Basic Functional Requirements Research Articles

Design and simulation of system to prevent runway overrun during landing of civil aircraft

Abstract The airborne runway overrun prevention system predicts landing distance by utilizing real-time aircraft status parameters obtained through onboard sensors. This system offers early warnings to pilots, thereby enhancing flight safety. This paper introduces a design scheme for a runway overrun prevention system considering aircraft dynamic performance. Initially, the study analyzes the basic components and functional requirements of the system based on the Minimum Operational Performance Standard For A Runway Overrun Awareness And Alerting System by the European Aviation Safety Agency. Subsequently, the approach and landing phases are segmented into four stages, providing a methodology for calculating landing distance using a dynamic model. Finally, concluded with a simulation verification conducted on the X-Plane flight simulation platform, we test the visual alarm system of the proposed runway overrun prevention system. Simulation results demonstrate that, during the landing phase, the system dynamically calculates and updates stopping points for each braking mode based on the current braking method. In situations where there is a risk of runway overrun, the system issues timely and well-founded alarms.

An Empirical Study of the Code Generation of Safety-Critical Software Using LLMs

In the digital era of increasing software complexity, improving the development efficiency of safety-critical software is a challenging task faced by academia and industry in domains such as nuclear energy, aviation, the automotive industry, and rail transportation. Recently, people have been excited about using pre-trained large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 to generate code. Professionals in the safety-critical software field are intrigued by the code generation capabilities of LLMs. However, there is currently a lack of systematic case studies in this area. Aiming at the need for automated code generation in safety-critical domains such as nuclear energy and the automotive industry, this paper conducts a case study on generating safety-critical software code using GPT-4 as the tool. Practical engineering cases from the industrial domain are employed. We explore different approaches, including code generation based on overall requirements, specific requirements, and augmented prompts. We propose a novel prompt engineering method called Prompt-FDC that integrates basic functional requirements, domain feature generalization, and domain constraints. This method improves code completeness from achieving 30% functions to 100% functions, increases the code comment rate to 26.3%, and yields better results in terms of code compliance, readability, and maintainability. The code generation approach based on LLMs also introduces a new software development process and V-model lifecycle for safety-critical software. Through systematic case studies, we demonstrate that, with appropriate prompt methods, LLMs can auto-generate safety-critical software code that meets practical engineering application requirements. It is foreseeable that LLMs can be applied to various engineering domains to improve software safety and development efficiency.

Design of Portable Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilator System Based on Threshold Trigger of Flow Rate Change

In order to effectively treat respiratory diseases, a non-invasive positive pressure ventilator system is designed, the overall structure design of the system is proposed, and the hardware construction is completed. The breathing state of the patient is identified by the threshold triggering method of the flow rate of change, and the calculation of the flow rate of change is realized by the least squares method. At the same time, the breathing parameters are calculated in real time according to the flow-time and pressure-time characteristic curves. In addition, CMV, CPAP, BiPAP and PSV ventilation modes are also implemented. Finally, the parameter measurement accuracy and ventilation mode setting tests are carried out. The results show that the calculation of key breathing parameters provided by the system meets the relevant standards, and supports the stable output of 4 ventilation modes at the same time, provides breathing treatment for patients, and meets the basic functional requirements of the ventilator.

Park station design in the context of cultural tourism integration

AbstractThis project is the design of the tourism service station in the coastal park, which not only meets the basic functional requirements of the park service station but also reconfigures the station space with the regional cultural characteristics of Qingdao. The design process is mainly conceived in five aspects: locality, landscape, identity, symbolization, and diversification. It integrates the cultural characteristics of Qingdao coastal tourism with the park landscape to create a tourist rest space with diversified experiences. The purpose of this paper is to explore the interface between the stations' design and the various links of the cultural tourism industry chain. The project will be created as the “Window of Qingdao” in Baisha River Park.

Study on Countermeasures for Regional Brand of Agricultural Products Embedding Regional Cultural Elements

Setting up regional brand image with unique regional characteristics is the key point for the development of regional brand of agricultural products.The organic combination of regional culture and regional brand of agricultural products is an effective way to realize brand differentiation and uniqueness. In addition to the basic functional requirements of products, consumers’ aesthetic demands for packaging design are also gradually elevated with the development of the times. Therefore, taking regional cultural elements as the research object, this research points out the existing problems in the construction of regional brand of agricultural products and puts forward the effective strategies of embedding regional cultural marks into the packaging design of agricultural products. It is expected to contribute to the achievement of the innovative integration between regional culture and regional brand of agricultural products, and provide reference for regional brand managers to carry out brand marketing.

