Basic Limit Research Articles

A family of [formula omitted] four-point stationary subdivision schemes with fourth-order accuracy and shape-preserving properties

The four-point interpolatory scheme and the cubic B-spline are examples of the most well-known stationary subdivision procedures. They are based on the space of cubic polynomials and have their respective strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to introduce a new type of subdivision scheme that integrates the advantages of both the four-point and the cubic B-spline schemes. The proposed scheme achieves approximation order ‘four’ and an improved smoothness C2, while keeping the same support of the basic limit function as the four-point scheme. Moreover, under some mild conditions, the new scheme has the properties of monotonicity and convexity preservation. Whereas most high-order shape-preserving schemes are non-linear and rather computationally complicated, the proposed scheme is linear and stationary. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficiency of our subdivision algorithm.

A Study on Awareness of Income Tax Planning Among Women with Special Reference to Panvel Region

Based on a number of factors, including knowledge of the basic exemption limit, interest and penalties for nonpayment, deductions, rebates, TDS, loopholes, and alternative income-saving techniques, it can be determined that the majority of women in the Panvel region are aware of income tax planning. The unit is sampled using a simple random sampling technique. The data is collected from 118 respondents in the Panvel region. A descriptive Research Design is used to understand the variables that impact the income tax planning. Average mean descriptive statistics method using excel is used to analyze the data.

Freshman STEM students’ misconceptions in a basic limit theorem of [formula omitted]

This study examined learning difficulties among three consecutive cohorts of freshmen engineering and technology students (n = 251; 17 females) in solving problems in the basic limit theorem. The students were enrolled in a four-credit hour calculus course delivered in 16 weeks. Then, they completed a 1-h six-item test after they covered the topics of the basic limit theorem. Answer papers were scored using an explicit guide. Interviews were also conducted after the test with 15 randomly selected students without and with cognitive supports (cues) in topics related to the test. The study demonstrated that the students have difficulties understanding the surface structure of the problems, identifying the mathematical heuristics to solve the problems, and solving the problems by properly employing procedures, rules, and conventions. Examination of students' test results showed that for every student earning a correct answer via valid problem-processing pathways, there were about two students earning two correct answers via invalid pathways. Interview results showed the students were incapable of fixing their limitations without cognitive support and cues. They needed an average of 7.7–9.3 question-response dialogues to fix their limitations. Such learning difficulties were due to lack and misapplication of solid prior knowledge. Identifying and compiling lessons that cause learning difficulties due to misapplication of prior knowledge can help to adopt better instructional approaches. Cognitive supports and cues can be used as research tools to extract the reasons and sources of students’ learning difficulties and devise innovative instructional methods for better learning.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Analyzing the impacts of node density and speed on routing protocol performance in firefighting applications

BackgroundMobile ad hoc networks have piqued researchers’ interest in various applications, including forest fire detection. Because of the massive losses caused by this disaster, forest fires necessitate regular monitoring, good communication, and technology. As a result, disaster response and rescue applications are mobile ad hoc network’s primary applications. However, quality of service becomes a significant and difficult issue, and the capabilities of the basic routing protocol limit mobile ad hoc network’s ability to deliver reasonable quality of service.ResultsThe proposed research is for disaster-related scenarios, with nodes representing firefighters and vehicles (ambulances). Mobile nodes moving at 10 m/s are thought to be firefighters, while nodes moving at 20 m/s are thought to be vehicles (ambulances) delivering emergency healthcare. The NS-2 simulator is used in this research for the performance assessment of the two routing protocols, such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Temporally Order Routing Algorithm (TORA), in terms of average latency, average throughput, and average packet drop. The simulation was run with varying node velocities and network densities to examine the impact of scalability on the two mobile ad hoc network routing protocols.ConclusionsThis work presents two main protocols: TORA (for reactive networks) and OLSR (for proactive networks). The proposed methods had no impact on the end-to-end bandwidth delay or the packet delivery delay. The performance is evaluated in terms of varying network density and node speed (firefighter speed), i.e., varying network density and mobility speed. The simulation revealed that in a highly mobile network with varying network densities, OLSR outperforms TORA in terms of overall performance. TORA’s speed may have been enhanced by adding more nodes to the 20 nodes that used a significant amount of transmission control protocol traffic.

