Basic Language Research Articles

Developing Language Assessment Literacy of Pre-Service English Teachers: Frameworks and Cultivation Strategies

Assessment is a crucial aspect of the teaching process for teachers. Teachers’ assessment literacy is closely related to students’ learning outcomes. The language assessment literacy of foreign language teachers is a significant component of both teachers’ professional development and students’ learning, and it has become a research hotspot in the field of domestic language testing. Based on clarifying the theoretical framework of language assessment literacy, this paper proposes the main cultivation paths for pre-service English teachers’ language assessment literacy, aiming to provide inspiration and references for the cultivation, reform, and development of teachers in basic foreign language education.

A Semantics of the Basic Modal Language Based on a Generalized Rough Set Model

A Semantics of the Basic Modal Language Based on a Generalized Rough Set Model

기술 변화와 여성우세직종의 숙련구조 변동: 한·미 직업정보 연계 분석

Technological advancement not only affects the creation and extinction of occupations but also transforms the nature of work tasks and the skills required of workers. In the era of digital transformation, there are growing concerns about the potentially differential impacts of technological changes across gender. In Korea, where occupational segregation by gender is prominent, analyzing skill changes across all occupations alone is insufficient to derive practical implications for female workforce development. This study aims to identify female-dominated occupations in Korea and analyze their skill changes to derive policy implications for female workforce development in the digital transformation era. The methodology employs the Regional Employment Survey (2008, 2017) to identify female-dominated occupations and utilizes the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) to analyze skill changes between 2002 and 2016. Principal component analysis was conducted to systematically identify and analyze changes in major skill factors. The findings are as follows. First, occupational segregation by gender in Korea remains structurally entrenched. Female-dominated occupations are not only fewer in number, but also less than 0.5% of female workers are employed in managerial positions. Even within professional fields, women are concentrated in education, social welfare, healthcare, and cultural arts sectors. Second, high-order cognitive skills and social skills have consistently maintained the highest proportion among required skills. Third, while basic computational, language, and mechanical skills have declined, new skills such as software proficiency, resource management, and scientific management have emerged as significant requirements. This study provides empirical foundations for female workforce development in the digital transformation era by systematically analyzing skill changes in female-dominated occupations for the first time. The findings suggest the need for active education and training policies to enhance women's digital skills and support their entry into STEM fields.

Optimalisasi Kemampuan Bahasa Inggris Praja IPDN Sulawesi Utara melalui Pelatihan Terpadu Berbasis TOEFL

English language proficiency is essential for students of the North Sulawesi Institute of Domestic Government (IPDN) as well as preparing them for their future in governance and international collaboration. However, challenges such as varying basic English language skills and unfamiliarity with standardized tests such as TOEFL hinder their progress. This study aims to optimize the English language proficiency of IPDN students through an integrated training program tailored to the TOEFL framework. Using a pre-test and post-test design, the program features structured modules, TOEFL simulations, and ongoing evaluations over a period of 2 months and 2 weeks. Quantitative data results revealed a significant average increase in TOEFL scores from 450 to 510 with significant improvements across Listening, Structure and Written, and Reading. Qualitative feedback resulted in increased confidence and mastery of test-taking strategies among students. This study underscores the importance of targeted English language training in improving language skills and recommends integrating similar programs into the IPDN curriculum to foster sustainable language development and global competitiveness.

ORGANIZING ACTIVITIES FOR PRIMARY STUDENTS TO EFFECTIVELY LEARN MATHEMATICAL VOCABULARY

Using mathematical language is of great significance to students in the process of learning mathematics. Improving students' mathematical language skills contributes to improving their mathematical learning outcomes. This process must be done continuously throughout the learning process. Mathematical vocabulary is an important part of mathematical language, the mastery of which fosters students to enhance their ability to use mathematical language accurately and effectively, thereby forming their mathematical logic senses. This article presents, based on basic mathematical language activities, a number of teaching organizing measures in which teachers support students to comprehend and use vocabulary effectively in learning and in practice.

