Basic Notions Research Articles

Uniform Sampling on the Standard Simplex

Three methods for obtaining uniform sampling on the standard simplex are summarized and a new derivation of one method is provided, which only uses basic notions from calculus, difference equations, and differential equations.

The Vulnerable Dynamics of Discourse

AbstractIn this paper, we offer some compelling reasons to think that issues relating to vulnerability play a significant – albeit thus far underacknowledged – role in Jürgen Habermas’s notions of communicative action and discourse. We shall argue that the basic notions of discourse and communicative action presuppose a robust conception of vulnerability and that recognising vulnerability is essential for (i) making sense of the social character of knowledge, on the epistemic side of things, and for (ii) making sense of the possibility of deliberative democracy, on the political side of things. Our paper is divided into four principal sections. In Section 1, we provide a basic outline of Habermas on communicative action and discourse. In Section 2, we develop an account of vulnerability and communication in the context of speaker/hearer relations. We specifically focus on distorted communication, vulnerability and speech. In Section 3, we focus on elaborating epistemic pathologies in the context of epistemic oppression and testimonial injustice. In Section 4, we focus on explaining how Habermasian resources contribute to vulnerability theory, and how introducing vulnerability theory to Habermas broadens or deepens his theory of communication action and his discourse ethics theory.

Linguistically Sensitive Teaching in a Multilingual Context: Perceptions of Pre-Service Teachers of the Basque Autonomous Community

Summary Multilingual environments and migration have led to an increasing number of multilingual students, and consequently, to a need to take the varying linguistic repertoire of students into account in education. The aim of the present study is to explore Linguistically Sensitive Teaching (LST) as a possible linguistically inclusive approach and to examine how LST is perceived by pre-service primary teachers in the multilingual context of the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC), where the majority language, Spanish; the minority language, Basque; and the foreign language, English are included in the curriculum, all while some students might have other additional home languages that are not part of the curriculum. The methodological approach is a qualitative research study, in which data have been collected among a group of pre-service primary teachers from the BAC through written reflections, focus groups and observations. The results show the perceptions of the pre-service teachers on education policies in relation to linguistically sensitive teaching practices, good practices identified during their school placements, possibilities to promote Linguistically Sensitive Teaching in the classroom, the role of the minority language Basque in LST, and the threats, challenges and opportunities perceived in LST. It is concluded that despite some basic notions of LST, the lack of in-depth knowledge of pre-service teachers is visible, advocating for the need to include formation on LST in Initial Teacher Training.

Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies.

Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces (BCI) and neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), will have profound implications for society and human rights. While these technologies are improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological diseases, they can also alter individual agency and estrange those using neurotechnologies from their sense of self, challenging basic notions of what it means to be human. As an international coalition of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, we examine these challenges and make recommendations to mitigate negative consequences that could arise from the unregulated development or application of novel neurotechnologies. We explore potential ethical challenges in four key areas: identity and agency, privacy, bias, and enhancement. To address them, we propose (1) democratic and inclusive summits to establish globally-coordinated ethical and societal guidelines for neurotechnology development and application, (2) new measures, including “Neurorights,” for data privacy, security, and consent to empower neurotechnology users’ control over their data, (3) new methods of identifying and preventing bias, and (4) the adoption of public guidelines for safe and equitable distribution of neurotechnological devices.

Crisis-driven innovation and fundamental human needs: A typological framework of rapid-response COVID-19 innovations

As a microcosm for future challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic exhibits increasingly transboundary dynamics, causing interconnected problems across multiple societal systems. To examine the role of innovations as a social mechanism to reconcile these arising challenges, we view the unfolding of the pandemic through the lens of a content analysis of 707 innovation projects that address the fundamental human needs of consumers and businesses. This study proposes a novel procedure to characterize large-scale innovative activities via text mining and employs a theoretical framework for identifying the pressing societal needs amidst crises. Our typology of rapid-response COVID-19 innovations exhibits a diverse set of domains ranging from technological innovations to what may be described as frugal and social innovations. We provide evidence for the growing prevalence of social needs beyond the basic notion of safety during the early months of the crisis. Our contributions show that a structural model of innovation activities and their latent drivers may help policy makers and innovators to move toward achieving a systemic reaction to such crises.

Метод достижения правового баланса

The article is devoted to the issues of legal balance in social relations. Aspects of formation of the notion of legal balance are considered. The problem is considered from the standpoint of the libertarian-legal juridical understanding. The article presents basic notions of the method of achieving legal balance. The method of achieving a legal balance can be used when creating or correcting legislation to establish fair legal relations in society. The article provides examples of correcting the norms of Russian legislation based on the regulations of the method of achieving legal balance.

