Basic Processes Research Articles

Research on occlusion face recognition based on deep networks

Based on the spread of the new crown epidemic, the use of masks has been popularized, so it has a significant impact on the development of face recognition under the cover. The study of how to improve the performance of face recognition under occlusion conditions is also an important topic in the field of face recognition in the future. At the same time, the neural network model is one of the most important models in deep learning, in the field of image classification, face recognition based on deep network has also been proved to be an efficient feature extraction method, this paper divides the face recognition method based on occlusion into two categories: local feature class based on non-occlusion area and feature class based on recognition occlusion area; The basic processes of these two types of methods are summarized, and the specific cases of these two types of occlusion face recognition methods are analyzed. Further summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each and elaborate them. At the end of the article, the shortcomings and future development trends of the current shielding face recognition research are summarized.

Understanding Elongasome Unit of Mycobacterium and its Comparative Analysis with Other Model Organisms

The reported incidences of 10.6 million tuberculosis cases worldwide with 1.6 million deaths in 2021 indicate that this disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen is difficult to treat and requires exploring newer possible therapeutic interventions. To identify novel drug targets, it is important to understand the basic physiological processes of each pathogen in detail. Cell division is the fundamental physiological process which maintains the replicative state of bacteria. This process requires remodelling of the cell wall, which is performed by two spatio-temporal organized complexes, elongasome and divisome. These two complexes, elongasome and divisome function in synthesis of peptidoglycan (PG) at poles or septum of the cell, respectively. This review article is focused on illustrating differential features and composition of mycobacterial elongasome complex. This sort of understanding would allow identification of new drug targets and design of Mycobacterium specific drugs.

For inexperienced boards, highlight differences between orientation, onboarding

For long‐established nonprofits helmed by experienced leaders, the basic processes of board member onboarding and board member orientation may seem like old hat. But for those relatively new the sector, the two processes—often not understood to be two separate things—can be confusing.

Research on the Investigation and Value Evaluation of Historic Building Resources in Xi’an City

In China, as statutory non-cultural relic buildings, the conservation and reuse of historic buildings have received increasing attention in recent years. Among them, the investigation and value evaluation of historic buildings are the basis and core of the conservation work, and many cities have explored related technologies and methods according to local conditions. This paper takes the historic building resources in Xi’an as the research object, with the core of historic building registration and the principles of scientificity and operability. It proposes the methods and basic processes for investigating historic building resources and constructs a step-by-step evaluation system for the historic buildings in Xi’an. This research first formulates a registration standard for the identification and evaluation of historic buildings, then applies the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to assess the comprehensive value of historic buildings. Finally, it was recognized that the historic building resources are primarily modern and contemporary buildings, playing a significant role in the cultural continuity of the ancient capital, Xi’an. In its value evaluation, emphasis should be placed on the environmental landscape value and socio-cultural value. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the comprehensive value and sub-indicators of historic buildings so that they can guide conservation and adaptation practices in a targeted manner.

Improve board performance with proper member orientation, onboarding

For nonprofit groups that have been around a long time and are led by experienced executives and boards, the basic processes of board member onboarding and board member orientation may seem like old hat. But for those relatively new the sector, the two processes—often not understood to be two separate things—can be confusing.

Microglial contribution to the pathology of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.

Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages, which guide various developmental processes crucial for brain maturation, activity, and plasticity. Microglial progenitors enter the telencephalic wall by the 4th postconceptional week and colonise the fetal brain in a manner that spatiotemporally tracks key neurodevelopmental processes in humans. However, much of what we know about how microglia shape neurodevelopment comes from rodent studies. Multiple differences exist between human and rodent microglia warranting further focus on the human condition, particularly as microglia are emerging as critically involved in the pathological signature of various cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this article, we review the evidence supporting microglial involvement in basic neurodevelopmental processes by focusing on the human species. We next concur on the neuropathological evidence demonstrating whether and how microglia contribute to the aetiology of two neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum conditions and schizophrenia. Next, we highlight how recent technologies have revolutionised our understanding of microglial biology with a focus on how these tools can help us elucidate at unprecedented resolution the links between microglia and neurodevelopmental disorders. We conclude by reviewing which current treatment approaches have shown most promise towards targeting microglia in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggest novel avenues for future consideration.