Assessing English Proficiency of Management and Accounting Students Using Linguaskill Business Tests Aligned with CEFR Standards

This study aims to analyze the English language proficiency of students in Management and Accounting programs using the Linguaskill Business test and the CEFR standards. The research sample consists of 10 undergraduate students from the Management program and 10 students from the Diploma program in Management. Data, represented by test scores, were collected through the Linguaskill Business assessment. Subsequently, the data were statistically analyzed to determine the minimum, maximum, mean scores, and frequency distribution. This data was then converted into a CEFR standard table for further analysis of English language proficiency according to CEFR criteria. The findings indicate that the majority of Management and Accounting students possess basic English language skills, primarily at or below the A1 level. Some students demonstrated relatively good proficiency at the A1, A2, and a maximum of B1 levels. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the English language skills of these students, as they have not yet reached the higher levels of B2 and C1.

Order Vehicle Washing Online System Design Based On Android System

This study aims to design an android-based online vehicle washing order application on mobile that aims to increase ease in placing orders. The application is designed using the sublime code editor using the react native framework. The backend part of this application is designed using the basic PHP language and uses the laravel framework to speed up and simplify development. The medium used to connect between the application and the system is using a JSON-based web service. This research and design produce an android-based mobile system. The results of this design shorten the user's time in placing orders and produce a user satisfaction level of 77.5%.

Pascal as the Driving Force of Informatics Education in Schools in Poland

The first books in Polish about the Pascal programming language appeared in the late 1970s, and were soon followed by a Polish translation of Niklaus Wirth’s book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs. At that time, many efforts were made to prepare teachers to teach informatics in schools, and Pascal was one of the topics taught, often with no access to computers. The situation improved significantly after the first informatics curriculum was approved for schools by the Ministry of National Education (MEN) in 1985, in response to the increasing number of microcomputers in schools and students’ interest in programming. As a confirmation of the conclusions drawn from the discussion in the ABACUS magazine (1984) on “Which is the best programming language for a first course in computer science,” Pascal very quickly became the basic programming language in Polish schools as a tool for practicing algorithmics. The first informatics textbook was published in 1988 and in it, after a short Logo course, Pascal took the main place as a language for developing solutions to algorithmic problems in the form of computer programs. In the following years, many teaching aids were developed for programming education in schools, as well as other aids, e.g., an authoring system, programmed in Pascal. Pascal was the primary programming language in informatics education until the end of the first decade of the 21st century, subsequently replaced by Python. It is interesting that Polish winners of national and international Olympiads in Informatics for many years used Pascal, demonstrating the enormous professional values of this language. In this article we present in detail, among others things: the role and influence of Pascal on the development and level of informatics education in schools in Poland, as well as other scientific activities and initiatives supported by this language. Many students educated in this technical and mental environment found their place in professional development teams in the best computer and technology corporations, and evidently most of them joined the national working force.

Diglossic and Orthographic Features of Reading Comprehension in Standard Arabic: The Primacy of the Spoken Language

AbstractThis study investigates the role of diglossic and orthographic features in reading comprehension in Arabic. Specifically, it probes the independent contribution of language, metalinguistic, and decoding skills in the spoken language and in Standard Arabic to reading comprehension in the abjad writing system of Arabic. A sample of 112 Palestinian Arabic native‐speaking third graders (mean age = 108.31 months) were tested on receptive vocabulary, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and word decoding independently in the spoken language and in the standard. Listening comprehension and reading comprehension in the standard were also tested, along with cognitive factors. Regression analysis showed that morphological awareness, receptive vocabulary and decoding accuracy and fluency in the spoken language predicted unique variance in reading comprehension in the standard beyond cognitive ability, with morphological awareness emerging as the strongest predictor. Only decoding accuracy in the standard predicted unique variance in reading comprehension beyond spoken language skills. Listening comprehension entered in the last block contributed a small unique variance. The results underscore the contribution of lexical, metalinguistic, and decoding skills for words within the spoken language to reading comprehension in Standard Arabic. Moreover, they underscore the unique contribution of morphological skills to reading comprehension in the Arabic abjad writing system. The results imply that not all of the reading comprehension difficulties that Arabic‐speaking children encounter are related to linguistic distance. Rather, some difficulties are grounded in difficulties with basic language, metalinguistic, and decoding skills for words within their spoken vernacular. The implications of these findings for literacy education in Arabic diglossia are discussed.