Political Science - Searching for Unity in Diversity: A Terminological Approach

Political science has developed impressively in recent decades, but the diversity of topics dealt with tends to overpower unity. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a pattern or 'field' of politics that emphasizes unity more than diversity and to do so not with new but with existing terms, both classical and modern. It is in this sense that the approach is of a terminological nature, and it is useful for the study of both government and international politics. The paper starts with a look at the Greek city state known as polis. Not only does the name of our discipline derive from that institution but it also stands for basic notions of politics, including the concept of public authority. David Easton uses the term when defining politics as the authoritative allocation of values. It is indeed of fundamental importance and intimately associated with terms like sovereignty, res publica, and governance, which together constitute the terminological core of the field proposed. That is not all, however. Because truly political terms have also a structural dimension it is important to distinguish between vertical and lateral authority structures, accompanied by authority dividing and authority sharing. The four structural dimensions, together with the core terminology, complete the pattern suggested. To illustrate the field's relevance the article discusses a number of concepts commonly used by political scientists - terms like separation of power, democracy, federalism, and authoritarianism or international terms like national independence, international organizations, interdependence, and supranationality. Needless to emphasize that in all these cases, the four dimensions combine in different ways, not only with each other but also with terms often used and indirectly related to the core. Diversity continues to exist but is accompanied by some degree of integrated unity.

Causality in gravitational theories with second order equations of motion

This paper considers diffeomorphism invariant theories of gravity coupled to matter, with second order equations of motion. This includes Einstein-Maxwell and Einstein-scalar field theory with (after field redefinitions) the most general parity-symmetric four-derivative effective field theory corrections. A gauge-invariant approach is used to study the characteristics associated to the physical degrees of freedom in an arbitrary background solution. The symmetries of the principal symbol arising from diffeomorphism invariance and the action principle are determined. For gravity coupled to a single scalar field (i.e. a Horndeski theory) it is shown that causality is governed by a characteristic polynomial of degree $6$ which factorises into a product of quadratic and quartic polynomials. The former is defined in terms of an "effective metric" and is associated with a "purely gravitational" polarisation, whereas the latter generically involves a mixture of gravitational and scalar field polarisations. The "fastest" degrees of freedom are associated with the quartic polynomial, which defines a surface analogous to the Fresnel surface in crystal optics. In contrast with optics, this surface is generically non-singular except on certain surfaces in spacetime. It is shown that a Killing horizon is an example of such a surface. It is also shown that a Killing horizon satisfies the zeroth law of black hole mechanics. The characteristic polynomial defines a cone in the cotangent space and a dual cone in the tangent space. The latter is used to define basic notions of causality and to provide a definition of a dynamical black hole in these theories.

Truth and Falsity in Communication: Assertion, Denial, and Interpretation

Our linguistic communication is, in part, the exchange of truths. It is an empirical fact that in daily conversation we aim at truths, not falsehoods. This fact may lead us to assume that ordinary, assertion-based communication is the only possible communicative system for truth-apt information exchange, or at least has priority over any alternatives. This assumption is underwritten in three traditional doctrines: that assertion is a basic notion, in terms of which we define denial; that to predicate truth of a sentence is to assert the content it expresses; and that one should, in the context of radical interpretation, try to maximize the truth of what foreigners believe or utter. However, I challenge this assumption via a thought experiment: imagine a language game in which everyone aims to exchange only falsehoods. I argue that information exchange is possible in this game, and so truth-guided communication and falsity-guided communication are conceptually on a par. As a consequence, we should reject the three doctrines, based as they are on the conceptual priority of assertion-based communication.

Problematyka praw obywatelskich w świetle poglądów Roberta von Mohla

<p>The main object of the presented article is to prove that, according to Robert von Mohl’s views on the idea of civil rights, he should be classified as the exponent of moderate early German liberalism. The first section of the study drafts a background for its next two parts. It presents the socio-political circumstances of the German states from the beginning of the 19<sup>th</sup> century to the developments of the Springtime of the Peoples. The analysis of the German scholar views on the citizenship’s idea in the context of the <em>Rechtsstaat</em> and basic rights notion is undertaken in the second part of the article. In the third part, it is proved, that von Mohl was a thinker who chose the path of the “golden mean”. Regarding the citizen’s position in state, on the one hand, he proposed a substantial catalogue of civil rights. On the other hand, he didn’t support the idea of universal political rights.</p>

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Linguistic Features of Billboards