Analysis of Data Coupling Mode of On-Board Information Acquisition and Communication

This paper studies the research status and development trend of the Internet of Vehicles and vehicle information acquisition system. According to the basic functional requirements and basic design principles of the vehicle information acquisition system, the overall design scheme of the system is proposed. The key technologies used in the system design are also studied Provide convenience for vehicle positioning and navigation services. In order to facilitate the intelligent dispatching of intelligent public transport vehicles, the information collection module designed by the system provides the collection of various information of vehicles, such as the number of people on board, the opening and closing of doors, fuel consumption and driving status. In this way, the control center can formulate corresponding more intelligent scheduling strategies, and manage vehicle operation more effectively and conveniently.

Protection architecture of endogenous safety and security for industrial control systems

According to the essential characteristic of industrial control system (ICS), endogenous safety and security (ESS) can be achieved by merging cyber security (CS) into functional safety (FS). In this paper, the basic principles, functional requirements and protection architecture (TEMt) of ESS are proposed, and the successful experience of an electric power control system is introduced.

Anatomical network analyses reveal evolutionary integration and modularity in the lizards skull

The morphology of lizard skulls is highly diverse, and it is crucial to understand the factors that constrain and promote their evolution to understand how lizards thrive. The results of interactions between cranial bones reflecting these factors can be detected as integration and modularity, and the analysis of integration and modularity allows us to explore the underlying factors. In this study, the integration and modularity of the skulls of lizards and the outgroup tuatara are analyzed using a new method, Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA), and the factors causing lizards morphological diversity are investigated by comparing them. The comparison of modular structures shows that lizard skulls have high integration and anisomerism, some differences but basically common modular patterns. In contrast, the tuatara shows a different modular pattern from lizards. In addition, the presence of the postorbital bar by jugal and postorbital (postorbitofrontal) also reflect various functional factors by maintaining low integration. The maintenance of basic structures due to basic functional requirements and changes in integration within the modules play a significant role in increasing the morphological diversity of the lizard skull and in the prosperity of the lizards.

Research on Life-Cycle Project Cost Management Based on Random Matrix Weight Algorithm

The traditional project management in the construction industry has the uniqueness of exclusive customization, the irreversibility of the project, the immobility of the project address, the long-term nature of the project, and the dynamic nature of the project. Based on these characteristics, the complexity and difficulty of project management in the construction industry are determined. Modern engineering is no longer satisfied with the traditional basic needs, but develops in a green, environmental friendly and efficient way. On the one hand, the project is required to meet good use requirements and meet the most basic functional requirements. On the other hand, the project construction process is required to meet the requirements of green environmental protection and ecological harmony. Therefore, the maintenance cost and operation cost corresponding to modern projects have become the key to the sustainable and healthy development of the engineering construction industry. Based on this, this paper will take the construction industry as an example to fully analyze the current situation and existing problems faced by the current project cost management. Through the research on the full life-cycle project cost management mode of the construction industry, the random matrix weight algorithm is creatively introduced, and the adaptive full life-cycle project cost management extended target tracking algorithm is proposed, which cuts the corresponding full life-cycle project cost management model into multiple submodels, and the corresponding management subobjectives are constructed from the submodel, and the expansion status of the corresponding subobjectives is described and analyzed in detail using the inverse distribution description, so as to accurately estimate the effect and target weight coefficient required by the management subobjectives, and finally realize the efficient, reasonable and scientific operation of the construction industry’s whole life-cycle project cost management, so as to maximize economic benefits. An experimental verification is carried out for a specific construction company. The verification results show that the full life-cycle project cost management scheme based on random matrix weight algorithm proposed in this paper has obvious advantages in management efficiency, cost control, process control, and other aspects compared with the traditional management scheme.