Mathematical modeling of diagnostics of residual stresses in a layered medium

The work is devoted to the use of mathematical modeling in the framework of the problems of non-destructive testing of structural materials. A mathematical formulation of a three-dimensional problem of diagnostics for elastic layered medium is constructed, which makes it possible to determine the spatial distribution of residual stresses from the values of displacements measured on the surface of a layered half-space, which arose as a result of a specially initiated wave process. Under the assumption of weak inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the layers, a transition is made to a linearized (which is ill-posed) problem, the procedure for solving which is constructed using the method of stationary basic processes. As an example, the case of diagnosing a one-dimensional (depending only on the distance to the surface) distribution of residual stresses is considered.

Rethinking Communication in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: An HCR Special Issue

This invited essay discusses a recent special issue published by the journal Human Communication Research entitled “Rethinking Communication in the Era of Artificial Intelligence.” Articles in the special issue explore how: (a) artificial intelligence (AI) may be altering basic communication processes, (b) communication theories can help us understand and explain AI's potential impacts, and (c) research can explore how AI can help promote the public interest. These issues are explored in varied contexts (e.g., close relationships, workplaces, media, and politics) using quantitative, computational, and qualitative methods. My essay highlights the special issue's purpose, describes the peer review process that led to six articles plus the opening essay by guest editors S. Shyam Sunder and Eun-Ju Lee, features an exemplar article that explores how social bots helped amplify partisan news coverage in the Unites States during the COVID-19 pandemic, and calls for communication scholars to publish additional research on these topics in outlets such as Emerging Media.

Localized anodization of 4H–SiC by electrochemical etching with constant current mode in KOH solutions

With the increasing application of SiC, it has become increasingly evident that high hardness and difficulty in etching are major issues. Wet etching is a popular method due to its low cost and convenience. Electrochemical (EC) etching is one such wet-etching technique used for removing SiC material. Currently, most studies on EC focus on constant voltage mode with few investigations into constant current mode operation. In this study, we investigate the EC etching of 4H–SiC under a constant current regime by analyzing basic reaction processes through changes in voltage curves while studying large-period pulse etching modes as well as examining how different magnitudes of electric currents affect the process outcome. We hope our systematic research will contribute towards advancing knowledge about using EC techniques under continuous-current conditions thereby promoting wider application possibilities for this type of surface modification approach.

How do Individuals With and Without Traumatic Brain Injury Interpret Emoji? Similarities and Differences in Perceived Valence, Arousal, and Emotion Representation

Impaired facial affect recognition is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and linked to poor social outcomes. We explored whether perception of emotions depicted by emoji is also impaired after TBI. Fifty participants with TBI and 50 non-injured peers generated free-text labels to describe emotions depicted by emoji and rated their levels of valence and arousal on nine-point rating scales. We compared how the two groups’ valence and arousal ratings were clustered and examined agreement in the words participants used to describe emoji. Hierarchical clustering of affect ratings produced four emoji clusters in the non-injured group and three emoji clusters in the TBI group. Whereas the non-injured group had a strongly positive and a moderately positive cluster, the TBI group had a single positive valence cluster, undifferentiated by arousal. Despite differences in cluster numbers, hierarchical structures of the two groups’ emoji ratings were significantly correlated. Most emoji had high agreement in the words participants with and without TBI used to describe them. Participants with TBI perceived emoji similarly to non-injured peers, used similar words to describe emoji, and rated emoji similarly on the valence dimension. Individuals with TBI showed small differences in perceived arousal for a minority of emoji. Overall, results suggest that basic recognition processes do not explain challenges in computer-mediated communication reported by adults with TBI. Examining perception of emoji in context by people with TBI is an essential next step for advancing our understanding of functional communication in computer-mediated contexts after brain injury.

MiRNAs regulate cell communication in osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling during bone regeneration.

Bone regeneration is a complex process that requires not only the participation of multiple cell types, but also signal communication between cells. The two basic processes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis are closely related to bone regeneration and bone homeostasis. H-type vessels are a subtype of bone vessels characterized by high expression of CD31 and EMCN. These vessels play a key role in the regulation of bone regeneration and are important mediators of coupling between osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Molecular regulation between different cell types is important for coordination of osteogenesis and angiogenesis that promotes bone regeneration. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that predominantly regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are closely related to cell communication. Specifically, miRNAs transduce external stimuli through various cell signaling pathways and cause a series of physiological and pathological effects. They are also deeply involved in the bone repair process. This review focuses on three signaling pathways related to osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling, as well as the miRNAs involved in these pathways. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing osteogenesis and angiogenesis is of great significance for bone regeneration.

