Basic Formulation Research Articles

A calcined aluminum silicate micro-based pigment as titanium dioxide replacement in waterborne coatings

This research is focused on evaluation of kaolin (Calcined Aluminum Silicate) micro-based pigment or filler that can substitute titanium dioxide in waterborne paints. Calcined aluminum silicate has shown ability for partial replacement of titanium dioxide by fractionally and runnability. Titanium dioxide is very essential white pigment that has highest hiding power in waterborne coatings. But titanium dioxide is most expensive pigment. Our purpose was to find inexpensive pigment for replacement of titanium dioxide that does not affect properties of waterborne coatings but reduce cost of titanium dioxide in paint formulation. Fillers or calcined aluminum silicate has effect on properties of coatings like gloss, textures, viscosity, emulsion and tinting or coloring strength of paint. Our research main focus was that these properties of paint will not be affected by replacement of TiO2. To evaluate new pigment five samples are prepared in laboratory using high speed disperser. These samples were prepared at room temperature with same period of time in mixer. One sample is prepared as standard with no replacement of TiO2, other four sample were prepared with TiO2 replacement about 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in coatings. Additives, binder and fillers were added according to paint basic formulation. Tests includes gloss, appearance, opacity, density, viscosity, smoothness, scrub resistance and whiteness or brightness. Results of these samples show that calcined aluminum silicate has potential to replace titanium dioxide in paint. The rheological, optical, mechanical and weathering properties were studied. Other properties like gloss, opacity, density, viscosity, brightness, scrub resistance, brushability, light fastness and reflectivity values were in range. In our study it is shown that titanium dioxide can be replaced from 5% to 20% in waterborne coatings without any effect on properties of paint. Replacement of titanium dioxide give better quality and economically favorable.

A Review of Numerical and Physical Methods for Analyzing the Coupled Hydro–Aero–Structural Dynamics of Floating Wind Turbine Systems

Recently, more wind turbine systems have been installed in deep waters far from the coast. Several concepts of floating wind turbine systems (FWTS) have been developed, among which, the semi-submersible platform—due to its applicability in different water depths, good hydrodynamic performance, and facility in the installation process—constitutes the most explored technology compared to the others. However, a significant obstacle to the industrialization of this technology is the design of a cost-effective FWTS, which can be achieved by optimizing the geometry, size, and weight of the floating platform, together with the mooring system. This is only possible by selecting a method capable of accurately analyzing the FWTS-coupled hydro–aero–structural dynamics at each design stage. Accordingly, this paper provides a detailed overview of the most commonly coupled numerical and physical methods—including their basic assumptions, formulations, limitations, and costs used for analyzing the dynamics of FWTS, mainly those supported by a semi-submersible—to assist in the choice of the most suitable method at each design phase of the FWTS. Finally, this article discusses possible future research directions to address the challenges in modeling FWTS dynamics that persist to date.

Stochastic FEM-based thermal buckling of SMA fiber-reinforced composite laminated plate using polynomial chaos

This research investigates the statistics in terms of mean and coefficient of variance of thermal buckling temperature of shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber-reinforced composite laminated plate using polynomial chaos (PC). The basic mathematical formulation is adopted based on Co finite element method (FEM) in conjunction with secant function-based shear deformation theory. The uncertain input system properties in material and geometrical parameters are modeled as random variables. The effects of SMA fiber and location, pre-strain, loading, modes, temperature distribution, modulus ratio, fiber orientation, length-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio, and various boundary conditions on the statistics of critical temperature are analyzed. The small amount of random change in input system parameters significantly affects the variance and reliability of SMA fiber-reinforced composite laminated plate thermal buckling temperature under uniform and non-uniform temperature variations. The present PC simulation’s results are compared with independent Monte Carlo simulation and those existing in the literature.

