Basic Interpretations Research Articles

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ БІЗНЕСУ В КОНТЕКСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДУМКИ

The basic approaches of scientists and the essential characteristics of the concept of the social responsibility of business are analyzed in the article. The purpose of the study was to define the definition of «social responsibility of business» and to study the historical aspects of its formation. The initial theoretical provisions of the scientific support of the concept of social responsibility of business are determined. The theoretical aspects and thoughtful characteristics of the concept of the «social responsibility of business» and «corporate social responsibility» in economic science are highlighted and classification to the understanding of this concept was made. The international experience of conducting socially responsible business is analyzed. The evolution of the concept of social responsibility of business in Ukraine: from the beginning to the present is studied. The basic groups of theories formed by different scientists are highlighted. They characterize the whole variety of definitions of the concept of social responsibility. It is established that in the process of evolution of the concept of social responsibility of business the basic interpretations were formed, which are supplemented by those or other features considered by different authors as key parameters. However, in almost all approaches, social responsibility was seen as a practice with the help of which the company expands and improves the scope of its activities and makes a positive contribution to the development of society, going beyond the statutory limits. Differences in approaches to defining the essence of corporate social responsibility are explained by different local economic traditions, the scope and specifics of doing business, the size of the enterprise, the geographical region in which it operates, and, of course, time horizon. Among the features of the considered definitions of corporate social responsibility should be noted the voluntary nature of such activities, the focus on achieving business success, which does not contradict socially responsible goals. The author’s own definition of the system of social responsibility of business entities is offered. The number of specific features on which the socially responsible activity of business formations depends, were defined.

An overview of approaches towards studying railway terminology as an element of language for specific purposes (on the material of English language)

The subject of this research is the approaches towards studying railway terminology as the language for specific purposes. Transport and namely railway terminology holds an important place in the terminological system of English language. The author explores the basic interpretations of the concept of “language for specific purposes”, as well as such approaches towards studying railway terminology of English language as semantic, structural and etymological. Semantic approach consists in classification of terms by semantic groups. Structural approach analyzes the number and nature of components that comprise terminological units in this area of LSP. Etymological approach reviews the origin and evolution of the meaning of terminological units. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive description of the approaches towards studying language for specific purposes on the materials of professional field “railway transport”. Research methodology includes the analysis of scientific literature, analysis of dictionary definitions, comparative method, and diachronic analysis. The conclusion was made that the same approaches are applicable to the analysis of railway terminology and to the analysis of language for specific purposes of any other professional sphere. At the same time, systematicity and hierarchical pattern of the acquired classifications indicated a high level of formedness and systematization of terminology under review.  

ЗМІСТОВНЕ НАПОВНЕННЯ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЦЕСНОГО ПІДХОДУ В НАУКОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ В МЕНЕДЖМЕНТІ БІЗНЕС-СТРУКТУР

The purpose of the article is to identify the key features of the basic category of the process approach of enterprise management “business process”, to develop its species structure. Research methodology. To achieve the goal set in the article, the following methods were used: historical, logical generalization, scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis. Findings. The article considers the following basic approaches to enterprise management: systemic, situational, functional and process approaches. Their features and applicability at the enterprises are highlighted. It is emphasized that all the above mentioned approaches to management are aimed at attempting to follow the company’s goals in order to achieve the planned results, with the source, purpose and influence tools differ. The relevance of the process approach to management in the system of modern economic relations in the business environment has been stated with due regard for the rapid changes in the external enterprises environment. The process approach changes the perspective on the enterprise, rethinking it as a set of defined business processes, creates opportunities for the implementation of specific systems of rapid response to changes, through building a monitoring system based on key performance indicators under all conditions. In this case, the process approach represents itself as an element of the system of providing flexible organizational structures. At its core, the process approach to management is based on business processes that reflect the dynamic picture of the creation and distribution of products and services by the enterprise. The article analyses the genesis of the main interpretations of the “business process” definition, highlights the approaches used in the explanation of this concept and provides an author’s interpretation of the essence of “business process”. The analysis of the basic interpretations genesis of the “business process” concept has provided the basis for its main characteristics generalization. Practical value. The conducted analysis, author’s definition and classification of business processes creates opportunities for a deeper analysis of the business processes of the enterprise, the evaluation of which will form an effective mechanism for effective management of the business structure.