The Challenges of Science Teachers Adapting Hyflex modality: A Phenomenological Study

The Covid-19 pandemic greatly affected and changed the teaching and learning process in the education sectors. Higher education and basic education limit in-person classes to avoid the spread of the virus. In response to this, the Department of Education (DepEd) established different distance learning modalities to assure continuity of learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. In the study’s locale, in-person classes were discontinued and for the last 2 years, online learning was implemented. For the School year 2022-2023, the school administration piloted a new learning modality, which is the Hyflex mode of learning. In this modality, students can attend and participate in class sessions either in a regular classroom or online. The study’s objective is to provide pertinent data for a better comprehension of the many difficulties that science teachers face while implementing the Hyflex modality. The study utilized a phenomenological design with in-depth interviews and survey questionnaires as data-gathering techniques. There were 4 essential themes generated based on the experience of science teachers. As a result, this study suggests revisiting the procedures in adapting the Hyflex modality, including the proper training for the teachers in troubleshooting problems with regards to the use of the devices that are prerequisites on the said modality. Keywords: Challenges, ECQ, Hyflex, in-person class, phenomenology

Assessment of the dissolution rate and behaviour of raw dolomite and limestone with different calcination degrees in primary steelmaking slags

ABSTRACT Fluxes are added to steelmaking process to form basic slag and limit refractory lining consumption. Early formation of CaO- and MgO-saturated slag is critical for process productivity. To achieve this, flux must be dissolved in the melt in a limited process time, and the properties of a slag additive influence the fluxing efficiency. The dissolution behavior of samples with different qualities (i.e. raw dolomite, limestone, soft-burnt and hard-burnt quicklime and dolime) was investigated in the pre-melted model BOF and EAF slags at 1673 K and 1723 K. The disc-shaped sample was immersed into the melt and left there until slag solidification was reached. After a holding time between 5 and 20 minutes, the crucible with the sample were quenched with liquid nitrogen. The fused samples were analyzed by SEM method. Based on comparison of slag morphology and concentration changes in the slag, the dissolution behavior of the samples was examined.

Fundamental functions for local interpolation of quadrilateral meshes with extraordinary vertices

The aim of this work is to present a general and simple strategy for the construction of compactly supported fundamental spline (piecewise-polynomial) functions for local interpolation, that are defined over quadrangulations of the real plane with extraordinary vertices. The proposed strategy — which extends the univariate framework introduced in Antonelli et al. (Adv Comput Math 40:945–976, 2014) and Beccari et al. (J Comput Appl Math 240:5–19, 2013)—consists in considering a suitable combination of bivariate polynomial interpolants with blending functions that are the natural generalization of odd-degree tensor-product B-splines. These blending functions are constructed as basic limit functions of the bivariate, primal subdivision schemes developed simultaneously in Stam (Comput Aided Geom Des 18:397–427, 2001) and Zorin et al. (Comput Aided Geom Des 18:483–502, 2001). As an application example of our constructive strategy we present the compactly supported C^2 fundamental functions for local interpolation that arise by considering as blending functions the basic limit functions of the celebrated Catmull–Clark subdivision scheme proposed in Catmull and Clark (Comput Aided Des 46:103–124, 2016).

A Study on the Safety Analysis of an Inductive Power Transfer System for Kitchen Appliances

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the safety of human bodies in the electromagnetic field generated by inductive power transfer (IPT) systems designed for kitchen appliances. Comparisons of basic and reference limit values of various safety standards are investigated through theoretical circuit analysis and extensive simulation studies. Simulation models of human bodies along with an IPT system for kitchen appliances are established to reveal the effect of the electromagnetic field on the human body. Corresponding experiments are conducted via constructing a configuration of the designed IPT system and simulating the standing position. Both experimental and analytical results indicate that it is easier to fulfill international safety standards by increasing the operating frequency of the IPT system for kitchen appliances, and hence, the safety of human bodies can be effectively improved.

