing and visualization. We describe the structure of the scripts and the input parameters as well as provide examples for photoionization and electron and positron collisions with molecules. The codes are freely available from Zenodo. Program summaryProgram Title: UKRmol-scriptsCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/cpvc2473pt.1Developer's repository link:https://gitlab.com/Uk-amor/UKRMol/UKRmol-scriptsLicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: PerlNature of problem: Performing ab initio photoionization and low energy electron- and positron-scattering on polyatomic molecules requires selecting and setting a significant number of input parameters in order to model the physics in a numerically accurate way. These scripts streamline setting up and analyzing calculations based on the R-matrix method [1] using the UKRmol+ suite [2].Solution method: The scripts provide automatic generation of input files and execution of programs from the UKRmol+ suite [2] using a number of parameters that describe both physical models and machine-dependent settings, and also outputs of the previous programs in the suite which are automatically read and analyzed. The resulting output files are then post-processed to collect target and scattering data for further analysis and simple plotting.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The scripts should be used with releases 3.2 of UKRmol-in and UKRmol-out [3] although they are compatible with earlier versions.

Classical and local similarity in problems of turbulent convection: Extension of Prandtl semi-empirical theory for horizontal layers of water and air mediums

A variant of the local similarity theory is considered, assuming a priori specification of two basic dimensional parameters: the second moment of vertical velocity and the “spectral” Prandtl mixing length. Such selection of basic parameters lets us interpret the algebraic formulas of Prandtl's semiempirical turbulence theory for the coefficients of turbulent heat transfer and kinetic energy dissipation as relationships of the local similarity theory. A priori approximations of the basic parameters are based on known relationships and consider the upper boundary of the convective layer as a solid wall. Within the framework of local similarity theory, approximations for the turbulent moments of buoyancy and vertical velocity of arbitrary order are also proposed. The correspondence of these approximations to experimental data has been established in both air and water mediums, as well as in the results of numerical modeling. Such correspondence allows us to conclude that a wide class of vertical profiles of turbulent moments in a windless convective layer depends only on two basic parameters: the second moment of vertical velocity and the “spectral” Prandtl mixing length. The obtained result indicates the universal nature of the theory of local similarity and is a significant addition to the semiempirical Prandtl theory.

Effect of the cathode surface temperature on the cathode fall layer parameters: experiment and simulation

Combined experimental and numerical studies reveal a significant effect of the cathode temperature on the basic parameters (such as the electric field profile, thickness of the cathode fall layer, current density, and gas temperature) of the cathode fall of the self-sustained normal direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) in helium. Numerical models are spatially one- and two-dimensional and based on drift-diffusion theory of gas discharges. It was observed that heating of the cathode, resulting from a flow of the discharge current in APGD with a constricted positive column, leads to an increase of the interelectrode voltage if the cathode is not cooled and its temperature increases. With additional heating of the cathode by an external heat source, the interelectrode voltage tends to decrease. Radially inhomogeneous profiles of the reduced electric field on the uncooled cathode surface were measured. Simulation results exhibit reasonably good agreement with experiment for APGDs with cooled and uncooled cathodes.

Frequency-dependent physical parameters, the voltage-dependent profile of surface traps, and their lifetime of Au/(ZnCdS-GO:PVP)/n-Si structures by using the conductance method

In this study, frequency-dependent physical parameters, voltage-dependent of surface traps/states, and their lifetime of the Au/(ZnCdS-GO:PVP)/n-Si (MPS) type structures were investigated by using conductance measurements (Y = 1/Z = G + jωC) both in wide range frequency (3 kHz-3 MHz) and voltage (from − 4.00 V to 1.50 V). Firstly, basic physical parameters such as density of doping donor atoms (ND), diffusion potential (VD), Fermi-energy (EF), barrier height ΦB(C-V), depletion-layer thickness (WD), and maximum electric field (Em) were calculated from these measurements for each frequency. These values were found as 1.69 × 1016 cm−3, 0.444 eV, 0.193 eV, 0.606 eV, 1.31 × 10−5 cm, 7.66 × 104 V/cm for 10 kHz, and 1.42 × 1016 cm−3, 0.461 eV, 0.198 eV, 0.628 eV, 1.46 × 10−5 cm, 7.80 × 104 V/cm for 3 MHz, respectively. While ND decreases with increasing frequency, the other parameters increase. The density of surface states (Nss) and their lifetimes (τ) were also obtained from conductance techniques. While the Nss were changed between 2.78 × 1012 at 0.40 V and 2.61 × 1012 eV-1cm−2 at 1.3 V, and the Nss-V curve shows two distinctive peaks which correspond to 0.5 V (2.87 × 1012 eV−1cm−2) and 1.2 V (2.68 × 1012 eV−1cm−2), respectively. The values of τ were changed between 105 µs (at 0.4 V) and 15.3 µs (at 1.3 V) and decreased with increasing voltage as exponentially. These lower values of Nss were attributed to the used (ZnCdS-GO:PVP) interlayer.