Uma sequência didática utilizando a literatura de cordel e a arte das histórias em quadrinhos para inserção de tópicos de Física Quântica no Ensino Médio

A inserção de tópicos de Física Moderna e Contemporânea (FMC) no Ensino Médio é um desafio no atual panorama do ensino de Física. Na perspectiva de colaborar com esse debate, apresenta-se, neste artigo, uma sequência didática utilizando material com elementos de expressão artística com o objetivo de auxiliar os professores do Ensino Médio na abordagem de tópicos de Mecânica Quântica voltados aos estudantes. A história em quadrinhos (HQs), Os moídos e pelejas desde o átomo clássico inté o átomo quântico, aborda interpretações básicas das teorias de Planck, Bohr, de Broglie e Schrödinger sobre a estrutura dos átomos. A experiência de aplicação aconteceu em uma turma do terceiro ano mediante uma sequência didática inspirada na Unidade de Ensino Potencialmente Significativa (UEPS), levando em consideração princípios da teoria cognitiva da aprendizagem significativa. Os resultados da experiência foram analisados em uma abordagem quali-quantitativa e indicaram um satisfatório avanço na desenvoltura dos estudantes, com isso, colaborando para o desenvolvimento de uma postura investigativa e demonstrando envolvimento com o material didático, comprometimento com o trabalho em equipe e, principalmente, compreensão inicial dos conceitos e fenômenos estudados. A contextualização do conteúdo em versos de cordel e ilustrações da HQs, mediante a aproximação entre Arte e Ciências, propiciou aos estudantes um pensar e estudar Física sob o viés da criatividade, bem como mais liberdade para o estímulo do desenvolvimento da capacidade imaginativa.

СУДЕБНЫЙ ДИСКУРС: ГЕНЕЗИС И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ

The article is devoted to the problem of studying verbal conflict through the prism of judicial discourse. Consideration of this problem becomes especially important in the framework of verbal conflict studies. It examines the consolidation of the studied terminology in historical retrospect, singles out and describes the main approaches used by researchers to define the content of the notion «judicial discourse». Special attention is paid to the establishment of differences in the interpretation of the term «discourse», its functioning in linguistic and legal literature by domestic and foreign researchers. The prerequisites for the emergence of the notion in question are revealed, and the author's definition of the terms «judicial discourse» and «verbal conflict» is proposed. The spheres of usage of the notion in question (linguistic, publicist and social action theory), the basic interpretations of the notion of discourse taking into account its nature of interdisciplinary from the perspective of various sciences particularly philosophy, jurisprudence, legal linguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmalinguistics and linguophylosophy are established. Emphasis is placed on the need to address a verbal conflict, bearing in mind its pragmatic nature within the social-role characteristics of judicial discourse. Given that the clarification of contradictions between the parties is carried out in the course of verbal judicial interaction, it is particularly important to take into account the verbal behavior in the communication phase of the verbal conflict. Representing a state of confrontation between two sides, verbal conflict is considered by the authors as a kind of bilateral process of exchange of verbal acts, within the framework of which illocution of communicators is realized. Judicial discourse is defined by the authors as a linguistic professional activity, which has characteristics: sphere of functioning — a branch of law (legal discourse can be observed, where legal issues are dealt with and regulated); the subject matter and main motive of the judicial discourse — the notion of the law, as well as compliance with the law of the precedent under consideration; communication focus of judicial discourse — adjustment of social relations; the general cognitive identity of judicial discourse is the prevalence of facts over values.