Future Prospects of Large Language Models: Enabling Natural Language Processing in Educational Robotics

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown considerable promise in educational robotics by offering generic knowledge necessary in situations when prior programming is not possible. In general, mobile education robots cannot perform tasks like navigation or localization unless they have a working knowledge of maps. In this letter, we tackle the issue of making LLMs more applicable in the field of mobile education robots by helping them to understand Space Graph, a text-based map description. This study, which focuses on LLMs, is divided into several sections. It explores basic natural language processing (NLP) techniques and highlights how they can help create smooth education discussions. Examining the development of LLMs inside NLP systems, the paper explores the benefits and implementation issues of important models utilized in the education sector. Applications useful in educational discussions are described in depth, ranging from patient-focused tools like diagnosis and treatment recommendations to systems that support education providers. We provide thorough instructions and real-world examples for quick engineering, making LLM-based educational robotics solutions more accessible to novices. We demonstrate how LLM-guided upgrades can be easily included in education robotics applications using tutorial-level examples and structured prompt creation. This survey provides a thorough review and helpful advice for leveraging language models in automation development, acting as a road map for researchers navigating the rapidly changing field of LLM-driven educational robotics.

A Need Analysis of ESP For Nursing Science Students at Stik Bina Husada Palembang

The English language skills are also a determinant factor in the process of global knowledge exchange in various fields, including health, science, and technology. The connection between student needs and inadequate teaching approaches emphasizes the urgency of reforming English curricula in higher education. Identifying students’ needs in learning English is an important step in designing more effective and relevant curriculum and teaching methods. At STIK Bina Husada Palembang, English learning discusses the integration of four basic English language skills, namely speaking, listening, reading, and writing including aspects of grammar and vocabulary into the scope of nursing services and work both in clinical/community practice and in classroom and/or laboratory learning. In English language learning, need analysis helps educators design a curriculum that is appropriate to students' learning needs. By understanding these needs, teachers can develop relevant materials and target the language skills that are most useful to students in a particular context, such as academic, business, or everyday English. In this study, 150 students of the Nursing Science study program at STIK Bina Husada Palembang participated in the 2024/2025 academic year, but only 149 students filled out the Google form completely. The instrument used is a questionnaire that focuses on personal information, English language proficiency, and English language goals. The result showed that English language programs have been introduced early, and many university students still face challenges in communicating and understanding English, especially in public speaking, academic essay writing, and comprehending scientific articles. Low confidence and limited vocabulary are the main obstacles.

Designing Windows Based Learning Applications Using Biology Material (Viruses)

In the current era of computers and the internet, the use of technology in education is becoming increasingly important to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the learning process. In this article, we will learn how to create a Windows-based learning application using the Visual Studio Framework and the Visual Basic programming language. By providing interactive and easy-to-use tools, this application is intended to support the educational process. User needs analysis is the main stage in the application design process, such as system design, implementation, and testing. User needs analysis is carried out to determine the special needs of teachers and students, such as managing learning materials, monitoring learning progress, and evaluation. System design also includes application architecture and user interfaces that enable easy and effective interaction. The research results show that this Windows-based learning application has the ability to improve interaction between teachers and students, facilitate access to learning materials, and provide useful evaluation tools. However, issues such as hardware compatibility and user training requirements were also discovered. As a result, it is hoped that this application can help learning in the digital era while development continues to be carried out to overcome existing problems.

Studi Literatur: Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa yang Menarik untuk Anak Sekolah Dasar dengan Menggunakan Worksheet Interaktif

Language learning at the elementary school level requires an approach that is able to attract students' interest, while building basic language skills that are effective and meaningful. One innovative approach in the digital era is the use of interactive worksheets, which offer a dynamic and adaptive learning experience. This article aims to examine several studies related to the development of interactive worksheet-based language teaching materials aimed at increasing student motivation, participation and in-depth understanding. The method used is a literature study, which includes collection, analysis and synthesis of various relevant research regarding the effectiveness of interactive worksheets in increasing student engagement in the elementary school environment. The results of the literature review show that interactive worksheets can provide several significant benefits, including supporting various student learning styles, stimulating language exploration, and encouraging critical thinking skills. In addition, the findings show that interactive worksheets provide flexibility for teachers in adapting learning materials to students' needs and interests. The main challenges in implementing interactive worksheets include the need for adequate technological facilities and increasing teacher competence in designing interactive and effective teaching materials.

Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagging of Low-Resource Language (Limbu) with Deep learning

POS tagging is a basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that tags the words in an input text according to its grammatical values. Although POS Tagging is a fundamental application for very resourced languages, such as Limbu, is still unknown due to only few tagged datasets and linguistic resources. This research project uses deep learning techniques, transfer learning, and the BiLSTM-CRF model to develop an accurate POS-tagging system for the Limbu language. Using annotated and unannotated language data, we progress in achieving a small yet informative dataset of Limbu text. Skilled multilingual tutoring was modified to enhance success on low-resource language tests. The model as propose attains 90% accuracy, which is very much better than traditional rule-based and machine learning methods for Limbu POS tagging. The results indicate that deep learning methods can address linguistic issues facing low-resource languages even with limited data. In turn, this study provides a cornerstone for follow up NLP-based applications of Limbu and similar low-resource languages, demonstrating how deep learning can fill the gap where data is scarce.

Strategi Profesionalisme Guru PAUD Abad 21 dalam Menstimulasi Kemampuan Membaca Anak Usia Dini

21st-century ECE teachers face challenges in developing effective strategies to stimulate early reading abilities in children. This study aims to explore the strategy of 21st-century early childhood education (ECE) teachers' professionalism in stimulating early reading skills in young children focusing on the effectiveness of these strategies in enhancing children's interest and reading abilities. The study employs a descriptive qualitative research method, with two teachers from groups B1 and B2 of TK Piri Nitikan as the subjects. The findings highlight that the professionalism of 21st-century ECE teachers, particularly in using conventional picture storybooks and digital flipbooks, positively contributes to enhancing early reading skills. Conventional picture storybooks aid in developing fine motor skills and basic language abilities in children, while digital flipbooks offer a more interactive and engaging learning experience. Combining conventional and digital approaches in 21st-century ECE professionalism provides a strong foundation for improving early childhood reading abilities.

Developing listening skills for high school students through songs: An empirical study

The current study concentrates on listening, one of the four basic language skills. According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, listening is frequently overlooked, and students almost tend to struggle to learn through it. This study’s objective is to evaluate the effects of songs on students’ listening skills and motivation. The participants included two groups of 11th grade students from a high school in Binh Duong province of Viet Nam, who learned English as a foreign language. Questionnaires and interviews were utilized to acquire both quantitative and qualitative data. A pre-test and a post-test were also prepared to assess both how far the students progressed after implementing the study project and their motivation in learning English through songs. At the end of the treatment, the average post-test score was greater than the pre-test score within experimental group. Research results indicate that music and songs may not only be entertaining, but also give students several benefits, a specially in developing their listening skills. Students’ motivation in their language learning in general and in learning listening skills also increased considerably.

Virtual Field Trips Borobudur Temple Assisted with Songs in Stimulating Writing Skills of Descriptive Texts

Writing skills are crucial to basic language skills. However, observations in the field indicate that students' descriptive text writing skills are still low, especially in the aspect of content or ideas. This limitation makes it difficult for students to develop ideas, so the text does not provide enough information and description of the object. With this problem, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the virtual media field trip to Borobudur Temple, assisted by songs, in stimulating descriptive text writing skills. This quantitative research uses a quasi-experimental method and a nonequivalent (pretest-posttest) control group design. The research sample consisted of 52 students, with IV A as the experimental class and IV B as the control class, with each class totalling 26 students. The sampling technique used nonprobability sampling with saturated sampling. In the experimental class, special treatment was given, a virtual field trip to Borobudur Temple with the help of songs. In contrast, the control class only used conventional media such as pictures. Research data was collected using test techniques pretest and posttest. Then, the data analysis techniques using independent sample t-test, with the results in Sig. (2-tailed) 0.00<0,05 showing a significant influence of the virtual field trip media at Borobudur Temple assisted by songs on descriptive text-writing skills. This learning media is effective for stimulating descriptive text writing skills because it can inspire students to develop ideas based on virtual field trips and increase vocabulary through song lyrics to be translated into descriptive text.