The optimum assessment of the information systems of shipboard hardware reliability in cloud services

The world wide pandemic situation revealed the problems in all spheres of human life which haven’t been faced before. Recently the world has changed greatly as well as the relationship between people and their professional activity. The great bunch of the workload, if basically acceptable, is done with the use of modern innovative technologies. Such problems have not trampled down the sphere of higher education as well. Distance learning, which was previously addressed to only as accompanying possibility of lessons conduct, nowadays is considered to be the only practicable form of conducting lectures, practical lessons, tests, i.e. it has become a usual daily practice for both teachers and students. Among the basic functional requirements to the electronic educational resources in the system of distance learning there are the visualization and interaction principles both when getting familiar with the theoretical material and when completing virtual laboratory and practical tasks. The Microsoft Office documents have become the most widespread elements among the electronic educational resources. That is why there is a pressing need in presenting the electronic MS Excel spreadsheets on the resource web-pages. The simple and convenient way to solve the problem of Excel documents introduction into the electronic resources of the distance learning systems is the use of cloud services. The services help to acquire the access to the information resources of any level and of any capacity with the possibility to allocate the rights of the users belonging to different groups in relation to the resources. For that purpose the availability of the Internet network access and web-browser would be enough \cite{Kravtsova2020}. The cloud calculation technologies introduction allows for the use of the programs that do not require special licensing, update versions monitoring and eliminates the need of software technical support as the provider himself exercises control over the functioning, data saving, antivirus protection and possible cyberassaults.The peculiarities of professional training of navigators require the students to acquire the knowledge of professionally-oriented tasks algorithms as well as the knowledge of technologies that can help to implements them. One of the main routines the officer needs to deal with on the navigational bridge is the use of the information systems of shipboard hardware. But before usage he needs to assure of the systems reliability. That is why it is extremely important to gain during the course of professional training the necessary skills of navigation equipment exploitation reliability assessment by means of Microsoft Office documents and cloud services. So the subject matter of the suggested research is the procedure development for the navigation equipment exploitation reliability assessment by means of modern services use in the course of professional training of future seafarers. The aim of the paper is the solution of the problems of optimum assessment of the information systems of shipboard hardware reliability by means of cloud technologies usage. The following tasks are completed in the course of the research: the peculiarities and characteristics of navigational information processed by the shipboard navigation and information system have been analyzed; the results of the information systems of shipboard hardware usage have been studied; the technological diagram of the basic components structuring of the “Information systems of shipboard hardware” complex for the Master’s degree training course has been created; the effective technology of the program Excel documents processing has been chosen; the system of access and usage of web-services for calculation tables processing in the system of distance learning has been designed;the process of competency formation which will enable students to use cloud services has been suggested.

Review of Commercially Available Supraglottic Airway Devices for Prehospital Combat Casualty Care.

Airway obstruction is the second leading cause of potentially survivable death on the battlefield. The Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care lists airway optimization among the top 5 battlefield research and development priorities; however, studies show that combat medics lack access to the recommended supraglottic airway (SGA) devices. SGA devices are an alternative airway management technique to endotracheal tube intubation. Reports have shown SGA devices are easier to use and take fewer attempts to provide patent airflow to the patient when compared to endotracheal tube intubation. Military settings require a higher degree of skill to perform airway management on patients due to the environment, limited availability of equipment, and potential chaos of the battlefield. Finding the optimal SGA device for the military setting is an unmet need. The International Organization for Standardization describes basic functional requirements for SGA devices, as well as patient configurations and size limitations. Beyond that, no SGA device manufacturer states that their devices are intended for military settings. We conducted a market review of 25 SGA devices that may meet inclusion into the medics' aid bag. The company's official "Instructions for Use" document, Google Scholar, and FDA reports were reviewed to obtain information for each SGA device. Twenty-five commercially available SGA devices are explored from manufacturer online sources. A commercially available device list is shown later in this paper, which provides the device's features, indications, and contraindications based on the manufacturer's product information documentation. There are a variety of devices that require further testing to determine whether they should be included in sets, kits, and outfits.

