Basic Grains Research Articles

Inga tree agroforestry in Honduras

Slash-and-burn agriculture is a critical issue in Honduras and other tropical regions, as it causes deforestation, soil degradation, erosion, crop failure, food insecurity, and vulnerability to natural disasters - devasting the environment and adversely effecting communities. These calamities are further exacerbated by the climate crisis, forcing people to become climate refugees. In response, the article introduces the Inga agroforestry model as a sustainable alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture. Developed by the Inga Foundation, this model utilises the tree genus Inga, a nitrogen-fixing tree, to create resilient and productive agroforestry systems. By intercropping basic grains with other cash crops, amongst the Inga trees and other fruit and hardwood trees, farmers can achieve food security and economic diversity. The Inga agroforestry model is also characterised by its minimal input requirements, as it uses no agrochemicals, chemical fertilisers, fossil fuels, heavy equipment, herbicides or pesticides, further enhancing land restoration and climate change mitigation. Proven to be a regenerative system, Inga agroforestry has been implemented successfully in Honduras, empowering marginalised rural smallholder farmers in a socially and ecologically sustainable manner. Compared to monocrop plots, the model’s economic benefits include increased yields and income generation, which has improved rural livelihoods, including for women and youth, reducing out-migration. The environmental benefits include land restoration, carbon sequestration, and increased biodiversity, improving climate resilience. Despite its proven effectiveness, the widespread adoption of the Inga agroforestry model remains constrained by funding and policy barriers which favour industrial agriculture. The team remains committed, however, to seeing it replicated widely and remains optimistic about the model's potential to transform rural economies. They, therefore, urge for greater support from governments and international institutions.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СЫПУЧЕСТИ ЗЕРНА И РАЗРАБОТКА УНИВЕРСАЛЬНОГО АЭРАТОРА КОЛОНКОВОГО ТИПА

The article studies physical property of grain flowability at free or natural grain flow when pouring through a small hole onto a flat horizontal plane, as well as when grain is in cramped conditions. The study classifies grains into 5 classes according to their flowability depending on their natural slope of repose. It also determines limiting values of slope of repose of basic grains at humidity of 14–16 % and with free flow on the designed device. The research detects penetration of grain into the partition space when grain was cramped into the designed device. It figures out that with increasing distance between the partitions, depth of grain penetration increases regardless of the partition grade of slope. Optimal values of partition grade of slope are within 20º, at which the penetration of grain between partitions is minimal. So, to solve various problems of grain aeration, it is possible to select the optimal values of partitions grade of slope and distances between them, at which grain does not flow into partitions internal cavity, connected to air supply channel. Based on the results of this experiment, the Department of Technological Systems of the Agro-Industrial Complex (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Arctic State Technical University) developed a technical solution for universal core type aerator, which was recognized as an invention (Patent N 2777902). Preliminary tests of the aerator showed its versatility and cost-effectiveness.

Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de Bancos Comunitarios de Semillas Criollas de granos básicos en el Departamento de Matagalpa

Antecedentes: El presente artículo se realizó en el marco del programa de Doctorado en Gestión y Desarrollo Territorial de la Universidad Nacional Francisco Luis Espinoza Pineda (UNFLEP), Estelí, con el objetivo de determinar la sostenibilidad productiva-ambiental, socio-organizativa y económica de 63 bancos comunitarios de semillas criollas (BCSC) localizados en el departamento de Matagalpa y asociado a tres organizaciones sociales. El estudio se enmarca en la teoría del desarrollo sostenible y la sostenibilidad, a través de la aplicación de 25 indicadores. Metodología: La investigación fue de tipo cuantitativa y cualitativa, con enfoque participativo, aplicando encuestas a 63 coordinadores BCSC estudiados y grupo focal donde se aplicó de manera participativa el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico; con muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: El índice global de sostenibilidad de los BCSC se ubicó en 3.04 puntos, de una escala de 1 a 5 puntos; lo que indica una situación moderadamente inestable. Conclusiones: Los BCSC tienen diversos estados de sostenibilidad. Los BCSC son socio organizativamente estable, pero tienen situación inestable en lo productivo ambiental, y situación crítica en la dimensión económica. La propuesta de variables e indicadores definidos para evaluar la sostenibilidad de los BCSC fue adecuada, de fácil medición e interpretación, el coeficiente alfa Cronbach fue de 0.80 y la razón de consistencia obtenida en el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico fue de 0.10, por lo que resulta factible avanzar en el desarrollo de un modelo teórico de sostenibilidad para los BCSC, que sea integral, interdependiente y multidimensional (social, ambiental y económico).