The Role of Main Microeconomic Factors on the Stock Prices of Selected Swiss Companies

Abstract This paper examines the role of main microeconomic factors on the stock prices of selected Swiss companies listed on the Six Swiss Exchange. Two basic theoretical approaches and interpretations of this relationship are frequently used. The efficient market hypothesis (Fama, 1970) assumes that stock prices already contain all the relevant information and the theory of arbitration (Ross, 1976, or Chen et al., 1986). The microeconomic factors are based on the financial situation in companies. Financial ratios, taken from the financial statements of the individual companies, are used for the analysis. In general, the study confirmed that profitability and debt ratios are the most important business factors from the prospective of impact on stock prices. The relationship between the observed variables is explored using panel regression analysis. The generalized method of moments for constructing a regression model is used. The sample period of the dataset is composed of annual data from 2006 to 2015.

Physical and practical hydrograph recession modeling in karstic sinkholes

Abstract Karstic spring discharge is related to the hydraulic head recession through a power function with an exponent <1. In the literature, analytical solutions are available for exponential and non-exponential models based on a set of restrictive physical and mathematical assumptions. The models search for a holistic and deductive solution without basic physical and practical interpretations, simple logical inferences leading to mathematical analytical or empirical formulations. In this paper, an inductive, logical, practical, and instead of holistic modeling, physically plausible piecewise solutions are proposed with detailed inferences and interpretations. In the proposed methodology, the discharge and hydraulic head records are decomposed first into a set of verbal classes and, subsequently, physical meaning for each class is explained leading to simple general but empirical models. For this purpose, Wakula and St. Marks River (Florida) hydrograph records are used for the general solution sinkhole discharge and hydraulic head variations. The solution methodology presented in this paper does not make any distinction between relatively small or large sinkhole heads. The calibration and verification of the methodology is shown with a comparison of the available record values to partial power models. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed methodology is reliable and can be applied to hydraulic head availability with discharge records in any part of the world for karstic aquifer domains.

A novel clear-sky index for color sky imagery used in short-term irradiance forecasting

A method for mapping color sky images of convective fair-weather cumuli to a scalar irradiance metric is presented. While basic interpretations of irradiance from color sky imagery are sufficient for many irradiance forecasting applications, sky images containing convective fair-weather cumuli can often contain gray-colored regions. Gray regions of a cloud commonly relate cloud thickness, indicating a region that has a high potential to attenuate surface irradiance from the sun. However, existing irradiance metrics are not found to translate such gray regions in accordance with their importance to a clear-sky index for short-term forecasting. This method exploits the special structure of sky images in three-dimensional red-green-blue (RGB) Cartesian space. By applying principal component analysis and basic clustering operations, a planar discriminant for cloudy-to-clear-sky classification is found. Once the {cloudy, clear-sky} identity of all image pixels is determined, the cloudy and clear-sky pixel distributions are separately remapped in RGB space so that gray pixels score a higher optical depth value than white pixels, and clear-sky pixels are mapped to low optical depth values. The resulting clear-sky index is simply the grayscale interpretation of the remapped image. The method is described and demonstrated with two actual sky images, and errors for sequences of several hundred images are tabulated and discussed. Remapped images are shown to represent gray cloud regions with a relatively high cloud optical depth in comparison with white cloud regions. The proposed metric is shown, by comparison with experimentally measured irradiance time series, to produce a more accurate clear-sky index in comparison with other methods.

COGNITIVE-COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH DURING ENGLISH LEARNING IN POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL ADVANCED EDUCATION

The article considers the essence and basic interpretations of the “cognitive-communicative approach” (CCA) concept, defines its characteristics and qualities, identifies the features of its application in institutions of professional prehigher education (PPHE) of Ukraine. The intercultural competence development problem as an indicator of the person’s ability to effectively participate in foreign language communication at the intercultural level formation is outlined. It is noted that a thorough knowledge of a foreign language is necessary for students of polytechnic institutions of PPHE for mobility, further career growth, competitiveness, communication with foreigners on a professional and personal level, expanding worldview, etc. The authors of the article identified the CCA as an approach to teaching English during both full-time and distance learning. The basic principles of this approach aimed at developing the competence of expressing the communicative intention of the student are characterized and systematized. The concepts of categorical features and terminological tools of the CCA have been clarified. The terms “blog technology”, “wiki technology”, “podcast” and “linguistic corpus” are defined. Possibilities of the educational and cognitive skills and abilities development which are provided by each of the mentioned technologies are considered. The authors described the methodological and pedagogical problem of educational material organization and processing in the polytechnic institutions students communicative and cognitive competence formation process. The article proposes the principles of processing educational material, which contribute to the development of language competencies of PPHE students of Ukraine. The socially conditioned need to use distance learning as a means of mastering the skills of students independent work in learning a foreign language is substantiated.