Hydrodynamic studies of innovative membrane reactor for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste.

This paper presents the study concerning the impact of the basic operational parameters on the performance of an innovative microfiltration membrane reactor applied for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The concept and basic hydrodynamics of the reactor with tubular ceramic membranes and a propeller agitator were shown. Besides, the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of corn straw was studied to check reactor functionality. It has been proven that the proposed reactor construction can improve the microfiltration of lignocellulosic suspension by reducing the cake layer on the membrane surface. Increasing the rotational speed of the propeller agitator also improved the filtration efficiency. The permeate flux during the microfiltration experiments was lower for smaller lignocellulose biomass fraction (D<425 μm) when compared to the less fragmented corn straw (425<D<900 μm). For larger solid fractions, a stirring speed increase enhanced the separation efficiency regardless of the differences in biomass concentration. In contrast, this trend for the finer biomass fraction was only noticeable for the highest used biomass concentration (C=2.0%). Considering the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn straw, membrane separation of reaction products positively influenced the process yield, and the results depended on the applied operational parameters.

Plasma-resonance-assisted filament in a high-pressure microwave discharge

Self-consistent steady-state structure of a thin plasma filament maintained in atmospheric pressure argon by a rotating transverse electric field of ∼1 cm wavelength is simulated numerically under conditions when the local plasma resonance condition is satisfied at some surface inside the filament. The equilibrium radial distributions of the plasma parameters (temperature and density) and the field amplitude inside the filament are calculated based on the solution of the heat equation and the Maxwell equations. It is shown that the occurrence of strong resonant peaks of the radial component of the electric field and the power of Joule losses in the region of critical density at the periphery of the filament provide the energy deposition sufficient to achieve a relatively high gas temperature and a strongly supercritical plasma density in its central region. In relation to the values of these basic parameters of the filament and the lower limit of the external radiation power supporting it, the results obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the data of the earlier experiment.

Transformation of a plasma boundary curvature into electrical impulses moving along a plasma surface

The self-consistent propagation of electrical impulses and of the accompanying distortions of the electron surface in the framework of a cold plasma model with a sharp boundary has been described with help of a derived system of two equations. The method of ‘shallow water theory’ has been applied for the case of bounded plasma and deriving an equation with which to link the spatial and temporal structures and evolution of the boundary curvature and the surface charge. Under certain conditions, such perturbations can propagate along the boundary without changing their shape for a long distance. An approximate analytical solution has been found, and numerical calculations have been performed. Mutual connections between basic parameters of the considered perturbations (velocity components, electrostatic field, etc.) have been presented.

Linear block code with locality and availability inspired by tetrahedron

Abstract The primary application of codes with locality and availability in distributed storage is for data recovery in case that data are lost on some damaged servers. Locality enables the recovery of lost data by contacting only a restricted number of remaining servers. Availability means that more than one subset of servers providing locality is available for data recovery for each server. The secondary application of these codes in distributed storage is to allow access to hot data in times of high demand. In this paper it is shown that the binary linear [14, 4, 7] code has locality 2 and availability 6 and it can be interpreted as a three-dimensional graph obtained from a [7, 3, 4] Simplex code. It is achieving upper bounds on basic parameters for codes with all-symbols locality and availability. This code can be a building element of more complex codes with scalability inspired by three-dimensional structures. The availability spectrum is introduced as a tool for analyzing codes with locality and availability.