The dynamic power allocation to maximize the achievable sum rate for massive MIMO‐NOMA systems

The demand of mobile networks and quality of service have recently increased to higher Spectral Efficiency (SE) or Energy Efficiency (EE) and massive connectivity for 5G wireless communications. The concept of beamforming Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is capable of significantly reducing the amount of required Radio Frequency Chains (RFCs) used by massive MIMO systems without remarkable performance loss. However, in existing beamformed MIMO, the amount of supported devices cannot be higher than the amount of RFCs using the same time-frequency resources, and it is the basic limit for these systems. To address this issue, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recently recommended, which can accommodate higher covered using via non-orthogonal resource allocation. Nevertheless, power allocation is a core factor of the NOMA scheme. However, maximizing the sum rate problem based on power allocation in Massive MIMO-NOMA scenarios is non-convex and non-linear, which creates a very challenging situation to acquire the closed-form approach. Thus, in this paper, an approach to this difficulty is outlined for Massive MIMO-NOMA systems to maximize the sum rate as a convex and linear problem. Simulation results of the suggested Beamformed MIMO-NOMA (BMN) algorithm show that a higher achievable sum rate is achieved compared with the usual beamformed MIMO.

Application of RESRAD and ERICA tools to estimate dose and cancer risk for artisanal gold mining in Nigeria

Despite the fact that disruption of the environment through mining of minerals poses severe radiological hazards, there is a dearth of radiological information from gold mining sites in Nigeria. In this study, state-of- the-art computational tools - RESRAD ONSITE, RESRAD OFFSITE and ERICA were applied to a typical representative artisanal goldmining area for a more comprehensive evaluation of radiological risks associated with artisanal gold mining in Nigeria. The estimated doses received by an offsite receptor is within the radiation basic safety limit, while for onsite receptor it is greater than the basic radiation safety limit. It was observed that onsite dwellers of the artisanal goldmining areas may suffer high cancer burden when compared with the US EPA acceptable levels. For non-human biota, the hazard quotient was greater than unity and the total dose rate per organism was greater than the screening dose rate of 10μGy h−1. It was observed that 232Th and 226Ra were the main contributors to the total dose and the pathways that contributed most to the dose were; external exposure (via direct and airborne radiation from soil and Radon) as well as water independent plant, meat and milk consumption. Therefore, monitoring food production will lead to an informed decision making and risk communication towards sustainable mining will contribute in minimizing the level of the anticipated risks as low as reasonably achievable.

Sending-or-Not-Sending Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with a Passive Decoy-State Method

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has attracted considerable attention because it can exceed the basic rate-distance limit without quantum repeaters. Its variant protocol, sending or not-sending quantum key distribution (SNS-QKD), not only fixes the security vulnerability of TF-QKD, but also can tolerate large misalignment errors. However, the current SNS-QKD protocol is based on the active decoy-state method, which may lead to side channel information leakage when multiple light intensities are modulated in practice. In this work, we propose a passive decoy-state SNS-QKD protocol to further enhance the security of SNS-QKD. Numerical simulation results show that the protocol not only improves the security in source, but also retains the advantages of tolerating large misalignment errors. Therefore, it may provide further guidance for the practical application of SNS-QKD.