Цифровое поколение: гражданская мобилизация и политический протест российской молодежи

В статье представлен анализ базовых трактовок понятия «цифровое гражданство». Основной исследовательский вопрос на который ориентировались авторы: с чем в первую очередь связан высокий уровень протестного потенциала цифрового поколения, это внутренняя характеристика носителей культуры цифрового гражданства или скорее поведенческая стратегия, актуализированная мобилизационными эффектами социальных медиа? Отвечая на поставленный вопрос, авторы реализовали прикладное исследование, применяя метод массового опроса и процедуру онлайн-анкетирования. Полевой этап исследования прошел в июле-сентябре 2019 г. Выборочная совокупность составила 1000 респондентов, репрезентативна по полу, возрасту (в соответствии со статистическими данными о представленности в составе российской молодежи групп 15-19 лет, 20-24 лет и 25-29 лет) и территориальной принадлежности (в выборке воспроизведено соотношение численности молодежи во всех федеральных округах РФ). В рамках исследования были проанализированы основные гражданские и политические практики, востребованные молодыми российскими пользователями в онлайн- и офлайн-средах, масштаб протестной мобилизации в социальных сетях, репертуар протестных сообщений, протестные установки цифровых граждан. Подвергнув кластеризации массив данных опроса, авторы выделили четыре типа носителей разного уровня протестного потенциала в среде российской молодежи: «зрители», «вовлеченные», «активисты», «лидеры». В свою очередь, процедура многомерного шкалирования позволила зафиксировать дифференциацию ценностных профилей и стилей жизни носителей разного типа протестного потенциала. Ключевой вывод исследования заключается в том, что наибольший потенциал протестной активности проявляют вовсе не типичные представители цифрового поколения, а те, чей ценностный выбор и стратегии цифрового гражданства скорее отклоняются от общераспространенных.
 Благодарность. Мы сердечно благодарим, прежде всего, авторов тематического выпуска «Цифровизация экономики, политики и гражданского общества». Огромное спасибо за новые идеи, свежие подходы, нестандартные выводы и вдохновение. Выпуск бы не состоялся без фантастической команды ВЦИОМ, энергии и трудолюбия ответственного редактора Анны Кулешовой. Мы очень признательны Дмитрию Чижову за идею выпуска. Мы говорим большое спасибо нашим коллегам Роману Пырме, Анне Домбровской, Артуру Азарову, Алексею Синякову, Дмитрию Карзубову, Лилии Рязановой за помощь в сборе, обработке и анализе материалов исследования.
 Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и АНО ЭИСИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-011-31-291 «Культура “цифрового гражданства” российской молодежи: акторы, технологии формирования, общественно-политические эффекты».

"FORMAL" AND "NON-FORMAL" EDUCATION IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF INTRINSIC PROPERTIES

The article analyzes the definitions of "formal" and "non- formal" education as varieties of lifelong learning in the context of foreign and Ukrainian scholars. The meaningful field of "lifelong education" in the coordinates of interdisciplinary research and basic approaches and interpretations of scientists is outlined. The essential characteristics of formal, non-formal and informal education are determined; their priorities and key differences that distinguish them from one another: formal education from non-formal education (alternative to formal education). The difference between information education is that it is not institutionalized, but also in terms of: term of study, age, gender, regional, religious, as well as the right to choose an educational institution or educational institution, field of training and specialty, educational and educational - professional programs.

Цифровые граждане, цифровое общество и цифровая гражданственность

The article discusses the basic interpretations of the categories of digital citizen, and digital citizenship. The author pays the main attention to the representation of these categories in the scientific discourse and in Russian political practices.