Magnetic holes between Earth and Mercury: BepiColombo cruise phase

Context.Magnetic holes are ubiquitous structures in the solar wind and in planetary magnetosheaths. They consist of a strong depression of the magnetic field strength, most likely in pressure balance through increased plasma pressure, which is convected with the plasma flow. These structures are created through a plasma temperature anisotropy, where the perpendicular temperature (with respect to the magnetic field) is greater than the parallel temperature. The occurrence rate of these magnetic holes between Earth and Mercury can give us information about how the solar wind conditions develop on their way from the Sun to the outer Solar System. They also give information about basic plasma processes such as diffusion of magnetic structures.Aims.In this study we investigate the occurrence, size, and depth of magnetic holes during the cruise phase of BepiColombo and compare them with earlier studies.Methods.The BepiColombo magnetometer data were used to find the magnetic holes. We determined the size in seconds, the depth with respect to the background field, and the rotation angle of the background field across the structure. Minimum variance analysis delivers the polarization state of the magnetic holes. A direct comparison is made to the results obtained from the MESSENGER cruise phase.Results.We find an almost constant occurrence rate for magnetic holes between Mercury and Earth. The size of the holes is determined by the plasma conditions at the location where they are created and they grow in size, due to diffusion, as they move outwards in the Solar System. The greater the rotation of the background magnetic field across the structure, the larger the minimum size of the magnetic hole is.

Cross-trait genome-wide association analysis of C-reactive protein level and psychiatric disorders

C-reactive protein (CRP) tends to be elevated in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Recent findings have suggested a protective effect of the genetic liability to elevated CRP on schizophrenia risk and a causative effect on depression despite weak genetic correlations, while causal relationships with bipolar disorder were inconclusive. We investigated the shared genetic underpinnings of psychiatric disorders and variation in CRP levels. Genome-wide association studies for CRP (n = 575,531), bipolar disorder (n = 413,466), depression (n = 480,359), and schizophrenia (n = 130,644) were used in causal mixture models to compare CRP with psychiatric disorders based on polygenicity, discoverability, and genome-wide genetic overlap. The conjunctional false discovery rate method was used to identify specific shared genetic loci. Shared variants were mapped to putative causal genes, which were tested for overrepresentation among gene ontology gene-sets. CRP was six to ten times less polygenic (n = 1400 vs 8600–14,500 variants) and had a discoverability one to two orders of magnitude higher than psychiatric disorders. Most CRP-associated variants were overlapping with psychiatric disorders. We identified 401 genetic loci jointly associated with CRP and psychiatric disorders with mixed effect directions. Gene-set enrichment analyses identified predominantly CNS-related gene sets for CRP and each of depression and schizophrenia, and basic cellular processes for CRP and bipolar disorder. In conclusion, CRP has a markedly different genetic architecture to psychiatric disorders, but the majority of CRP associated variants are also implicated in psychiatric disorders. Shared genetic loci implicated CNS-related processes to a greater extent than immune processes, which may have implications for how we conceptualise causal relationships between CRP and psychiatric disorders.

Cognitive dependencies and psychological health correlates of coherence in autobiographical reasoning

ABSTRACT Autobiographical reasoning is a process by which an individual creates a coherent life account. The degree of coherence in autobiographical reasoning has been related to psychological health correlates such as depression and self-esteem in previous studies, but with inconsistent findings. Similarly, the basic psychological processes required to achieve coherence have been previously studied with regard to intelligence, but infrequently, and also with mixed findings. In the present study, we first developed and evaluated a German version of the Awareness of Narrative Identity Questionnaire (ANIQ) as an established measure of self-reported coherence. Second, we tested for cognitive dependencies on intelligence and memory indices. Third, we analysed its associations with psychological health correlates. We assessed a sample of 272 participants and thereof 189 participants again two-weeks later. Results supported the assumptions of the German ANIQ’s psychometric qualities (factor structure, test-retest reliability, invariance) and validity (with regard to self-consciousness, self-concept clarity, and written accounts of personal turning points). We found coherence to be independent of intelligence and verbal memory, but partially dependent on figural memory. Coherence was related to depression, positivity, self-esteem, and self-esteem stability, but not to anxiety, substantiating its salutogenic effects.

Longitudinal early epigenomic signatures inform molecular paths of therapy response and remission in depressed patients.

The etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) involves the interaction between genes and environment, including treatment. Early molecular signatures for treatment response and remission are relevant in a context of personalized medicine and stratification and reduce the time-to-decision. Therefore, we focused the analyses on patients that responded or remitted following a cognitive intervention of 8 weeks. We used data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with MDD patients (N = 112) receiving a cognitive intervention. At baseline and 8 weeks, blood for DNA methylation (Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC 850k BeadChip) was collected, as well as MADRS. First, responders (N = 24; MADRS-reduction of at least 50%) were compared with non-responders (N = 60). Then, we performed longitudinal within-individual analyses, for response (N = 21) and for remission (N = 18; MADRS smaller or equal to 9 and higher than 9 at baseline), respectively, as well as patients with no change in MADRS over time. At 8 weeks the sample comprised 84 individuals; 73 patients had DNA methylation for both time-points. The RnBeads package (R) was used for data cleaning, quality control, and differential DNA-methylation (limma). The within-individual paired longitudinal analysis was performed using Welch's t-test. Subsequently gene-ontology (GO) pathway analyses were performed. No CpG was genome-wide significant CpG (p < 5 × 10-8). The most significant CpG in the differential methylation analysis comparing response versus non-response was in the IQSEC1 gene (cg01601845; p = 1.53 × 10-6), linked to neurotransmission. The most significant GO-terms were linked to telomeres. The longitudinal response analysis returned 67 GO pathways with a p < 0.05. Two of the three most significant pathways were linked to sodium transport. The analysis for remission returned 46 GO terms with a p-value smaller than 0.05 with pathways linked to phosphatase regulation and synaptic functioning. The analysis with stable patients returned mainly GO-terms linked to basic cellular processes. Our result suggest that DNA methylation can be suitable to capture early signs of treatment response and remission following a cognitive intervention in depression. Despite not being genome-wide significant, the CpG locations and GO-terms returned by our analysis comparing patients with and without cognitive impairment, are in line with prior knowledge on pathways and genes relevant for depression treatment and cognition. Our analysis provides new hypotheses for the understanding of how treatment for depression can act through DNA methylation and induce response and remission.

A review of experimental task design in psychophysical eye tracking research.

While eye tracking is a technique commonly used in the experimental study of higher-level perceptual processes such as visual search, working memory, reading, and scene exploration, its use for the quantification of basic visual functions (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detection) is less explored. The use of eye movement features as dependent variables in a psychophysical investigation can serve multiple roles. They can be central in studies with neurological patients or infants that cannot comply with verbal instructions, understand task demands, and/or emit manual responses. The technique may also serve a complementary role, determining the conditions under which a manual or verbal response is given, such as stimulus position in the visual field, or it can afford the analysis of new dependent variables, such as the time interval between oculomotor and manual responses. Our objective is to review the literature that applied the eye tracking technique to psychophysical problems. The two questions our review raises are: can eye movements (reflex or voluntary) be an objective index of stimulus detection in psychophysical tasks? If so, under what conditions, and how does it compare with traditional paradigms requiring manual responses? Our (non-systematic) methodological review selected studies that used video-oculography as the technique of choice and had a basic visual function as their primary object of investigation. Studies satisfying those criteria were then categorized into four broad classes reflecting their main research interest: (1) stimulus detection and threshold estimation, (2) the effects of stimulus properties on fixational eye movements, (3) the effects of eye movements on perception, and (4) visual field assessment. The reviewed studies support the idea that eye tracking is a valuable technique for the study of basic perceptual processes. We discuss methodological characteristics within each of the proposed classification area, with the objective of informing future task design.

Infrared light elicits endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated occipital arteries of the rat via soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent mechanisms.

The left and right occipital arteries provide blood supply to afferent cell bodies in the ipsilateral nodose and petrosal ganglia. This supply is free of an effective blood-ganglion barrier, so changes in occipital artery blood flow directly affect the access of circulating factors to the afferent cell bodies. The application of infrared (IR) light to modulate neural and other cell processes has yielded information about basic biological processes within tissues and is gaining traction as a potential therapy for a variety of disease processes. To address whether IR can directly modulate vascular function, we performed wire myography studies to determine the actions of IR on occipital arteries isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on our previous research that functionally-important differences exist between occipital artery segments close to their origin at the external carotid artery (ECA) and those closer to the nodose ganglion, the occipital arteries were dissected into two segments, one closer to the ECA and the other closer to the nodose ganglion. Segments were constricted with 5-hydroxytryptamine to a level equal to 50% of the maximal response generated by the application of a high (80mM) concentration of K+ ions. The direct application of pulsed IR (1,460nm) for 5s produced a rapid vasodilation in occipital arteries that was significantly more pronounced in segments closest to the ECA, although the ECA itself was minimally responsive. The vasodilation remained for a substantial time (at least 120s) after cessation of IR application. The vasodilation during and following cessation of the IR application was markedly diminished in occipital arteries denuded of the endothelium. In addition, the vasodilation elicited by IR in endothelium-intact occipital arteries was substantially reduced in the presence of a selective inhibitor of the nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). It appears that IR causes endothelium-dependent, nitric-oxide-mediated vasodilation in the occipital arteries of the rat. The ability of IR to generate rapid and sustained vasodilation may provide new therapeutic approaches for restoring or improving blood flow to targeted tissues.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА ЗАГРУЗКИ МАТЕРИАЛА В КАМЕРЕ ПОМОЛА ШАРОВОЙ БАРАБАННОЙ МЕЛЬНИЦЫ