Challenges and opportunities when studying movement ecology in science and practical conservation

Movement is a key mechanism influencing biodiversity patterns and ecosystem processes. Movement ecology aims to understand the causal relationships between environmental conditions, animal movements, interactions and coexistence of species, as well as effects of movement patterns on ecosystem processes. In contrast, practical conservation primarily aims to understand organisms' movements to improve species management, protection, legal monitoring or risk assessment, and species-habitat interactions. Despite the many studies of movement ecology in basic and applied sciences as well as in practical conservation in terrestrial ecosystems, knowledge gain and transfer between disciplines are limited. Better integration and linking of both disciplines would result in diverse science-practice synergies, but these are currently constrained by numerous challenges that need to be overcome. From a scientific perspective, knowledge gain from practice is limited by a multitude of case studies with limited spatial and temporal resolution. This can be overcome by improving access and combining the diversity of data for a research area that often deals with small sample sizes. From a practical perspective, the movement ecology framework, which is often dedicated to basic research, as well as the access and language barriers to scientific publications, limit the application of scientific results. Here movement ecologists should be encouraged to consider conservation issues more frequently in addition to basic research. The transfer of scientific results could be improved by scientists providing sufficient details for practitioners to extract relevant information and publish at least an open-access abstract in local language with clear management recommendations. Further, the use of open-access repositories allows both, scientists and practitioners an overview of the multitude of studies and helps to share data in order to derive general conclusions. Challenges impacting science and practice can be conceptual, organisational and technical in nature. Such constraints can be overcome, for example, by providing verified trapping protocols, using recent technological developments and analytical methods combined with trainings on these state-of-the-art tracking and analysing tools. In particular, collaborative project planning between scientists and practitioners can help to improve the sampling design of applied studies and broaden the data base for science in order to significantly advance the movement ecology framework and gain comprehensive knowledge for practical conservation.

The Effect of Using Artificial Intelligence on Learning Vocabulary among Jordanian EFL University Students

This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing English vocabulary acquisition among university students at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University in Jordan. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 40 EFL students, evenly split by gender (20 males and 20 females), all of whom were enrolled in the Basic English Language Course. The students were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which utilized the Duolingo app for vocabulary learning, or a control group, which followed traditional methods of vocabulary instruction. The intervention was conducted during the first semester of the 2023/2024 academic year, and the results were analyzed using SPSS. Analytical methods included (MANOVA), T-tests, and (ANCOVA), which helped assess the impact of AI-driven tools compared to conventional approaches. The findings revealed that students using Duolingo showed significant improvement in vocabulary acquisition compared to the control group. Furthermore, no significant differences in learning outcomes were observed between male and female participants, suggesting that AI-driven tools are equally effective for all learners. The study concludes by recommending the integration of AI-based platforms like Duolingo into EFL curricula and calls for further research to explore their long-term effects on various aspects of language learning.

Super Encryption Feal Algorithm and Base64 Algorithm Image File Security

In the rapidly advancing digital era, image file security has become a critical issue, especially with the increasing risks of data breaches and attacks on digital files. This study aims to enhance the security of image files by implementing a combination of two cryptographic algorithms: Fast Data Encipherment Algorithm- 4 (FEAL-4) and Base64. FEAL-4 is a symmetric encryption algorithm known for its high speed and processing efficiency, while Base64 is used for encoding binary data into ASCII format to ensure safer transmission. This research develops a super encryption system that integrates these two algorithms to protect the integrity and confidentiality of image files, particularly for BMP, JPEG, and PNG formats. The implementation was carried out using the Visual Basic programming language. The results of the study show that the combination of FEAL-4 and Base64 algorithms significantly enhances the security of image files, with a high success rate in the encryption and decryption processes.