The present research, "A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Linguistic Features of Billboards", has been accomplished in order to make a comprehensive analysis of the fact how advertising is manipulating and altering the basic philosophies, dogmas, creeds and ideologies of the common people. Advertising is a vast field, and it has influenced the lives of all of us in the last decades. Keeping this factor in view, the researcher has made an attempt to uncover those aspects which remain hidden in the glamorous and eye-catching commercials which contribute to the capitalist's efforts to make maximum profit by thrusting his products on the customers. The researcher has done the linguistic analysis by using Norman Fairclough's model of Critical Discourse Analysis (1993) of the billboard advertisements. The researcher has analyzed the language and images used on the billboards and had made an attempt to find out the basic notions for which these linguistic expressions have been used in the boards. For this purpose, he uses various tactics. The sincerity which is illustrated in the billboard advertisements by the advertiser is not factual. The real picture is on the other side.

Hybrid Decision-Making Frameworks under Complex Spherical Fuzzy N -Soft Sets

This paper presents the novel concept of complex spherical fuzzy N -soft set ( C S F N S f S ) which is capable of handling two-dimensional vague information with parameterized ranking systems. First, we propose the basic notions for a theoretical development of C S F N S f S s , including ranking functions, comparison rule, and fundamental operations (complement, union, intersection, sum, and product). Furthermore, we look into some properties of C S F N S f S s . We then produce three algorithms for multiattribute decision-making that take advantage of these elements. We demonstrate their applicability with the assistance of a numerical problem (selection of best third-party app of the year). A comparison with the performance of Pythagorean N -soft sets speaks for the superiority of our approach. Moreover, with an aim to expand the range of techniques for multiattribute group decision-making problems, we design a C S F N S f -TOPSIS method. We use a complex spherical fuzzy N -soft weighted average operator in order to aggregate the decisions of all experts according to the power of the attributes and features of alternatives. We present normalized-Euclidean distances (from the alternatives to both the C S F N S f positive and negative ideal solutions, respectively) and revised closeness index in order to produce a best feasible alternative. As an illustration, we design a mathematical model for the selection of the best physiotherapist doctor of Mayo hospital, Lahore. We conduct a comparison with the existing complex spherical fuzzy TOPSIS method that confirms the stability of the proposed model and the reliability of its results.

EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS APPLIED TO EARLY EDUCATIONAL STAGES

Robots applied to education can offer us many advantages in the learning of students from the early educational stages, from the childhood stage. In addition to entertaining, they are a very powerful tool to motivate students and learn. Educational robotics in Early Childhood Education involves the initiation of computational thinking and support for the development of basic spatial notions (front, back, left, and right). In this paper, different activities are presented to develop spatial reasoning effectively. For the activities proposed we use the blue-bot robot as the application of educational robotics in a teaching and learning context. It is a small, very intuitive robot that draws the attention of children due to its attractive and transparent design. With this robot, programming languages consist only of five movement commands. With blue-bot robot in a playful way as a tool for the effective development of space rationing. This investigation is a qualitative research work, the application of robotic activities has been carried out with a sample of 21 children aged between 6-7 years. Five sessions were held, and participant observation was used in each session. After the application and considering the results and motivation of the young students, we can affirm that the activities and workshops were very beneficial to introduce basic spatial notions using educational robotics. Children showed connections between content learnings with valuable social practices through experiencing.

EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS APPLIED TO EARLY EDUCATIONAL STAGES

Robots applied to education can offer us many advantages in the learning of students from the early educational stages, from the childhood stage. In addition to entertaining, they are a very powerful tool to motivate students and learn. Educational robotics in Early Childhood Education involves the initiation of computational thinking and support for the development of basic spatial notions (front, back, left, and right). In this paper, different activities are presented to develop spatial reasoning effectively. For the activities proposed we use the blue-bot robot as the application of educational robotics in a teaching and learning context. It is a small, very intuitive robot that draws the attention of children due to its attractive and transparent design. With this robot, programming languages consist only of five movement commands. With blue-bot robot in a playful way as a tool for the effective development of space rationing. This investigation is a qualitative research work, the application of robotic activities has been carried out with a sample of 21 children aged between 6-7 years. Five sessions were held, and participant observation was used in each session. After the application and considering the results and motivation of the young students, we can affirm that the activities and workshops were very beneficial to introduce basic spatial notions using educational robotics. Children showed connections between content learnings with valuable social practices through experiencing.

Das wollende Subjekt. Annäherungen an Wittgensteins Ethik

One of the basic notions of ethics is certainly the concept of the will. Although in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Wittgenstein excludes that ethical sentences can be meaningfully formulated, the conception of the will occupies a prominent position in his book. This supposed tension in the Tractatus is not accidental, but an integral part of Wittgenstein's concern to reach a new, non-philosophical approach towards ethics.