Cacoepy (bad pronunciation or mispronunciation) of scientific terms and their effect on learning of secondary level science students

This research investigates cacoepy of science terminology encountered by the secondary level school students of Kohat district. The problem of cacoepy of scientific terms needs investigation due to the assumption that mispronunciations if learned in secondary level were still frequently performed by the advanced level students or may be throughout their life. The current research was designed in order to identify the cacoepy of common science terminologies by secondary school students and to study the science teachers’ views on secondary level science textbooks produced by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook board. It was found that majority of the students like science subjects and find the terminologies difficult in which most of the terms contain more than 7 alphabets and were considered as complex terms. Due to this complexity, students feel difficulty in learning of scientific terms. Most of science terms were derived from Greek, Latin and other ancient languages, so students cannot understand their meanings. Almost every chapter of secondary school biology, chemistry and physics is overloaded with difficult terms and students felt difficulty in preparation of those subjects in which mostly difficult terms were found in biology. Usually, science teachers prioritize goals for school science that are solely focused on preparing students for the next academic level (for future formal study of science) and completing his course within the sessions while disregarding the students' pronunciation of scientific terms. It is advised that authors use basic phrases and limit terminology with more than seven alphabets. It is critical to expose secondary pupils to workload that is appropriate for their learning requirements rather than annual book revision and insertion of heavy workload. Teachers should insert few terms into science lessons for practicing daily, and it is enough to devote a minute or two to some pronunciation issue so that fluency during lecture is not interrupted a lot. Pointing out a pronunciation problem when it has just arisen in the course is a good way of introducing correct pronunciation into the class. English plays an important part in the development of students because of its present and future as an international language. Real life activities or examples should be associated with important topics. Textbooks should be altered for language of explanation to match the level of students in secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and some outdated themes should be replaced with new themes to meet the needs of the 21st century. It is suggested that the textbook board in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa should include the Urdu phonology and meaning of the found terminologies at the start of each chapter.

Data sharpening for improving central limit theorem approximations for data envelopment analysis–type efficiency estimators

Asymptotic statistical inference on productivity and production efficiency, using nonparametric envelopment estimators, is now available thanks to the basic central limit theorems (CLTs) developed in Kneip, Simar, and Wilson (2015). They provide asymptotic distributions of averages of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH) estimators of production efficiency. As shown in their Monte-Carlo experiments, due to the curse of dimensionality, the accuracy of the normal approximation is disappointing when the sample size is not large enough. Simar and Zelenyuk (2020) have suggested a simple way to improve the approximation by using a more appropriate estimator of the variances. In this paper we suggest a novel way to improve the approximation, by smoothing out the spurious values of efficiency estimates when they are in a neighborhood of 1. This results in sharpening the data for observations near the estimated efficient frontier. The method is very easy to implement and does not require more computations than the original method. We compare our approach using Monte-Carlo experiments, both with the basic method and with the improved method suggested in Simar & Zelenyuk (2020) and in both cases we observe significant improvements. We show also that the Simar & Zelenyuk (2020) idea of the variance correction can also be adapted to our sharpening method, bringing additional improvements. We illustrate the method with some real data sets.

Methods to achieve ultra-high quality factor silicon nitride resonators

On-chip resonators are promising candidates for applications in a wide range of integrated photonic fields, such as communications, spectroscopy, biosensing, and optical filters, due to their compact size, wavelength selectivity, tunability, and flexible structure. The high quality (Q) factor is a main positive attribute of on-chip resonators that makes it possible for them to provide high sensitivity, narrow bandpass, and low power consumption. In this Tutorial, we discuss methods to achieve ultra-high Q factor on-chip resonators on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. We outline the microfabrication processes, including detailed descriptions and recipes for steps such as deposition, lithography, etch, cladding, and etch facet, and then describe the measurement of the Q factor and methods to improve it. We also discuss how to extract the basic loss limit and determine the contribution of each loss source in the waveguide and resonator. We present a modified model for calculating scattering losses, which successfully relates the measured roughness of the waveguide interface to the overall performance of the device. We conclude with a summary of work done to date with low pressure chemical vapor deposition Si3N4 resonator devices, confinement, cross-sectional dimensions, bend radius, Q factor, and propagation loss.