The predominant application of ball drum mills in industrial enterprises for the comminution process of various materials, which is one of the most energy-intensive basic technological processes, is demonstrated in this scientific article. As one of the parameters that can enhance the efficiency of the comminution process, the rational quantitative ratio of grinding bodies to the material being ground is noted. To calculate the material loading coefficient in the grinding chamber, the feasibility of developing a mathematical description is shown. This allows to determine the change in the area of gaps between grinding bodies in a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the mill's body, as the rotational frequency changes. A mathematical description is obtained to determine the area of the ball-material load in the cross-sectional plane of the grinding chamber during the static state of the mill's body and at different rotational frequencies. Using this mathematical description, research on the change in the area occupied by the ball-material load in the transverse section of the grinding chamber during the transition of the mill's body from the static state to the operating state is conducted. Regularities of its changes for an industrial-sized mill are determined. At different values of the filling coefficient of grinding bodies, it is established that the transition of the mill's body from static to operating state leads to an increase in the area of the transverse section of the ball-material load by an amount close to 17 %. An expression is proposed to determine the material loading coefficient in the grinding chamber corresponding to its operating rotational frequency.

Antibiotics and Antifungal Resistance Patterns of Microbial Isolates from Dish Washing Sponges in the University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria

This study examined the presence or contamination of bacteria in dishwashing sponges as well as the impact of various disinfectants on sponges. The total number of pathogenic organisms present in 120 sponges was determined using the nutritional agar (NA), MacConkey agar (MAC), Mannitol-Salt agar (MSA), Eosin-Methylene Blue agar (EMB), and Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA) techniques. The efficacy of various disinfectants was evaluated using bleach, sanitizer, liquid soap, and boiled water for 30 minutes, while the remaining one served as a control sample. The result showed that household sponges had the lowest bacteria load across the five media with a mean bacteria count of 6.98 log CFU/g, followed by restaurant sponges with a mean count of 7.31 log CFU/g, and the highest bacteria load of 7.43 log CFU/g was obtained from hostel sponges. E. coli (40%), Klebsiella sp. (20%), Shigella sp. (15%), Staphylococcus sp. (20%), and Salmonella sp. (5) were the bacteria isolated and identified, whereas Aspergillus niger (65.6%) Penicillium oxalicum (9.4%), and Candida albicans (25%) were the fungi responsible for the contamination. Tarivid 25%, Reflacine 50%, Ciproflox 0%, Augmentin 50%, Gentamycin 0%, Streptomycin 0%, Ceporex 50%, Nalidixic acid 75%, Septrin 25%, and Amplicin 75% are the antibiotic resistant strains that have been identified. Griseofluvin eliminates both fungi at all concentrations that have been tested. Dishwashing sponges can be extremely contaminated, especially those used in the hostels on the University of Port Harcourt's Abuja campus. However, by applying basic and routine disinfection processes, the microbial contamination can be greatly reduced.

The function of ideological and political education of campus culture in the context of big data and its realization path

Abstract Culture, as an invisible force for advancing social progress and development, has extraordinary significance and is constructive in the type of person people’s philosophy and politics inculcate. Here, the improved K-means algorithm and Top-K mining algorithm are used to study philosophy and politics inculcated function of campus culture and its realization path. Firstly, the basic algorithm processes of the K-means algorithm and Top-K mining algorithm are introduced, and the improvements of these two algorithms are made, respectively. Then the trenchant campus culture philosophy and politics inculcate function construction is introduced, and the specific paths for realizing the cultural construction of philosophy and politics inculcate function in higher education institutions are proposed. When the improved Top-K mining computing method was used here to mine and analyze the information liaison to the philosophy and politics inculcated, it was found that the elapsed moment of the recently improved computing method was demonstrable to be fewer than the primary computing method. The running time of the original algorithm exceeded 1200ms, while the comprehensive elapsed moment of the recent computing method hovered at 1000ms, which greatly improved the research efficiency. The analysis of the philosophy and politics inculcated function of campus culture, and its realization path is instrumental in providing abundant achievement to the strengths of campus culture, thus promoting the realization of the philosophy and politics inculcated function.