Alternativa de solución de controversias jurídicas, a través del online dispute resolution (ODR)

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal, identificar la regulación que se tiene sobre los Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) en la normativa colombiana, haciendo un enfoque al arbitraje virtual como una modalidad de los ODR, toda vez que, estos son los mecanismos alternativos de solución de conflictos que hoy por hoy resultan ser lo más novedoso en materia de resolución de controversias. En principio se pretende abordar sobre las nociones básicas que se tienen sobre el arbitraje tradicional incluyendo su naturaleza y el pacto arbitral que da paso al proceso, siguiendo con la conceptualización y distinción de los medios electrónicos como herramientas importantes para la aplicación de los ODR, seguidamente, se profundizará sobre estos ODR en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano e internacional y en suma, poder distinguir su diferencia con un arbitramiento tradicional a través de un derecho comparado con legislaciones como México, finalizando con las respectivas conclusiones.

Tracy-Widom distribution, Airy2 process and its sample path properties

Tracy-Widom distribution was first discovered in the study of largest eigenvalues of high dimensional Gaussian unitary ensembles (GUE), and since then it has appeared in a number of apparently distinct research fields. It is believed that Tracy-Widom distribution have a universal feature like classic normal distribution. Airy2 process is defined through finite dimensional distributions with Tracy-Widom distribution as its marginal distributions. In this introductory survey, we will briefly review some basic notions, intuitive background and fundamental properties concerning Tracy-Widom distribution and Airy2 process. For sake of reading, the paper starts with some simple and well-known facts about normal distributions, Gaussian processes and their sample path properties.

Classification of management errors within the scope of the basic notions of Korogodin’s theory of goal-oriented systems

Introduction. The issue of goal-setting in management in general and in public administration, in particular, is one of the most relevant and important for management theory and practice. The purpose hereof is to study and reveal the mechanism of goal-setting in management. Materials and methods. The article is based on Korogodin’s theory of goal-oriented systems. The works on public administration, social construction and management, as well as foreign research on organizational management and business, are used herein. Results. A simple classification of typical management errors from the standpoint of the theory of goal-oriented systems is given: those related to goals, resources, operators, and by-products. Discussion and conclusion. The potential of using the teleonomic systems approach for the analysis of problem situations in management has been demonstrated. A strict and logical classification makes it possible to algorithmize the management decision-making process.

Utility of Functional Transparency and Usability in UAV Supervisory Control Interface Design

A basic notion of transparency in automated systems design is the need to support user tracking and understanding of system states. Many usability principles for complex systems design implicitly target the concept of transparency. In this study, we made comparison of a “baseline” control interface mimicking an existing available UAV ground control station with an “enhanced” interface designed with improved functional transparency and usability, and a “degraded” interface which removed important design features. Each participant was extensively trained in the use of one of the interfaces and all simulated UAV control tasks. Each participant was tested in four trials of a typical military concept of UAV operation with different mission maps and vehicle speeds. Results revealed participants using the enhanced interface to produce significantly faster task completion times and greater accuracy across all UAV control tasks. The enhanced features were also found to promote operator understanding of the system and mitigate workload. By defining and setting automation transparency as an overarching design objective and identifying specific transparency and usability issues within existing GCS designs, we weress able to design and prototype an enhanced interface that more effectively supported human-automation interaction. Automation transparency as a high-level design objective may be useful for expert designers; whereas, usability design guidelines, as “building blocks” to transparency, may be a useful tool for new system designers.

LINGUOSTATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NOMINACENTRIC PROBABIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (THEORETICAL AND LINGUODIDACTICAL ASPECTS)

The article is devoted to the linguostatistic analysis of the nominacentric proverbs of the English language. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a proverb dictionary. Folk proverbs and sayings of the English language in the studied dictionary have great didactic and educational value, since they assert moral norms (hard work, patriotism, love for the homeland, respect for elders, courage, etc.) and condemn human vices (laziness, cowardice, greed, etc.).
 The analyzed proverbial dictionary of the English language (Collection of English proverbs and sayings, 1987) contains about 1015 proverbs and sayings, which are arranged thematically. The materials of the dictionary demonstrate the richness of the figurative means of the language, its history and culture, the rules of the people’s life, which are passed from generation to generation for many centuries. Linguostatistic analysis and description are carried out on the basis of nominacentric proverbs with the basic notion "man". They occupy a large place in the proverbial fund of the English language, both in content and quantity and in the ways of their expression. The method of linguostatistical analysis and the semantic-stylistic method were used in the process of scientific research.