Creating a bridge between cardinal B[formula omitted]-spline fundamental functions for interpolation and subdivision

This paper presents innovative contributions to the fields of cardinal spline interpolation and subdivision. In particular, it unifies cardinal Br-spline fundamental functions for interpolation that are made of r=ML+1 (L∈N∪{0}) distinct pieces between each pair of interpolation nodes and are featured by the properties of C2M−2 smoothness, approximation order 2M and support width 2M(r+1)r, with the basic limit functions of a special class of non-stationary subdivision schemes of arity M.After introducing a general result, we focus our attention on the subclass of fourth-order accurate, C2 smooth Br-splines with maximum width of the compact support 6. The binary subdivision scheme yielding these fundamental functions outperforms the existing interpolatory schemes and seems to be the most adequate starting point to obtain compactly supported fundamental (spline) functions for local interpolation over quadrilateral and triangular meshes.

Dissipation bounds the amplification of transition rates far from equilibrium

Complex systems can convert energy imparted by nonequilibrium forces to regulate how quickly they transition between long-lived states. While such behavior is ubiquitous in natural and synthetic systems, currently there is no general framework to relate the enhancement of a transition rate to the energy dissipated or to bound the enhancement achievable for a given energy expenditure. We employ recent advances in stochastic thermodynamics to build such a framework, which can be used to gain mechanistic insight into transitions far from equilibrium. We show that under general conditions, there is a basic speed limit relating the typical excess heat dissipated throughout a transition and the rate amplification achievable. We illustrate this tradeoff in canonical examples of diffusive barrier crossings in systems driven with autonomous and deterministic external forcing protocols. In both cases, we find that our speed limit tightly constrains the rate enhancement.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Human contamination by the novel viral microbe SARS-CoV-2 outcomes in a clinical condition named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Albeit most of COVID-19 cases are self-restricting, a considerable minority of patients create sickness adequately extreme to require serious consideration. Highlights of basic ailment related with COVID-19 incorporate hypoxemic respiratory disappointment, intense respiratory misery disorder (ARDS), stun, and different organ brokenness conditions (MODS).As Covid sickness 2019 (COVID-19) spreads across the world, the emergency unit local area should get ready for the difficulties related with this pandemic. Smoothing out of work processes for quick analysis and detachment, clinical administration, and contamination avoidance will not be important just to patients with COVID-19, yet additionally to medical care laborers and different patients who are in danger from nosocomial transmission. The board of intense respiratory disappointment and haemodynamics is key ICU experts, emergency clinic overseers, governments, and strategy producers should plan for a considerable expansion in basic consideration bed limit, with an attention on framework and supplies, yet in addition on staff the executives. Basic consideration emergency to permit the apportioning of scant ICU assets may be needed.ICU specialists, clinic heads, governments, and strategy creators should get ready for a significant expansion in basic consideration bed limit, with an attention on foundation and supplies, yet in addition on staff the executives.

RESULTS OF WBC-MONITORING OF FIREFIGHTERS PARTICIPATING IN RESPONSE TO CHORNOBYL FOREST FIRES IN APRIL-MAY 2020.