STUDYING THE RELIABILITY OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF ENGINE OIL

Specifically, greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, CO2, CO, SO2), are strong climate forcers, and articulate pollution all have detrimental health effects. Vehicle on-road traffic is a major contributor to air pollutants in urban areas that affect human population health, the environment at local and regional scales, and the global climate.[1] This study forces a numerical study of engine oil by engine conditions by using different type of fuels. Engine oil main parameters and internal combustion engines were investigated under real-world conditions for driving cycles typical for Tashkent urban environments. Three kinds of laboratory equipment and ISO standards were utilized. Our study shows that by using different types of fuel, the life cycle point of motor oil varies. Total base number (TBN), Total acid number (TAN), viscosity and flash points were taken as basic parameters of engine oil. The viscosity value of oil dominated the other characteristics. In general, in our study to improve engine performance, we must consider engine oil, which is one of the key parameters.

A generalized closed‐form analytic design technique for solid‐state Marx generators

SummarySolid‐state Marx generators (SSMGs) are capable of generating high‐voltage pulses, with certain repetition frequency, and have a multitude of applications. Published research work targets more elaborate SSMG circuits without the existence of a specific design procedure. In this paper, basic circuit parameters (stage capacitance, duty cycle and voltage droop) of generic resistive‐loaded SSMG—producing a single/burst of pulses—are precisely modeled. Accordingly, a generalized, closed‐form analytic design algorithm suitable for any resistive‐loaded SSMG is presented; the proposed algorithm guides designers throughout the SSMG design phase and furthermore, produces parametric design curves that provide designers with an in‐depth vision of the individual effect of each design parameter on the circuit performance. To quantify the robustness of the proposed algorithm, it is used to design a simple conventional, load‐dependent SSMG architecture fulfilling specific application requirements (frequency of 10 KHz, peak output voltage of 1.2 KV, and 510‐W average power per burst). Based on the obtained design and using the derived equations, the average power per burst is calculated for different number of pulses in the range of 1–10 pulses for the simulation and the implementation. The resulting relative error between the simulation and the measurement results is found to be in the range of 0.14%–0.37%. Afterward, the proposed algorithm is used to validate the published results of a complex SSMG. The relative error between the published results and those obtained using the proposed algorithm does not exceed 2.5%; this validates the modeling behind the proposed design technique and renders it as a solution approach for any resistive‐loaded SSMG topology irrespective of its complexity.

Multiple Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning

Abstract: In this comprehensive health analysis project, we delve into the evaluation of Diabetes, heart disease, and Parkinson's disease. Basic health parameters like Pulse Rate, Cholesterol, Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate are scrutinized, enabling the identification of associated risk factors through a prediction model known for its accuracy and precision. The implementation involves leveraging machine learning algorithms, employing Streamlit for interactive interfaces, and employing Python pickling to store model behaviour effectively. Future expansions may encompass diverse health domains such as chronic diseases, skin conditions, and more. The methodology adopts a sophisticated approach, concurrently predicting multiple diseases by synergizing the strengths of XG Boost, K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), and naïve Bayes (NB) algorithms within a unified framework. This integration aims to capitalize on the complementary attributes of these algorithms, augmenting prediction accuracy and robustness across varied healthcare datasets

Lyme Disease Models of Tick-Mouse Dynamics with Seasonal Variation in Births, Deaths, and Tick Feeding.

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States impacting the Northeast and Midwest at the highest rates. Recently, it has become established in southeastern and south-central regions of Canada. In these regions, Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted to humans by an infected Ixodes scapularis tick. Understanding the parasite-host interaction is critical as the white-footed mouse is one of the most competent reservoir for B. burgdorferi. The cycle of infection is driven by tick larvae feeding on infected mice that molt into infected nymphs and then transmit the disease to another susceptible host such as mice or humans. Lyme disease in humans is generally caused by the bite of an infected nymph. The main aim of this investigation is to study how diapause delays and demographic and seasonal variability in tick births, deaths, and feedings impact the infection dynamics of the tick-mouse cycle. We model tick-mouse dynamics with fixed diapause delays and more realistic Erlang distributed delays through delay and ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To account for demographic and seasonal variability, the ODEs are generalized to a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC). The basic reproduction number and parameter sensitivity analysis are computed for the ODEs. The CTMC is used to investigate the probability of Lyme disease emergence when ticks and mice are introduced, a few of which are infected. The probability of disease emergence is highly dependent on the time and the infected species introduced. Infected mice introduced during the summer season result in the highest probability of disease emergence.

