Basic Nickel Research Articles

Advances in Nickel Hydroxide: Structures and Modern Applications (review)

This review article provides an overview of research conducted over the past few decades on nickel hydroxide, a crucial material in both physics and chemistry with notable engineering applications, particularly in batteries. It begins by outlining the structures of the two known polymorphs, α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2. The article also explores various types of disorder commonly found in nickel hydroxide, such as hydration, stacking faults, mechanical stresses, and the incorporation of ionic impurities. Related materials, including intercalated α-derivatives and basic nickel salts, are also discussed. The review goes on to summarize several methods for synthesizing nickel hydroxide, such as chemical and electrochemical precipitation, sol–gel synthesis, chemical aging, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, electrochemical oxidation, microwave-assisted synthesis, and sonochemical methods. Finally, the known physical properties of nickel hydroxide—magnetic, vibrational, optical, electrical, and mechanical—are examined. The concluding section offers a summary of the potentially valuable properties of these materials and techniques for identifying and characterizing unknown nickel hydroxide-based samples.

Modulating nickel precursors to construct highly active Ni/Y2O3 catalysts for CO2 methanation

Constructing the interface of Ni/Y2O3 heterogeneous catalyst is a feasible strategy for efficient catalyst design in CO2 methanation, which can create the active Y–O–Ni interfacial sites by utilizing the interaction between Ni and Y2O3. In this work, the strategy of using different nickel precursors (nickel nitrate, nickel acetate, basic nickel carbonate and nickel citrate) was used to prepare various Ni-based catalysts supported on Y2O3, which were estimated for their catalytic performance on CO2 methanation. The catalysts were characterized based on BET, XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, XPS and CO2-TPD, etc. The results indicated a close correlation between the metal dispersion and particle size of Ni/Y2O3 catalysts and the nickel precursor employed. The Y–O–Ni interface structure in Ni/Y2O3 catalysts, associated with basic sites, provides a richer source of basic sites, offering more active sites for CO2 adsorption and activation. Ni/Y2O3 catalyst prepared with nickel nitrate as the precursor exhibited characteristics such as a highly enhanced nickel dispersion, a smaller nickel particle size, and more abundant metallic Ni0 sites. Moreover, nickel nitrate-derived Ni/Y2O3 catalyst exhibited optimal catalytic activity, achieving a CO2 conversion rate of up to 92 % at 300 °C, with 100 % selectivity to CH4, and displaying good stability over 30 h. Therefore, the dispersion of Ni and the size of Ni particles could be controlled by adjusting the precursor, which is closely associated with the catalytic activity of Ni/Y2O3 catalyst. This work unveils the interface-property relationship of Ni/Y2O3 catalysts and provides a new insight into strategy of constructing more effective Ni-based catalyst for CO2 methanation through the controlled nickel precursor.

Simple Solution Plasma Synthesis of Ni@NiO as High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries Application.

Pursuing of straightforward and cost-effective methods for synthesizing high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries is a topic of significant interest. This study elucidates a one-step synthesis approach for a conversion composite using glow discharge in a nickel formate solution, yielding a composite precursor comprising metallic nickel, nickel hydroxide, and basic nickel salts. Subsequent annealing of the precursor facilitated the formation of the Ni@NiO composite, exhibiting exceptional electrochemical properties as anode material in Li-ion batteries: a capacity of approximately 1000 mAh g-1, cyclic stability exceeding 100 cycles, and favorable rate performance (200 mAh g-1 at 10 A g<M-.1). Comparative analysis across various methods for synthesizing NiO-based materials underscored the superiority of the Ni@NiO composite. Furthermore, an assessment of resource costs demonstrated the cost-effectiveness and scalability of the approach in terms of resource consumption per Ah. Lastly, the integration of a Ni@NiO anode with an NMC532 cathode in a full battery highlights Ni@NiO's potential for conversion anodes, achieving a practical gravimetric energy density of 92 Wh kg-1.