Pyrough: A tool to build 3D samples with rough surfaces for atomistic and finite-element simulations

Natural samples are characterized by surface roughness which is intrinsically multi-scale as depicted by the well known concept of fractal dimension. Nevertheless, surface asperities are barely taken into account in simulations and modeling where flat surfaces and sharp corners or edges are generally preferred for the sake of simplicity. In this context, we propose here a versatile Python program called Pyrough that aims at building virtual samples characterized by configurable surface roughness for numerical applications such as atomistic and finite-element simulations. The program is open source and relies on the classical roughness theory that integrates the concept of self-affine surface. Several basic shapes including basic blocks, spheres, grains and wires with self-affine surface asperities are implemented and the object-oriented structure of the program simplifies the implementation of more complex objects. Virtual sample design is improved using Pyrough, which enables more realistic simulations to be made. Several application examples including e.g., the design of wavy grain boundaries or nanoindentation testing using a roughened indenter tip are presented. Program summaryProgram Title: PyroughCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/x7jdtrbf4s.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/jamodeo12/PyroughLicensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3Programming language: PythonExternal routines/libraries: Gmsh, Meshio, Wulffpack, ASE, Atomsk, cv2Nature of problem: 3D virtual samples used for atomistic or finite-element simulations generally rely on simplified geometries and surfaces for the sake of design simplicity. However, the influence of surface roughness play a crucial role in various fields of applications (e.g., mechanics, catalysis, lubrication) and must be taken into account.Solution method: Pyrough allows for the design of 3D virtual objects with rough surfaces by means of the classical roughness theory. The user can easily tune the morphology of surfaces and shape 3D objects. Output samples can be used in finite-element or atomistic simulations according to the user's needs.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The program documentation is available at https://jamodeo12.github.io/Pyrough/

Assessing the Nutritional Effect of Lupinus montanus on Zea mays HS-2 (Intercropping) and Identification of Nodular Bacteria through the Use of Rhizotrons

Maize (Zea mays sp.) is one of the most important basic grains in our diets, and it requires high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus for optimum growth. However, phosphorous transitions in forms inaccessible to plants. The Lupinus genus, and more specifically, Lupinus albus, through its root clusters, or proteoid roots, has the ability to solubilize portions of phosphorous when it is found in a limited environment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of Lupinus montanus under phosphorous stress conditions intercropped with maize, utilizing sandy soils with calcium phosphate bands. Work was conducted in growth chambers using rhizotrons, which allowed the authors to observe the growth and root behavior of both species (Lupinus montanus and maize). The phosphorus analysis in the plant tissue indicated that its concentration in maize was slightly higher in intercropping conditions than in monoculture planting. From this, we concluded that Lupinus montanus is capable of solubilizing portions of phosphorus, making it available for other crops; likewise, we also observed that the proteoid structures did not develop, leaving the study open for other wild species. In conclusion, the use of Lupinus montanus will be as an alternative in favor of more sustainable agricultural methods since it improve soil fertility in phosphorus deficient soils.

Wheat Import Demand in Mexico: Evidence of Quantile Cointegration

The decline in the production of basic grains in Mexico has intensified since the 1990s, with wheat (Triticum) being no exception. This reduction was covered by the growth of Mexican imports. The objective of this research was to analyze the import demand function for wheat from 1994, the time of the initiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model revealed the change in the conditional mean import demand using variations in its determinants, the Global Indicator of Economic Activity (IGAE for its Spanish acronym) and the real exchange rate, as proxy variables for income and relative prices, respectively. However, the conditional mean is insufficient in a context of increasing foreign purchases of wheat and outliers. Through a quantile extension of the ARDL model (with the acronym QARDL), we then found that the change in imports, and the relevance of the determinants, differed across import levels. In the short term, the upper quantiles of wheat imports responded mainly to their history and the exchange rate. Meanwhile, in the long term, the IGAE and the exchange rate influenced the lower quantiles of imports. We conclude that there was an asymmetric response in the conditional distribution of imports. In other words, this study provides evidence of short- and long-term location asymmetry in wheat imports under NAFTA. The research contributes to the econometric study of basic grain imports. For the first time, the QARDL model is used to understand the relationship between imports and their determinants, and the circumstances under which its use is recommended are indicated. Therefore, a new econometric method is used, avoiding the linearity of the ARDL model, and thus allowing a detailed and accurate estimation of the demand for imports. Consequently, the estimates and conclusions obtained will undoubtedly help economic agents to make more efficient decisions, from national and international investors to government agencies responsible for the promotion of Mexican agriculture.