Paeonol Derivative, 6'-Methyl Paeonol, Attenuates Aβ-Induced Pathophysiology in Cortical Neurons and in an Alzheimer's Disease Mice Model.

Herbs themselves and various herbal medicines are great resources for discovering therapeutic drugs for various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the common neurodegenerative diseases. Utilizing mouse primary cortical neurons and DiBAC4(3), a voltage-sensitive indicator, we have set up a drug screening system and identified an herbal extraction compound, paeonol, obtained from Paeonia lactiflora; this compound is able to ameliorate the abnormal depolarization induced by Aβ42 oligomers. Our aim was to further find effective paeonol derivatives since paeonol has been previously studied. 6'-Methyl paeonol, one of the six paeonol derivatives surveyed, is able to inhibit the abnormal depolarization induced by Aβ oligomers. Furthermore, 6'-methyl paeonol is able to alleviate the NMDA- and AMPA-induced depolarization. When a molecular mechanism was investigated, 6'-methyl paeonol was found to reverse the Aβ-induced increase in ERK phosphorylation. At the animal level, mice injected with 6'-methyl paeonol showed little change in their basic physical parameters compared to the control mice. 6'-Methyl paeonol was able to ameliorate the impairment of memory and learning behavior in J20 mice, an AD mouse model, as measured by the Morris water maze. Thus, paeonol derivatives could provide a structural foundation for developing and designing an effective compound with promising clinical benefits.

An automatic arrival time picking algorithm of P-wave based on adaptive characteristic function

The accuracy of arrival time and picking speed are significant issues in terms of micro-seismic identification, location, travel-time tomography, as well as source mechanism. In order to detect small changes in signal amplitude and frequency with different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the Allen's characteristic function (Allen's CF) was modified to an adaptive characteristic function (ACF) by relative time series and relative energy coefficients which was compared with the Allen's CF, Baer's CF, and Sedlak's CF. Then, an algorithm for S/L-AIC picker based on ACF for automatic P-wave arrival time picking was presented by the short-term-average to long-term-average ratios (STA/LTA) picker and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). In addition, the algorithm was applied to a dataset acquired by a local micro-seismic network at the Jing-Gong coal mine in Shanxi, China, which was compared with a two-step AIC picker, using the original manual selection as a reference to verify the reliability and robustness of the algorithm. Furthermore, the influence of five basic parameters on the accuracy of the S/L-AIC picker based on ACF was discussed by orthogonal tests. The results highlighted that: 81 % of the automatic picks processed by the S/L-AIC picker based on ACF were within +4 ms of deviation, while 66.3 % of the automatic picks processed by the two-step AIC picker were within the same error range; Compared with the other CFs, the ACF applied to the S/L-AIC algorithm performs better for low-SNR data and confirms more accurate and stable results. This study highlights that accurate automatic P-wave arrival time determination is feasible when using the S/L-AIC picker based on ACF.

The effect of female body mass index on cumulative live birth rate in women undergoing in vitro fertilization according to age.

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of female body mass index (BMI) on cumulative live birth rates (CLBR) in patients treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. A total of 2377 patients who visited the Reproductive Medical Center, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2015 to December 2021. The patients underwent the first IVF cycles. According to female BMI, patients were divided into 3 groups, group A: BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), group B: BMI: 18.5 to 24.0 kg/m2 (normal), group C: BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 (overweight/obesity). Patient basic parameters and clinical outcomes were compared among these 3 groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the impact of BMI on CLBR. In all treatment cycles, patients' basic parameters were significantly different among 3 BMI groups. Age of underweight patient was younger than patients in the other 2 groups (28.45 ± 5.32 vs 29.89 ± 5.00 vs 30.74 ± 5.40; P = .000). In addition, number of oocytes retrieved was also significantly higher in group A (11.25 ± 5.97 vs 11.07 ± 5.49 vs 10.52 ± 5.02; P = .000). CLBR in these 3 groups were 66.40%, 65.98%, and 59.14%, respectively. In logistic analysis, overweight/obesity was associated with CLBR in young patients (aOR = 0.822, 95% CI: 0.817-0.957, P = .000). However, in the cycles of older patients, the effect of overweight/obesity on the CLBR was not significant (aOR = 0.986, 95% CI: 0.903-1.027, P > .05). Overweight/obesity is a predictor for CLBR in younger patients (<35 years old), but not in advanced age patients undergoing their first IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment cycles.