High Value Conversion Technology of Nickel in Waste Electrolytes of Nitrogen Trifluoride by Electrolysis

The method of precipitation treatment of high-nickel waste electrolytic slag was studied, coupled with multi-step treatment to improve the recovery rate of nickel. In this study, HNO3 was used as dissolving agent, NaOH and Na2CO3 as precipitating agents, and the waste electrolytic slag was dissolved in the liquid phase and then precipitated. The results show that the electroslag with high nickel content can be completely dissolved under the optimal solid-liquid ratio of 1:10. When the pH of the leaching solution was adjusted to 7.5 by 5% NaOH solution, the iron removal rate could reach 99.3%. When the pH was adjusted to 11 with 5% Na2CO3, the nickel could be completely precipitated after standing, and the main component was basic nickel carbonate. The further recovery experiments show that high purity NiO can be obtained after the basic nickel carbonate is oxidized and calcined, and the average recovery rate of nickel is 92.4%. This study is of great practical significance to improve the treatment efficiency of the chemical precipitation method, reduce the operating cost of the chemical precipitation method, and reduce the production of secondary pollutants in the process of nickel recycling.

Biomass template method for preparing macroporous nickel foam with tunable pore size and porosity

• A simple one-step strategy to prepare Ni foams. • Ni foam characterized by macropores in the range of 1–10 μm. • Versatile controllability of pore size and porosity. • Cotton fibers play roles of both template and reductant. A simple one-step biomass template method was reported to prepare macroporous Ni foams with tunable pore size and porosity by using basic nickel carbonate and cotton as Ni source and biomass template respectively. The cotton fibers also played a key role of reducing agent which enabled the simple one-step strategy without further treatment. The pore size and porosity of the products can be versatilely controlled by reactant concentrations.

(Invited) Ambient Storage and Washing of NCMs: Formation/Removal of Surface Contaminants and NCM Structural Changes upon Heating of Washed/Stored NCMs

Cathode active materials (CAMs) based on Ni-rich layered transition metal oxides, like NCMs or NCAs, are commonly subjected to a final washing step in water to remove residual lithium hydroxide and carbonate, which otherwise lead to gelling of the electrode slurry and gassing during cell operation [1,2]. Washing, however, is accompanied by an increase in the pH of the washing solution (the steady-state pH increasing with Ni content), suggesting a Li+/H+ exchange in the near-surface region of the CAM particles, concomitant with the formation LiOH [3,4]. Due to the latter, small amounts of OH-based surface contaminants remain on the surface after washing, while carbonate-based surface contaminants can be removed completely, as shown by XPS [5]. TGA-MS analysis reveals that the incorporation of protons in washed NCMs results in a mass loss at much lower temperatures than in the case of pristine lithiated NCMs; it is accompanied by the release of H2O at ~160 °C and of O2 at ~270 °C, which are ascribed to the formation of spinel- and rocksalt-like surface phases, respectively [3]. These surface processes may be compared to the bulk conversion of layered nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) to the NiO rocksalt phase that initiates at also »160 °C upon the simultaneous release of H2O and O2 [6]. The formation of these oxygen-depleted surface phases can also be confirmed by XPS and soft-XAS [5, 7] and they result in a significant increase of the CAM impedance [3].The Li+/H+ exchange in the near-surface region of layered transition metal oxide CAMs upon washing was also shown to occur upon their storage at humid ambient air [5]. In this case, however, surface contaminants are accumulated on the CAM surface, consisting of LiOH, Li2CO3, and basic nickel carbonates (NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·xH2O) [8,9,10]. The total amount of these surface contaminants increases with storage time and particularly with Ni content [5], leading to a deterioration of their cycling performance [8,9,10], which we have ascribed to their high reactivity with the electrolyte [10]. Upon heating of NCMs stored at humid air, surface contaminants other than Li2CO3 can be removed up to 450 °C, while the Li+/H+ exchange leads to the formation of oxygen-depleted surface layers within the same temperature range, identical to what was observed for washed NCMs.This presentation will review and summarize the above described phenomena, outlining the differences and the similarities between the NCM surface changes affected by either washing or storage at ambient humid air.