«Умный город»: стандарты, проблемы, перспективы развития

This article discusses the basic interpretations of the concept of “smart city”, describes the key international and national standards that are in force, describes the main problems of digitalization of urban economy in Russia. Forming standards of a “smart city” in Russia is important because such standards are a guideline in planning long-term and short-term measures to digitize the urban economy. Open and universal standards accelerate and reduce the cost of development in this area. However, to date, the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation (the Ministry of Construction of Russia) has developed basic and additional requirements for “smart cities”. A comparative analysis of the international standards of the “smart city” with the requirements developed by the Ministry of Construction of Russia is presented. In some countries that are actively implementing programs for the development of “smart cities”, local standards are localized, taking into account local specifics, international standards. Thus, for the implementation of smart cities development programs in the Republic of Korea (the “Smart Seoul” program), standards developed by the ISO/TC 268 technical committee were localized, including ISO 37120: 2014 “Sustainable community development – indicators of urban services and quality of life”, and for the participating cities of the “One Hundred Smart Cities” program (“Smart Cities Mission”) in India, it is recommended to follow the standards set by the British Standardization Institute (BSI) when implementing the program at all levels. The work used the development of the international organization for standardization (ISO), the British Institute of Standardization, regulatory documents prepared by the Ministry of Construction of Russia, and other studies relating to the development of “smart cities”.

„Lokomotywa” na nowych torach, czyli jak uwspółcześnia się Tuwima

The aim of this paper is an attempt to understand the provenance of various contemporary adaptations and interpretations of the poem Locomotive by Julian Tuwim. Selected and discussed examples of literary works based on Tuwim’s Locomotive deviate so much from the original that they are considered not in terms of adaptation or intersemiotic translation, but as inspiration, artistic creation and reinterpretation. One of the reasons for this approach to Tuwim’s legacy is the use of right to quote for artistic purposes guaranteed by Polish copyright law, which makes it possible to refer to someone’s work without an obligation to ask for authors’ or their inheritors’ permission. The article also briefly recalls the history of the poem Locomotive and basic interpretations of its original form.

PARÂMETROS MORFOMÉTRICOS APLICADOS A ANÁLISE TECTONOEROSIVA EM BACIAS DE DRENAGEM / MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS APPLIED TO TECTONIC-EROSIVE ANALYSIS IN WATERSHEDS

O recorte espacial de bacias de drenagem é de extrema importância para a compreensão evolutiva da paisagem. E a utilização de cálculo de parâmetros morfométricos que procurem reunir evidências sobre o mecanismo evolutivo desta unidade de evolução geomorfológica vem, desde a década de 1950, sendo continuamente aplicada nestes estudos. A identificação de assimetrias de bacias e a análise de perfis de relevo transversais e longitudinais a uma bacia, bem como a observação de perfis longitudinais aos canais fluviais, subsidiam a investigação do controle tectônico na história evolutiva e o entendimento da ocorrência de processos geomorfológicos pretéritos e atuais. A avaliação da forma geométrica do perfil associada ao cálculo do Índice de Gradiente (ou Relação Declividade Extensão - RDE), vem demonstrando ser uma prática metodológica bastante útil no reconhecimento de anomalias significativas na conformação côncava de um perfil longitudinal de um canal fluvial. Para esta análise, o emprego de geotecnologias facilita e agiliza as investigações realizadas, subsidiando uma melhor espacialização das informações produzidas e, assim, auxiliando na compreensão dos mecanismos evolutivos interpretados através dos parâmetros morfométricos utilizados. Auxiliam também na compreensão das relações com informações de cunho geológico-geomorfológico, subsidiando o reconhecimento de bacias que possuem graus diferenciados de controle litológico e/ou estrutural. Deste modo, este procedimento permite reunir argumentos básicos à interpretação de possíveis (re)ajustes fluviais, caracterizando processos morfodinâmicos distintos em bacias de drenagem.