I. Why Quantum Mechanics Makes Sense

We take it for granted that our physical environment communicates information, making things observable and measurable. However, there are very strong constraints on the fundamental physics of any universe that can do this. Measuring or communicating any kind of information always requires an appropriate interactive context, and these contexts are necessarily complex, involving other kinds of information determined in different contexts. This makes measurement hard to grasp theoretically, since every measurement depends on other kinds of measurements. Even so, we can identify some basic functional requirements for a physics that determines and communicates facts. These are sufficient to explain the peculiar features of quantum mechanics, combining the unitary evolution of superpositions with the mysterious "collapse" that occurs whenever the context allows new facts to be defined. Moreover, the precise determinism of classical physics can be understood on the same basis. It seems likely, in fact, that most of the complexity and fine-tuning we see in our most fundamental theories is needed to make any kind of information measurable.

Birth Cohort Technical Specification Part 3: Participants Information System (T/CPMA 015.3-2020)

Birth cohort participants information system is a software system with multiple functions including recode basic information, automatic administration, paper-less questionnaire survey, clinical data integration, data visualization. The efficiency and quality of cohort data were improved dramatically by using this system. In this technical specification we described the basic functional requirement and detail steps of the development process of this information system.

Experiment on the optimization of sound insulation performance of residential floor structure

Sound insulation performance of floor is the basic functional requirements of green buildings. However, without special sound insulation design and construction processing, the requirements of sound insulation design indexes are difficult to be met in reality. As a component of space separation, the floor should be emphasized, especially the impact sound insulation performance of the floor. In this paper, the reinforced concrete residential floor is taken as the reference, and the influence factors on the impact sound insulation performance of floor are considered, including type, thickness, mass density and dynamic stiffness of elastic material, and the quality and thickness of floating plate. Besides, construction methods for different series of floating floor are presented, and the impact sound insulation change is studied through theoretical and experimental analysis. This study provides technical support and case experience for the sound insulation and noise reduction design of the floor, so as to improve the sound insulation performance of the floor.

Function Analysis of Anti-haze Products Based on User Requirements

In recent years, due to the influence of environmental factors and human factors (transportation, heating, etc.), the frequency of haze in China is increasing day by day. And people's protective measures for haze are not in place. This paper uses the method of questionnaire and data analysis to determine people's demand for haze prevention products. 70.13% of the people living in haze areas are willing to buy anti-haze products. In haze weather, 38.7% of the people prefer to use anti haze masks, 27.3% of the people prefer to use air purifiers, and 16.1% of the people prefer to choose anti haze hangers. The two most important aspects that people focus on are haze prevention effect and wearing comfort. Gender differences influence the intention to buy anti haze products. People's basic functional requirements for wearing anti haze products are anti haze effect. Other requirements include wearing comfort, appearance, price and others, and others include sustainability and quality.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ CASH-РЕСАЙКЛИНГА ДЛЯ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ КРЕДИТНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО БАНКА С ЦЕЛЬЮ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ СЕЛЬСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

The article reveals and analyzes the advantages of ATMs with the function of cash recycling to improve welfare of the rural population. The bank's credit policy is based on the basis for the entire lending process, which determines its objective parameters and features. Its main goal is to maximize profits while minimizing potential risks. In the world market, the use of recycling technology in the banking sector remains in demand. Its use ensures constant availability of banknotes in the ATM, and this allows ATM to work for a long time without stopping for cash-in-transit services, which is a significant advantage for users. At present, the technology of cash recycling is a promising direction in the field of self-service banking and has a huge potential for its development. Due to the increase in the number of such devices,banking services are becoming available to potential consumers. The credit policy of a commercial bank in this direction provides an opportunity to attract a larger number of clients, at relatively low operating costs. ATMs with a cash recycling function are widely used in European countries, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. In Russia, such first ATMs appeared about 15 years ago, but due to their high cost, not every financial institution can use them in their work. The demand for ATMs with cash recycling is growing steadily around the world. Now, when it has become clear that ATMs with recycling function can reduce the costs of cash-in-transit serices, many banks when buying terminals include recycling in the list of basic functional requirements for new equipment. These technologies will allow financial organizations to save time on equipment maintenance and optimize costs.