Iron-doping Enhanced Basic Nickel Carbonate for Moisture Resistance and Catalytic Performance of Ozone Decomposition

Iron-doping Enhanced Basic Nickel Carbonate for Moisture Resistance and Catalytic Performance of Ozone Decomposition

Ammoniacal Carbonate Leaching: Effect of Dissolved Sulfur in the Distillation Operation

The distillation process in the Ammoniacal Carbonate Leaching technology was studied at bench-scale and on industrial scale. The dissolved sulfur effect in the Product-liquor that feeds to the columns, on the Basic Nickel Carbonate (BNC) properties and the operation expenses was determined. When increasing the sulfur in the liquor, we augment the selectivity towards the sulfate formation in the BNC molecule; therefore the energy consumption to the BNC thermal decomposition in the calcination process increases. Also, the nickel dissolved in the columns effluent increases due to complex reaction with [SO42–] and [S2O32–] ions, thus the expenses for consumption precipitation reagent increase too. Feeding carbonated liquor in the range 1.60 ≤ NH3/CO2 &lt; 1.80 and CO2-rich solution increases the CO2 in the BNC with decreasing in sulfate; then, the mean diameter particle increases, the filtration resistance and the cake moisture diminish, which augments the productivity and reduces the energy consumption in the process of filtration and calcination. Keeping a pH between 8.4 and 8.7 in the columns outlet the greatest economic benefit is obtained of 0,125 ($ · h–1) per (m3 · h–1) of Product-liquor.

Lixiviación carbonato amoniacal: estimación del níquel disuelto en el efluente de destilación

Se identificaron los factores que inciden en el incremento de la concentración del níquel disuelto en la suspensión de carbonato básico de níquel, de la tecnología de lixiviación de carbonato amoniacal. Se propuso un modelo estadístico para determinar el níquel en función de los factores: concentración de amoníaco, dióxido de carbono y azufre en la solución que alimenta a las columnas de la destilación, y el pH de la suspensión. El modelo se validó con antecedentes experimentales y una serie de ecuaciones del equilibrio termodinámico en el sistema Ni (II)-NH3-CO32--S2O32--SO42--H2O. Se obtuvo que a mayor relación de Ni/S y CO2/S, y menor de NH3/CO2, disminuye el níquel disuelto. Cuando la alcalinidad de la suspensión disminuye a pH inferior a 9, hay una tendencia al incremento de la concentración de níquel disuelto. El análisis permitió formular las posibles reacciones químicas involucradas en la lixiviación del carbonato que propician el incremento del níquel disuelto.

Tiny Basic Nickel Carbonate Arrays/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for High-Efficiency Supercapacitor Application

3D structure composite made of tiny basic nickel carbonate arrays on the surface of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (G-NiCH) are prepared by the hydrothermal method. The specific surface area of the G-NiCH composites is twice that of single basic nickel carbonate, which is due to the tiny basic nickel carbonate arrays structure wherein each individual nanoneedle is about 20[Formula: see text]nm in length and 2[Formula: see text]nm in width. The G-NiCH electrodes display high-efficiency electrochemical performance with good specific capacitance (1230[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]) and excellent stability (100% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles). This is attributed to the synergistic effect that reduced graphene oxide offer fast electron transmission path and basic nickel carbonate act as high effective active material.

Formation mechanism of nickel hydroxide in system Ni(NO3)2—NaOH

Nickel hydroxide is used an active substance for accumulators and supercapacitors, which are widely used as power sources for various electric devices and electronics. According to literature the formation of divalent metal hydroxides such as zinc and cadmium hydroxides(Zn(OH)2, Cd(OH)2) occurs in two stage: 1) precipitation of metal hydroxyl salt; 2) reaction of hydroxyl salt with hydroxyl groups with formation of metal hydroxide. Though the nickel hydroxyl nitrate is known, the information regarding its formation mechanism and composition is limited. Aim of the work was to establish the formation mechanism of nickel hydroxide from nitrate precursor and to establish the composition of formed precipitate. In order to achieve the set aim, the analysis of Ni(NO3)2—NaOH system has been carried out using combined method of conductometric and potentiometric titration. It had been established that process of nickel hydroxide formation from nitrate solution occurs in two stages: 1) precipitation of basic nickel nitrate; 2) transformation of basic nickel nitrate into hydroxide. It had been established that composition of primary precipitate correspond to the formula Ni(NO3)0.13(OH)1.87.