Surface Urban Heat Island and Thermal Profiles Using Digital Image Analysis of Cities in the El Bajío Industrial Corridor, Mexico, in 2020

The Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) effect refers to the difference in Land Surface Temperature (LST) between an urban area and its surrounding non-urban area. LST can provide detailed information on the variations in different types of land cover. This study, therefore, analyzes the behavior of LST and SUHIs in fourteen cities in the El Bajío Industrial Corridor, Mexico, using Landsat satellite images from 2020, with QGIS software. It utilizes thermal profiles to identify the land uses that intensify LST, which are essentially those that are anthropologically altered. The results show that the increases in LST and SUHI are more pronounced in cities with greater urban conglomeration, as well as those where there are few green areas and a sizeable industrial or mixed area, with few or no bodies of water. In addition, the increase in temperature in the SUHI is due to certain crops such as vegetables, red fruits, and basic grains such as corn, wheat, and sorghum that use fallow as part of agricultural practices, located around urban areas, which minimizes natural areas with arboreal vegetation.

Vernacular Architecture in México: The Blue Corn Research Center in Michoacán

In Mexico, a large part of the population is still engaged in primary activities such as agriculture. That is why government and academic institutions have focused on encouraging the improvement and optimization of the farming of basic grains through research and technology. This work aimed to propose a building based on the Mexican vernacular architecture of Michoacán using local materials. The architectural project used the scientific method of analyzing socio-economic indicators, territory, and cultural conditions. As a result, we got a building that promotes the increase in the production of blue corn and solves part of the student lag in the rural area of Michoacán. The building contemplates open access for people of the surrounding towns through community use. Its design applies passive thermal control strategies. The project is a connection between local agricultural customs and the field of research.Keywords: contemporary

Multipurpose technology for simultaneous preparation of primary and secondary tillage of the soil (first phase: prototype design)

During the last decade in Mexico, the profitability of basic grain crops has decreased considerably due to low productivity caused by unfavorable soil and climatic conditions, which are aggravated by climate change. In addition, the variability of the international economic environment and the rise in fertilizer and fuel prices are factors that seriously affect the production of these food products. In this context, it is important to generate new practices and technological innovations that contribute to reducing these factors. There is an enormous technological lag in soil preparation. At present, the disk plow is still by far the most widely used implement for primary soil preparation in food production, causing high rates of soil loss due to erosion, hard layers, minimal use of moisture and, consequently, low productivity. On the other hand, it requires high power requirements, excessive operation times and high fuel consumption. The purpose of this research was to design a multipurpose prototype for the simultaneous preparation of primary and secondary tillage of the soil for crop establishment, with the objective of reducing operation times and fuel consumption, but without detracting from the quality of the labor soil and increasing yields. The results show the design of a Multipurpose prototype, as a mechanical equipment integrated by three sections (chisel plow + harrow + lump breaker), which are combined for the simultaneous preparation of primary and secondary tillage of the soil. This technology consists of a single step of soil conditioning (minimum tillage) for crop production, specifically basic grains.

Multipurpose technology for simultaneous preparation of primary and secondary tillage of the soil (second phase: construction and evaluation of the prototype)

In Mexico, the continuous increase in the prices of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilizers has led to a reduction in the area planted with crops, specifically basic grains. This situation has caused substantial ecological and economic losses and a national deficit in the production of basic grains, which has aggravated the economic and social situation of agricultural producers. Faced with these production growth limitations, it is important to generate new practices and innovations that contribute to reducing these factors. In soil preparation, which is considered one of the most costly activities in food production, there is an enormous technological lag. At present, the discs plow is still by far the most widely used implement for primary soil preparation in food production, causing high rates of soil loss due to erosion, hard layers, minimal use of moisture and, consequently, low productivity. Likewise, it requires high power requirements, excessive operation times and high fuel consumption. The purpose of this research was the construction and evaluation of a prototype for simultaneous preparation of primary and secondary tillage of the soil for crop establishment to reduce operation times and fuel consumption, without detriment to the quality of work and increase yields. The results show a mechanical equipment integrated by three sections (chisel plow + harrow + lump breaker), which are combined for the simultaneous preparation of primary and secondary tillage of the soil. This technology is responsible for performing in a single step, the soil conditioning for crop production, significantly surpassing the conventional system.