Проблемы проектирования геопортальных интерфейсов

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the problem of designing graphic geoportal interfaces. The authors formulated the basic points for solving problems in this field, having given the rationale and detailed description of each of them. The emphasis is made on the flexible arrangement of the design and development of interfaces, aiming at the future realities, at the human centricity of the interface design process, at the need for cross-platform adaptive web interfaces, at the preference to use proprietary and third-party software modules over the implementation of spatial data management systems. Lists of basic functional and quality requirements for graphical interfaces of geoportals are given. The geoportal “Natural and cultural heritage of Mordovia” is presented as an illustrative example of the various implementation of graphical user web interfaces. An experimental assessment of the effectiveness of measures to improve geoportal graphical interfaces is given. It is shown that properly over-thought interfaces of geoportal systems can contribute to solving various kinds of problems in many fields.

An Evaluation of The Mobile Apps for Children with Special Education Needs Based on The Utility Function Metrics

Mobile apps can be used in various environments and at any time. People used them for learning, communications, and entertainment. Because of the ease use of mobile devices interface (like smartphone and tablet), then everyone, including the children with special needs, can have used them. In recent years, there has been an increase in the efforts of educational institutions and of scientists to support children in their daily life. Ongoing developments in communication and information technologies contribute to this process. The main goal of this study is to present the basic functional requirements for the mobile apps for children with special needs. The current state of the scientific research related to the design and development of mobile apps is discussed. This issue became very important in the last years because of an increase in the number of children with special needs on a worldwide scale is observed. And the same time the increase in the use of mobile technologies of them. The proposed model for the evaluation of potential utility provides for the classification of the mobile applications designed for children with special needs about their functionality features. This model is based on our studies of the state-of-art scientific works of many authors. Whit the model for the evaluation of potential utility, the 27 mobile applications for children with special needs, downloaded from the mobile application stores: Apple Store, Google Play and Store Windows Phone Apps, were classified and analyzed. The results showed that despite the variety of mobile applications, those that are suitable for children with special needs are too few. Most of the applications cover only half of the evaluation criteria, which means they have functionalities only for individual needs. Therefore, the proposed utility function metrics of the evaluation can be used as a basis for interface developing for mobile apps, appropriate for children with special needs.

Are Current U.S. Nuclear Power Plants Grid Resilience Assets?

This paper examines the concept of Grid resilience in the context of the North American electricity supply system and the role existing (Generation II) light water–cooled nuclear power plants (NPPs) play in enabling and enhancing Grid resilience. (Because of similarities in technology and plant design, it is likely that most of the discussion in the paper is also relevant to Generation III and Generation III+ light water NPP designs. The applicability of the analysis to Canadian CANDU and Russian VVER technology has not been assessed.) The paper asks and answers three compound questions: (1) what is Grid resilience, and what is a resilient Grid? (2) what is a resilient nuclear power plant (rNPP), and what are the basic functional requirements of rNPPs? and in light of the answers to these questions, (3) are today’s U.S. NPPs significant Grid resilience assets? The conclusion reached is that existing U.S. commercial NPPs are safe and efficient capacity, energy, and reliability assets and they have demonstrated some Grid resilience benefit during regional weather events. However, today’s NPPs do not deliver the Grid resilience benefits nuclear power can and should provide the nation. The author argues that nuclear power’s unique fuel security (an attribute that could allow NPPs to energize the Grid during extended periods in which fuel could not be delivered to other types of power plants) is a compelling reason to develop future rNPPs that would deliver strategic Grid resilience benefits in the face of evolving hazards and threats to the U.S. Grid.

Security framework for industrial collaborative robotic cyber-physical systems

The paper introduces a security framework for the application of human-robot collaboration in a futuristic industrial cyber-physical system (CPS) context of industry 4.0. The basic elements and functional requirements of a secure collaborative robotic cyber-physical system are explained and then the cyber-attack modes are discussed in the context of collaborative CPS whereas a defense mechanism strategy is proposed for such a complex system. The cyber-attacks are categorized according to the extent on controllability and the possible effects on the performance and efficiency of such CPS. The paper also describes the severity and categorization of such cyber-attacks and the causal effect on the human worker safety during human-robot collaboration. Attacks in three dimensions of availability, authentication and confidentiality are proposed as the basis of a consolidated mitigation plan. We propose a security framework based on a two-pronged strategy where the impact of this methodology is demonstrated on a teleoperation benchmark (NeCS-Car). The mitigation strategy includes enhanced data security at important interconnected adaptor nodes and development of an intelligent module that employs a concept similar to system health monitoring and reconfiguration.