A star under multiple influences. Magnetic activity in V815 Her, a compact 2+2 hierarchical system

Close binaries with magnetically active components are astrophysical laboratories for studying the effects of binarity on activity. Of particular interest are binary and multiple star systems that contain a solar-type active component with an internal structure similar to the Sun, allowing us to study how the dynamo of a solar-type star would work under different conditions. We have conducted a comprehensive investigation of V815\,Her using photometric and spectroscopic data to understand the origin of the activity and what influences it in the short and long term. Using space photometry we performed light curve modeling in order to derive astrophysical and orbital parameters for the eclipsing binary subsystem V815\,Her B. Using archival photometric data covering a century we carried out a time frequency analysis. Spectral synthesis was applied to determine the basic astrophysical parameters of the rapidly rotating primary using high-resolution STELLA spectra recorded in 2018. Photometric analysis of archived data revealed multiple cycles on timescales between sim 6.5 and sim 26 years, some of which may be harmonic. From TESS photometry we obtained an orbital solution for the V815\,Her B subsystem. By placing the primary component on the Hertzsprung$-$Russell-diagram, we could deduce an age of approx 30\,Myr, in line with the high Li-6707 abundance. The STELLA spectra covering the 200 day-long observing season enabled us to create 19 time-series Doppler images, which revealed a constantly changing spotted surface on a timescale of a few weeks. From the consecutive image pairs we built up the average cross-correlation function map to measure the surface differential rotation of the spotted star, from which we derive a weak solar-type surface shear. We found evidence that the V815\,Her B component previously apostrophized as a "third body" is actually an eclipsing close binary subsystem of two M dwarfs with a period of 0.5\,d, that is, V815\,Her is a 2+2 hierarchical quadruple system. The system is apparently young, only a few times ten million years old, consistent with the spotted primary V815\,Her Aa being a zero-age main-sequence star. Spot activity on the primary was found to be vivid. Fast starspot decay suggests that convective-turbulent erosion plays a more significant role in such a rapidly rotating star. The weak surface shear of V815\,Her Aa due to differential rotation is presumably confined by tidal forces of the close companion V815\,Her Ab. The slowly increasing photometric cycle of about 6.5 years on average is interpreted as a spot cycle of V815\,Her Aa, which is probably modulated by the eccentric wide orbit.

Impact of frailty, biomarkers and basic biochemical parameters on outcomes of comatose patients in status epilepticus: a single-center prospective pilot study

BackgroundStatus epilepticus (SE) is a severe acute condition in neurocritical care with high mortality. Searching for risk factors affecting the prognosis in SE remains a significant issue. The primary study’s aim was to test the predictive values of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and the Modified 11-item Frailty Index (mFI-11), the biomarkers and basic biochemical parameters collected at ICU on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) assessed at hospital discharge (hosp), and three months later (3 M), in comatose patients with SE. The secondary aim was to focus on the association between the patient’s state at admission and the duration of mechanical ventilation, the ICU, and hospital stay.MethodsIn two years single-centre prospective pilot study enrolling 30 adult neurocritical care patients with SE classified as Convulsive SE, A.1 category according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force without an-/hypoxic encephalopathy, we evaluated predictive powers of CFS, mFI-11, admission Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS), serum protein S100, serum Troponin T and basic biochemical parameters on prognosticating GOS using univariate linear regression, logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsOur study included 60% males, with a mean age of 57 ± 16 years (44–68) and a mean BMI of 27 ± 5.6. We found CFS, mFI-11, STESS, and age statistically associated with GOS at hospital discharge and three months later. Among the biomarkers, serum troponin T level affected GOS hosp (p = 0.027). Serum C-reactive protein significance in prognosticating GOS was found by logistic regression (hosp p = 0.008; 3 M p = 0.004), and serum calcium by linear regression (hosp p = 0.028; 3 M p = 0.015). In relation to secondary outcomes, we found associations between the length of hospital stay and each of the following: age (p = 0.03), STESS (p = 0.009), and serum troponin T (p = 0.029) parameters.ConclusionsThis pilot study found promising predictive powers of two frailty scores, namely CFS and mFI-11, which were comparable to age and STESS predictors regarding the GOS at hospital discharge and three months later in ICU patients with SE. Among biomarkers and biochemical parameters, only serum troponin T level affected GOS at hospital discharge.