Life cycle assessment of frozen broccoli processing: Environmental mitigation scenarios

The production, processing and export of vegetables has been increased in the last decades in Latin America, due to the international demand for vegetables of high nutritional quality. The horticultural industry generates a large amount of waste that is used in livestock feed. These residues owing due to their abundance, nutritional characteristics and their high nutraceuticals content can be valorized as ingredients in the food industry. In this work, the environmental impacts of frozen broccoli production in Mexico with two alternatives for the valorization of broccoli stalk (principal waste) as forage for cattle and as a food ingredient in the form of flour were evaluated. The environmental impact was evaluated through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, defining a ton of frozen broccoli as a functional unit (FU). The environmental benefits of the recovery alternatives were evaluated as environmental credits for the avoided production of alfalfa hay and wheat, considering the protein content as a substitution criterion. The greenhouse gas emission (GHG) for 1 t of frozen broccoli was estimated in 816.44 kgCO 2 eq , N 2 O emissions in the crop fertilization and the waste generation in industrial processing are the main contributor to this figure. When broccoli stalk is valorized through its use as forage or flour production, potential saving in GHG emissions are presented, 689 and 640 kgCO2eq, respectively. Other environmental benefits are reducing the use of agricultural land and water, resources earned by growing broccoli to produce basic grains in Mexico.

The search for a sustainable alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in the World's rain forests: the Guama Model and its implementation.

This account describes the context, history and outcomes of a series of studies into the ecology of slash-and-burn (S-B) agriculture in the world's humid tropics. These studies, which began in the mid-1980s, identified promising lines of research and continued to field trials, in Central America, of candidate agricultural systems as possible sustainable alternatives to the practice. The only system to emerge from 7 years' comparative trial with any promise of sustainability, in this context, was the agroforestry technique known as alley-cropping; but only with trees of the genus Inga. Inga alley-cropping then underwent field trials with subsistence farming families in northern Honduras. The system was aimed at the twin objectives of achieving food security in basic grains, on minimal inputs, and of providing the means of eliminating further S-B in the region. Since then, Inga alley-cropping has become the heart of a sustainable and integrated rural livelihood model (the Guama Model) which is being implemented successfully in northern Honduras with some 300 families. These families had been attempting to subsist on a few hectares of land degraded by decades or centuries of S-B. The development of Inga alley-cropping, supplemented by rock phosphate and other mineral supplements, as a sustainable subsistence and cash crop alternative means that land previously being held in reserve for subsequent S-B operations can now be planted to permanent forms of agroforestry. Entire landscapes can be re-greened by productive agroforest vegetation. Achieving this at scale will require the investment of huge extension effort and funds. However, the environmental, social and economic returns are also huge; and they are sustainable. In this programme,we are seeing the vitality and goodwill of hundreds of families focussed on the raising, planting and management of trees in ways that feed the living organisms of the soil and, hence, feed themselves. In so cheerfully planting out their own futures, they plant and reshape the future of their own country. Replicating this at scale, as Rattan Lal outlines below, could reshape the future of this planet. In the mid-1980s, progress on sustainable alternatives to S-B, especially in rain forests, was frustrated by a lack of conclusiveness in the literature as to why soil fertility fails so rapidly post-burn; but also by a degree of contradiction on the impacts of the burn on certain plant nutrients. Hands (Hands 1988 The ecology of shifting cultivation. MSc thesis, University of Cambridge) concentrated on the role of soil phosphorus and attempted to resolve these contradictions. The Cambridge Alley-cropping Projects (1988–2002) continued this theme and threw light on the question of sustainable food production in rain forest environments.

Saberes tradicionales locales y el cambio climático global

Los conocimientos o saberes tradicionales locales están estrechamente relacionados con la cultura de las comunidades, las relaciones sociales y con sus ecosistemas, representan la cosmovisión de los pueblos mesoamericanos. Es así como el conocimiento del clima a través de la historia siempre ha estado presente de diferentes formas: calendario agrícola, cabañuelas, el tipo y forma de nubes, se puede constatar que el cambio climático ha estado afectando, a los ciclos biológicos de las plantas y animales y al ser humano y modificando estos saberes. El objetivo central, se presenta un análisis del modo de vida inherente a los saberes tradiciones en la agricultura de granos básicos en la región Sierra Alta de Hidalgo. La metodología que se implementó es con un enfoque cualitativo, el método es deductivo, con estudio descriptivo, para la técnica de recolección y análisis se aplicó una encuesta estructurada. Se concluye, que estos saberes están amenazados gravemente, debido a los procesos de aculturación, dado que la población adopta nuevos patrones culturales, ajenos a ellas, abandonando u olvidando saberes ancestrales, ello limita la adaptación, mitigación y combate al Cambio Climático a nivel local y global.