Optimizing parameters affecting electroless Ni-P coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy as corrosion protection barriers

Magnesium alloys are materials difficult to plate due to their high reactivity. The surface passive layer formed in air or water must be first removed prior the plating process. Generally, it was shown that electroless Ni–P coatings on AZ91D alloy are directly related to its surface pretreatment parameters and the various plating conditions. Micro-image morphology and chemical composition of the different coats were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRF and XRD techniques. Electrochemical polarization, porosity and adhesion tests were also performed to study the corrosion resistance of the samples. The plating step was accomplished either after a zincating treatment or directly after the fluoride activation treatment using basic nickel plating bath. Successful direct EN coatings obtained are good corrosion barriers for AZ91D alloy in aggressive environments.

Facile synthesis of unique NiO nanostructures for efficiently catalytic conversion of CH4 at low temperature

A simple one-pot thermal decomposition approach to the selective synthesis of NiO nanomaterials was developed. The morphologies of the NiO nanomaterials were nanoparticle-based sheets, octahedra, nanosheet-built agglomerates, and nanoparticle-based microspheres. The samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption analyses. The morphology, crystal size, and texture properties of the products can be easily modulated by selecting various decomposition temperatures and precursors. Samples with high specific surface area and small crystal size were found to easily form at low sintering temperatures and when basic nickel carbonate and nickel oxalate dihydrate were used as precursors. Reduction property and CH4 conversion, as functions of decomposition temperature and precursor type, were systematically investigated. When NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·4H2O and NiC2O4·2H2O were used as precursors, the as-obtained nanosheet-built agglomerates and nanoparticle-based sheets presented a high CH4 conversion rate because of the small crystal size and large specific surface area.

Nickel Bicarbonate Revealed as a Basic Carbonate

AbstractA new basic nickel carbonate Ni12(CO3)8(OH)8·(x – 1)H2O or Ni12(CO3)8(OH)6O·xH2O (x = 6–8) was synthesized by two hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure was determined in the cubic space group P$\bar {4}$3m (215) with a = 8.3814(2) Å by laboratory high‐resolution X‐ray powder diffraction with the application of global optimization methods and Rietveld refinement. The crystal structure consists of edge‐linked [NiO6] octahedra and carbonate units that form cages. The interconnected cages form channels filled with disordered water molecules. This causes a zeolite‐like behavior of the water molecules, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TG–IR) and in situ X‐ray powder diffraction experiments up to 300 °C. In addition, the title compound was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The title compound was proven to be a pure carbonate and not nickel hydrogen carbonate (PDF 15‐0782), as was assumed before.

Smelting of calcined basic nickel carbonate concentrate in a 200 kW DC arc furnace

Smelting of calcined basic nickel carbonate concentrate in a 200 kW DC arc furnace

Low-Temperature Synthesis of Hierarchical Amorphous Basic Nickel Carbonate Particles for Water Oxidation Catalysis.

Amorphous nickel carbonate particles are catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which plays a critical role in the electrochemical splitting of water. The amorphous nickel carbonate particles can be prepared at a temperature as low as 60 °C by an evaporation-induced precipitation (EIP) method. The products feature hierarchical pore structures. The mass-normalized activity of the catalysts, measured at an overpotential of 0.35 V, was 55.1 A g(-1) , with a Tafel slope of only 60 mV dec(-1) . This catalytic activity is superior to the performance of crystalline NiOx particles and β-Ni(OH)2 particles, and compares favorably to state-of-the-art RuO2 catalysts. The activity of the amorphous nickel carbonate is remarkably stable during a 10 000 s chronoamperometry test. Further optimization of synthesis parameters reveals that the amorphous structure can be tuned by adjusting the H2 O/Ni ratio in the precursor mixture. These results suggest the potential application of easily prepared hierarchical basic nickel carbonate particles as cheap and robust OER catalysts with high activity.

Ni3Cl2.1(OH)3.9·4H2O, the Ni analogue to Mg3Cl2(OH)4·4H2O.