of this study was to determine the levels of radionuclides in the rescuers' bodies of the SES during firefighting in the exclusion zone of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant and to assess the dose of internal radiation dueto this receipt. From 06.04.2020 to 19.05.2020 in the State Institution «National Research Center forRadiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine» (NRCRM) measurements of the contentof incorporated gamma radionuclides on whole body counters (WBC) operational class «Screener-3M» (Minimumdetected activity (MDA) is 300-500 Bq for 5 minutes of measurement at 137Cs) and expert high-sensitivity WBC (MDAis 20 Bq for 10 minutes of measurement at 137Cs). 470 people (523 measurements) in three groups of personnel ofthe SES of Ukraine who took part in the forest fire liquidation in the exclusion zone in the period from April 4 toMay 5, 2020 were examined. Mathematical and spectrometric methods are used in the work. In the vast majority (95 %) of the personnel of the SES of Ukraine, examined at the WBCoperational class «Screener-3M» (more than 500 measurements), the assessment of the values of the individualeffective dose of internal radiation due to 137Cs in the body during firefighting, assuming that it receipt occurredduring operation in the exclusion zone, did not exceed the minimum dose detected by MDD (5-14 μSv). The average value of the effective dose of internal radiation in the group of personnel of the State Emergency Service ofUkraine in Kyiv, which participated in the elimination of forest fires in the exclusion zone from April 4 to May 5, 2020(26 people) studied at the expert WBC, is 2.5 ± 1.1 μSv, in the group of personnel of the SES of Ukraine in Cherkasyregion, which participated in the fire on April 19-24, 2020 (9 people) - 2.2 ± 0.6 μSv, in the group of personnel ofthe SES of Ukraine in the Kyiv region, which took part in the elimination of the forest fire in the exclusion zone onApril 4 - May 5, 2020 (42 people) - 4.4 ± 2.4 μSv. Maximum values of 5.1 μSv, 3.5 μSv, 11.8 μSv in the groups ofKyiv city, Cherkasy and Kyiv regions, respectively, which is much lower than the basic dose limit for the populationfrom man-made sources of 1000 μSv · year-1 according to the Law of Ukraine about protection of the person againstinfluence of ionizing radiation.

On the Use of Compound and Extracted Models in Thermal Dosimetry Assessment

This paper deals with thermal analysis of realistic models of the human eye and brain using the finite element method. The research presented in this paper is the sequel to the electromagnetic dosimetry model presented in the previous work by the authors. The paper presents the numerical results for the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the related temperature increase in various models of the human eye and the brain/head exposed to high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Based on the numerical results for the induced electric field, the distribution of SAR in the human brain and human eye is determined, subsequently used as input to the thermal model. The thermal dosimetry model of both the brain and eye are based on the form of Pennes’ bioheat transfer equation, numerically solved using the finite element method (FEM). The comparison between the extracted models and the compound models of both the eye and brain, placed inside the realistic head model is presented. In case of the human eye, generally, comparable results were obtained for both SAR and temperature increase, while the compound eye model is found to be more suitable when the polarization of incident wave is considered. Moreover, the extracted eye model underestimated the temperature rise, attributed to better heat exchange than the compound model. The results for the compound eye indicate that in some situations, the eye lens could be omitted from simulation, facilitating the model preparation. The numerical results for all three brain models showed similar distributions of SAR and temperature rise. Also, the obtained results show that the peak SAR does not exceed the basic restriction limit for localized SAR, for occupational exposure. The thermal dosimetry assessment of the human brain exposed in four considered scenarios indicates the temperature should not exceed 0.1°C. Finally, the use of a geometrically simplified model may also be found useful in the initial dosimetry assessment prior to dealing with models with more anatomical features.

Machine Learning Algorithm Based Bandwidth Prediction for Internet Usage

The applicability of framework structure and affiliation arranging recognize a basic activity in the bandwidth prediction. The procedure for predicting the framework use is to see the basic transmission limit with respect to future periods. This prediction helps with utilizing the techniques workplaces in the saint way. Thinking about the fundamental cost of bandwidth, at top hours of a framework traffic we can follow an amazing sort of plan to purchase. In this paper, the past use data of FWDR organize centers is at risk to univariate direct time plan ARIMA model after precise change is used to calculate necessary bandwidth limit concerning future needs. The anticipated data is veered from the obvious data gained from a for all intents and purposes indistinguishable framework and the foreseen data has been viewed as inside ten percent MAPE. This design reduction the MAPE by eleven point seventy-one percentage and fifteen point forty-two percent of self-rulingly when stood separated from the non-able changed ARIMA model at ninety-nine percent CI. The outcome show that the suitably changed ARIMA design has improved show when meandered from non-intentionally changed ARIMA model. Increasingly significant dataset can be passed on with season alterations and thought of expanded length groupings, for dynamically unequivocal and longer term needs.