Regiones ganadoras y cultivos perdedores de México en el TLCAN. Perspectivas para T-MEC

In Mexican agriculture there are branches and regions that have benefited from the trade liberalization and economic integration under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but there are sectors, essentially those of basic grains that have been affected by liberalization, which exacerbates the country's food dependence. To understand the trends already in the framework of the United States, Mexico and Canada Agreement (USMCA) a projection (extrapolation) of the next 11 years will be made, based on the behavior already analyzed.

Predicción y diversificación de cultivos para Nuevo León, México

Los factores involucrados en la predicción de zonas para la producción de alimentos están sujetos a variables culturales, socio-económicas, a la disponibilidad hídrica y a características particulares de su manejo y producción. La agricultura como actividad micro empresarial está sujeta a riesgos que obligan a mejorar mecanismos predictivos de variables climáticas y edáficas. El objetivo principal es generar modelos a partir de diversas bases de datos, y mapas temáticos a una misma escala de observación para ubicar zonas con potencial productivo de 16 cultivos con valor económico en el mercado nacional y estratégico para el estado de Nuevo León. Este estado se seleccionó por pertenecer a tres regiones fisiográficas con gran diversidad edafoclimática, lo que requiere de métodos probados tanto a nivel nacional (Ortíz, 2011) como internacional para su zonificación. Diferentes bases de datos como de aptitud en términos de eficiencias térmicas, período libre de heladas y clasificación, degradación y régimen hídrico de los suelos fueron utilizados. Los resultados muestran que con la información recabada y analizada se pueden ubicar y cuantificar las áreas sobre mapas para granos básicos, hortalizas y frutales en más de 50% de la superficie agrícola estatal y otros cultivos en áreas menores a 10%. La mejor zona agrícola se localiza en la zona centro norte del estado; sin embargo, el factor determinante para el crecimiento de los principales cultivos es el periodo libre de heladas. Se recomienda cultivar variedades tempranas de granos básicos y hortalizas para aprovechar los meses con mayores eficiencias.

Manejo y características de los suelos agrícolas de colonia Providencia, Nueva Guinea, 2017

Esta investigación respecto a la calidad y manejo de los suelos agrícolas fue realizada en 18 sistemas de producción agrícolas de la colonia Providencia, seleccionados a través de un muestreo estratificado, estos se organizaron en 3 grupos según el tamaño de las áreas agrícolas, se evaluaron características físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo, así como las actividades de manejo que realizan los productores. Los análisis físico-químicos se realizaron en el laboratorio de suelos y agua de la Universidad Nacional Agraria.En cuanto al uso actual de los suelos agrícolas predominan los granos básicos, raíces y tubérculos y café robusta, son suelos manejados de forma tradicional con indicios de degradación física (hídrica y eólica) y biológica, medianamente ácidos, con materia orgánica y nitrógeno adecuados para satisfacer la demanda de los cultivos, el fósforo es deficiente y el potasio moderadamente disponible.Físicamente son suelos ultisoles, poco profundos con dos horizontes definidos, color rojizo oscuro, arcilloso, generalmente en estructura de bloques y angulares, muchos poros finos y poco finos, plástico adherente con contenido de materia orgánica superior al 5%, medianamente ácidos

Evaluación de la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de las familias en las comunidades rurales del municipio de La Concepción, departamento de Masaya en el periodo de mayo a diciembre del año 2015