The formalized approach of building a network controller for the information handling automated process control system of the technological control cycle

The article discusses the use of a formalized approach to building a network controller which bases on a graph of Mealy machine. This approach can be applied in modern automated control systems (ACS), since ACS can be considered as network systems, intended for transportation (transmission) and distribution of flows, including energy and information. A comparison of a fragment of the graph of Mealy machine and a fragment of the flowchart of the algorithm and basic interpretations of their elements is presented. The technological process of applying protective coatings is considered, as well as basic operations that are deterministic. Considered minimization of the state of the graph automaton and the transformation into the flowchart of the technological process operations is obtained. The proposed approach allows obtaining the deterministic characteristics of the information handling automated process control system of the technological control cycle.

Riempire le «pagine bianche». Nuovi interrogativi e nuove risposte sulla rivoluzione russa

How has scholarly understanding of Russian Revolution and of revolution in general changed over the last three decades? How the new source-material which became available since the fall of the Soviet Union has changed the basic interpretations of this event and its aftermaths? Has it affected some pivotal questions such as the possible alternatives existing to the the revolutionary outburst of 1917, the degree of violence and coercion inherent to the original spirit of Bolshevism, the continuity or discontinuity between Bolshevism and Stalinism? Three well known scholars, Laura Engelstein, Silvio Pons and Stephen A. Smith answer these and other questions.

Radiology education: a radiology curriculum for all medical students?

Diagnostic errors in radiology are frequent and can cause severe patient harm. Despite large performance differences between radiologists and non-radiology physicians, the latter often interpret medical images because electronic health records make images available throughout the hospital. Some people argue that non-radiologists should not diagnose medical images at all, and that medical school should focus on teaching ordering skills instead of image interpretation skills. We agree that teaching ordering skills is crucial as most physicians will need to order medical images in their professional life. However, we argue that the availability of medical images is so ubiquitous that it is important that non-radiologists are also trained in the basics of medical image interpretation and, additionally in recognizing when radiological consultancy should be sought. In acute situations, basic image interpretations skills can be life-saving. We plead for a radiology curriculum for all medical students. This should include the interpretation of common abnormalities on chest and skeletal radiographs and a basic distinction of normal from abnormal images. Furthermore, substantial attention should be given to the correct ordering of radiological images. Finally, it is critical that students are trained in deciding when to consult a radiologist.

FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLICATION FACTOR ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION

Factor analysis is one of multivariate data processing methods, which studies the causal relationships of phenomena, that is, the cause of integration. In the introductory part of the paper, the basic definitions and interpretations regarding the factor analysis and the terms of multivariate methods, and some examples have been given in defining the manifest and latent, as explorative and confirmative examples. The justification for the application of factor analysis is elaborated in the main part of the paper with reference to the various authors who have dealt with this issue. Also, the paper presents the procedures of factor analysis, and presents tables and graphs showing the results necessary for interpretation. Given that for special education and rehabilitation a biopsychosocial approach is fundamental, factor analysis can be a powerful tool when studying interconnections of different phenomena. Its proper application by educatorsrehabilitators, who act to this problem, may help in understanding the causes of connections of phenomena, and as such it helps in the development of a treatment for the prevention, education and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities.

АНАЛИЗ ТРАНСНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРАКТИК ЭМИГРАНТОВ ИЗ СТРАН БЫВШЕГО СССР В НЬЮ-ЙОРКЕ И ЛОС- АНДЖЕЛЕСЕ: РУССКИЕ В АМЕРИКЕ ИЛИ АМЕРИКАНЦЫ ИЗ РОССИИ?

The paper presents the results of the first stage of a study devoted to exploring how different categories and groups of migrats are involved into one or several transnational social spaces (according to T. Faist definition). 13 qualitative focused interviews were carried out in two American cities, New York and Los Angeles in 2015 as a part of theis project. The informants were the former USSR migrants who left the country of origin in 1990—2010s to permanently settle in the U.S.A. The first part of the ar- ticle characterizes the stages and directions of migration from the former USSR territory as well as basic interpretations of the transnationalism concept that im- plies migrant’s simultaneous presence in two social spaces «here» and «there» (usually in two nation states). The second part of the article provides an analysis of the interviews with migrants living in two large American cities. The results of the study prove that informants have transnational practices which in turn allow to recognise them as transnational migrants despite the fact that the migration process is not finished for them.