For the first time a basic transition-metal hydrate, Ni3Cl2.1(OH)3.9·4H2O, is found to be isostructural to a main-group metal phase, Mg3Cl2.0(OH)4.0·4H2O. The Ni phase was found as crystalline solid in the course of investigations into the formation of basic nickel(II) chloride phases at 25 and 40 °C in alkaline, concentrated nickel(II) chloride solutions. Ni3Cl2.1(OH)3.9·4H2O was characterized by thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. The crystal structure was determined from high-resolution laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. Ni3Cl2.1(OH)3.9·4H2O crystallizes in space group C2/m (12) with Z = 2, a = 14.9575(4) Å, b = 3.1413(1) Å, c = 10.4818(5) Å, β = 101.482(1)°, and V = 482.50(3) Å(3). The main building unit of the structure is an infinite triple chain of edge-linked distorted NiO6 octahedra. These chains are separated by interstitial one-dimensional zigzag chains of disordered Cl(-) ions and H2O molecules. The crystal structures of Ni3Cl2.1(OH)3.9·4H2O and the isostructural magnesium salt hydrate Mg3Cl2(OH)4·4H2O (2-1-4 phase) are compared in detail.

Surfacial Modification of Magnesium-Lithium Alloy

A novel process of electroless Ni-P plating on magnesium-lithium alloy is discussed in this paper, by which nickel ions are provided by basic nickel carbonate and a new pretreatment method is introduced to obtain good quality coating. The corrosion behavior of magnesium-lithium alloy without or with coating was compared and the bonding strength of the electroless Ni-P coating to the matrix surface was also measured. The results showed that the process of electroless Ni-P plating can be easily achieved on the intermediate layer and a compact Ni-P coating without flaws is formed synchronously. The thickness of Ni-P coating is above 20 μm and its phosphorus content is about 10.501wt.%. The corrosion potential of magnesium-lithium alloy coated by Ni-P increases obviously (-0.315V) during the anodic polarization in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution and this phenomenon indicates that an effective protection has been formed for the alloy. It was proved that the Ni-P coating adheres on magnesium-lithium alloy surface tightly through the file test and cross cut test.

Separation of Mo(VI) and Fe(III) from the acid leaching solution of carbonaceous Ni–Mo ore by ion exchange

The separation of Mo(VI) and Fe(III) from the acid leaching solution of carbonaceous Ni–Mo ore by ion exchange was studied. The leaching solution was a sulfate solution with pH0.68, which contained Mo(VI) 10.63g/L, Ni(II) 2.38g/L, Fe(III) 11.42g/L and so on. Experiments confirmed that Mo(VI) can combine with SO42− to form heteropoly acids in acid sulfate solution, the Mo(VI) existing in the leaching solution was in the form of the heteropoly acid anions with S/Mo mol ratio 1.7–0.3, which can be adsorbed with resin anion. The molybdenum and nickel were respectively recovered from the leaching solution by means of the technological process of direct adsorbing Mo with anion exchange resin D314, purifying with CaCO3 to remove impurities Fe, Al, Si and P from the effluent under the conditions pH4.01, temperature 80°C, stirring for 1h, and then recovering nickel from the purified solution using Na2CO3 as the precipitant to produce basic nickel carbonate. It was found that the heteropoly acid anions can excite in the [H+] range of 0.1–1.0mol/L and, the optimal pH range for it adsorbed from the leaching solution with the resin is 0.30–0.74.

Flame‐retardant olefin block copolymer composites with novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardants based on the composition of melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol

ABSTRACTA series of halogen‐free intumescent flame retardants (IFR) based on home‐made melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol system (MPPER) including polyamid 12, basic nickel carbonate (NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·4H2O), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), and expandable graphite compounding with MPPER, were adopted for flame retarding olefin block copolymers (OBC). Flame‐retardant effects and thermal stabilities of OBC‐IFR composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test (UL‐94), and thermogravimetry analysis along with the analysis of morphological structures of the char residue by scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties and the flame‐retardant mechanism of the final composited materials have been also discussed. The loading of suitable amount of IFR can improve effectively the flame retardancy of the OBC with tolerable decrease in mechanical properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40066.