Con el objetivo de evaluar la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SSAN) en las comunidades rurales del Municipio de La Concepción, se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, correlacional y analítica, prospectiva y transversal. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que: 1) Las principales características socioeconómicas son que los jefes de hogares son del sexo masculino con 58.13%, tienen un bajo nivel de escolaridad con un 36.9% en educación primaria. El 90% de ellos tienen empleo activo, aunque con bajos ingresos de C$ 4,346.38 promedio por mes. 2) Las principales asociaciones entre las variables de producción, ingreso y consumo, ocurren entre consumo de granos básicos y el número de personas que se encuentran en el hogar. Además, se demostró una correlación significativa entre el número de personas en el hogar y el consumo de arroz, frijol, azúcar, aceite, huevos cebolla, papas y plátano verde. 3) Se determinó que existe relación positiva entre la producción y consumo del frijol rojo, aunque su valor es bajo. 4) El Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) entre las variables de producción e ingreso, demostró diferencias significativas. El ANOVA sobre la producción de cítricos para las diferentes comunidades, no demostró diferencias significativas; y 5) El Análisis Multivariante de la Varianza (MANOVA) para el patrón de consumo de carbohidratos, demostró que el consumo entre las comunidades rurales tiene diferencias significativas, con un p = 0.022. Para el patrón de consumo proteínas, el MANOVA demostró que el consumo entre las comunidades rurales no tiene diferencias significativas con un p = 0.209.

Impactos de las sequías en el sector agropecuario del Corredor Seco Centroamericano

Central America has suffered the impact of several extreme hydrometeorological events, among which drought stands out. This has had adverse effects of different kinds in the region known as the Central American Dry Corridor (CSC, in Spanish). The objective of this work was to describe the impacts that agriculture, livestock and economy of the CSC countries have suffered due to droughts: agricultural, hydrological and socioeconomic. A review of primary and secondary sources was carried out, such as scientific articles, press reports and studies reports from national and international institutions. The most recurrent impacts are at the level of basic grains and cattle, also due in part to the ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) phenomenon. Because the CSC is a region with high vulnerability to drought and other extreme hydrometeorological events, it is necessary to carry out an adequate characterization of the CSC taking as a baseline similar studies like this one, that orginate a discussion process for the design and implementation of strategies and anticipated public policies of adaptation and mitigation of the drought in the CSC and therefore, lead to improve the quality of life of its population.

Caracterización socioproductiva y ambiental de la comunidad peñas blancas, del Municipio de El Cuá, Departamento de Jinotega

El presente trabajo nos da a entender las dinámicas territoriales, determinando aspectos socio productivo, y ambiental en la Comunidad de Peñas Blanca, caracterizando su funcionamiento actual dentro de la comunidad y a nivel de fincas o unidades productivas, donde, todo esto nos lleva a reflexionar y a proponer alternativas de cambio o desarrollo que se adapten a las nuevas condiciones agroclimáticas. Por un lado, a la determinación de aquellos atributos particulares que presenta una persona o una cosa y que por tanto la distingue claramente. Y por otra parte, a instancias del mundo artístico, especialmente en los ámbitos del teatro, el cine y la tevé, se denomina caracterización a la adecuación de un actor en cuanto a los rasgos físicos, haciendo uso de maquillaje y vestuario, del personaje que le ha tocado interpretar. Los aspectos sociales son de gran interés para la sociedad por que los brinda mejoramientos tanto como en educación, Infraestructura, y servicios tecnológicos entre otros. La agricultura ha sido de gran abundancia por precipitaciones abundantes. Lo cual la mayor parte de año llueve. La caficultura genera empleo y economía es la mayor producción de los agricultores del municipio y también los granos básicos. En lo pecuario es un segundo rubro que genera economía a los productores. Para producción pecuaria se implementa sistemas silvo pastoril y bancos forrajeros. La biodiversidad ha sido de gran importancia en lo ambiental donde se brinda parte de la flora y fauna partes boscosas, recursos hídricos.

‘The Claims of Asia and the Far East’: India and the FAO in the Age of Ambivalent Internationalism

ABSTRACTIf any nation were poised to actualize the developmental promises that the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) extended to the international community, it was India. India's independence came in the wake of devastating famine in Bengal and the fears of its recurrence, and the nationalists who had midwifed India's freedom staked their legitimacy to the promise of food for all. Yet from independence, the FAO played only a marginal role in India's agricultural development, its projects reflecting a winnowing scale of ambition. From early investigations into the improved cultivation of basic food grains, the FAO's projects grew increasingly modest by the time of the Green Revolution, revolving around modest improvements to capitalist agriculture, from wool shearing to timber and fishery development. Instead, India drew more substantively upon resources made available by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the United States Technical Cooperation Mission and occasional Soviet largesse. Meanwhile, the Indian most associated with the FAO, B.R. Sen (Director-General, 1956–1967), struggled to align the Organization's capacities with India's scarcity crises, even as his own understanding of famine drew upon his experience as India's Director of Food during the Bengal Famine.