Numerical and biomass growth study of Bulimulus bonariensis (Rafinesque, 1833) (Gastropoda: Bulimulidae) under laboratory conditions.

Bulimulus bonariensis is considered a species of relevance to agribusiness, having been declared a pest with indirect damage because of its negative effects on several crops such as soybeans, chickpeas, and corn in central and northern Argentina. The objective of this work was to analyze the growth pattern of a population born under laboratory conditions, to explore population aspects such as survival and mortality, to estimate the age and size at gonadal maturity and first reproduction, and to contribute to the knowledge of the reproductive biology of this gastropod. From the clutches obtained, the basic biologic parameters were calculated and the individuals hatched under laboratory conditions counted and measured every two weeks. The clutches contained an average of 44 eggs, which took about 13.7 days to hatch at a birth rate of 41.82%. The growth pattern in the five clutches was analyzed individually, and the logistic model used was the one with the highest degree of fit to that observed growth pattern, followed by the Gompertz model, and finally the von Bertalanffy model. In addition, the models were applied to the 102 specimens analyzed together as a cohort, where the best fitting model was also proved to be the logistic growth model. A concave type III survival curve was obtained from the horizontal life table. The cohort was reduced by 48% during the first 50 days after birth. Beyond one month of hatching, life expectancy gradually increased and remained high between 65-302 days of life. After day 330, life expectancy decreased and only 13.72% exceeded one year of birth, with an average length of 16.68 mm. The last specimen died after 23 months at a total length of 20.24 mm, and the life expectancy was estimated at almost three years. In addition, it was inferred that gonadal maturity, when these gastropods reach 12 mm of total shell length, is reached after 200 days of life. Therefore, the individuals that are born are able to reproduce for the first time a year after birth, when they have the approximate size of 16.68mm.

STUDY AND COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE HAVING DIFFERENT INFILL MATERIALS USING ETABS

Reinforcement concrete structure frame system widely used around the world. In building structure, structure element is generally taken as Beam, column, foundation. The dead &amp; live load is transferred from beam to column, column to footing then ultimately load distributed into the soil. The wall load is taken by beam. In building design, we mentioned the whole wall on the beam is possible, if it is not possible, we taken concealed beam into the slab below the wall. During the analysis of frame structure, we consider wall as non-structural element. But including walls in the structure analysis is play important role. This study deals with the examination of the impact of infill in structure and their behaviour in structure. In present situation high rise building constructed with the various type of infill wall materials. Some of them generally use for example red brick, AAC wall, Hollow concrete block, lightweight Aluminium &amp; Steel panels. So three types of models are created on ETABS software. In this study 9 storey high rise building is designed in ETABS with taking 3 infill materials like Fly Ash brick, AAC block and Hollow concrete block taken for study which on the most critical earthquake zone IV analysis (Dynamic) is done using ETABS, soil properties assumed medium and importance factor is taken 1.2 . The all three infill wall models compare with the basic design parameter like moment, shear force, displacement. The all three models that I passed under seismic loading helped me to reach the conclusion on how all three models perform in the case of seismic loading. And by comparing the percentage growth in the displacement and storey drift we can decide the most efficient building. Because the AAC block has the lowest density hence it should have the least moment generated compared to other bricks almost 20-30 percent difference is expected. And the model with Strut member should have least deflection compared to other models. The difference of 15-20 percent is expected atleast. Keywords: ETABS, Structural Analysis, masonry infill, RC frame, earthquake, displacement, drift, base shear, AAC blocks, Hollow concrete block, Bending moment, Diagonal Strut