Competency-Based Arabic Language Learning In Madrasah Aliyah/ تعلم اللغة العربية القائم على الكفاءة فى المدرسة الثانوية

The role of learning competencies is as a reference for students' acting, behavioral, and thinking skills. The purpose of learning is as a reference to determine the type of material, strategies, methods, and media that will be used in the learning process. Learning Arabic aims at fostering language skills. On the other hand, there is a gap between theory and practice in its competency design and learning objectives. In this study, data collection techniques are based on interviews, observations and documentation that refer to a phenomenological qualitative approach. The findings indicate that there are disadvantages from its implementation including: First, the lack of harmony between the elements of competence and the competencies applied. Second, the lack of achievement of learning objectives due to the formulation of learning objectives and the application of learning objectives that are not in accordance with the theory of learning objectives. The design of competencies and the objectives of Arabic language learning will be achieved if the design and objectives of learning Arabic are in accordance with the basic philosophical formulation of competency designs and the objectives of Arabic language learning

Analysis of the Lipid Component and the Sterol Ester Fraction for the Detection of Soft Wheat in Durum Wheat Flour and Pasta

Food adulteration consists of changing the original structure of a food, and so, by its definition, it is a process not admitted by law. Adulterations can not only have commercial consequences, but also hygienic and nutritional ones, and in some cases, they can cause a serious danger to public health. Therefore, it is of great interest to understand and identify the modifications that alter the original chemical composition of a food item (nutrition label). Among the food processing sectors, the pasta food chain is a fascinating production process, which finds its roots in a mixture of a few, simple ingredients; in particular, in its basic formulation to produce pasta, exclusively durum wheat mixed with water is used, while soft wheat and therefore the flour obtained from it are destined for bakeries and the confectionery industry. In this work, a procedure was developed that allows the detection of the possible presence of soft wheat in durum wheat-based products, both in the flour and after the pasta-making process. It is to point out that this adulteration is only commercial fraud and there are no consequences for people’s health. In detail, the method was based on the isolation of the lipid fraction of flours and pastas and using the gas chromatographic analysis of the sterol ester fraction, which were not altered during the pasta-making phase, because they have very high boiling points. Based on the evaluation of some specific ratios between sterol esters, it was possible to trace the percentage of soft wheat present in a mixture with durum wheat, both in flour products and pastas.

Pancasila Sebagai Pondasi Awal Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia

Pancasila is a noble legacy that was born from the reflections of its founding fathers in the basic formulation of an independent Indonesian State. Pancasila is lifted from the original values ​​of the Indonesian people in which there are customs, culture and religion embodied in the nation's outlook on life. Pancasila is often classified as a middle ideology between the two major world ideologies that are very influential on the state. Pancasila is not communist/marxist and also not liberal/capitalist. The agreement of the Indonesian nation to make Pancasila the nation's way of life today is increasingly apprehensive due to the era of globalization. Pancasila as a weltanschaung (view of life) means that the values ​​of Pancasila are the ethics of the common life of the Indonesian people which have been rooted since ancient times. The actualization of Pancasila is the elaboration of Pancasila values ​​in the form of norms and their realization in the life of the nation and state.

Consistent Coupling of Compressibility Effects in Manifold-Based Models for Supersonic Combustion

Manifold-based models are an efficient modeling framework for turbulent combustion but, in their basic formulation, do not account for the compressibility effects of high-speed flows. To include the effects of compressibility, ad hoc corrections have been proposed but result in an inconsistent thermodynamic state between the manifold and flow simulation. In this work, an iterative algorithm to consistently incorporate compressibility effects into manifold-based models is developed. The manifold inputs (fuel and oxidizer temperatures and pressure) are determined iteratively to reflect the nonnegligible variations in thermodynamic state (expressed in terms of density and internal energy in flow simulations) that are characteristic of supersonic combustion. The algorithm is demonstrated on data from simulations of high-speed reacting mixing layers and is significantly more accurate than established approaches that only partially couple the manifold in compressible flow simulations. The proposed approach eliminates partial coupling approximation errors in excess of 10 and 20% for temperature and water source term.

Sic!PI – simple intuitive PI controller

The PID algorithm constitutes the backbone of process control since more than 100 years. The literature considers hundreds, if not thousands, of its variants, analyzing both theoretical and practical aspects. However, the practice of the process industry is not so rich and is generally limited to its basic formulations, and mostly only PI. This study tries to return to the roots of industrial automation by proposing an extremely simple variant of the PI law, but in a non-linear version. We name it sic!PID: simple intuitive PID controller. The research had two independent sources: scientific and practical. We propose a simple and intuitive formulation, which is analyzed through simulations and practically. The proposed structure is successfully used in several industrial facilities, which easily proves its effectiveness and resilience.

Opposing cynical evictions: The possessory action

The possessory action is a relatively unknown common-law remedy. It has not featured in the law reports for the best part of the last one hundred years and is generally relegated to a cursory discussion in most property-law textbooks. Its basic formulation is that where one has been dispossessed of an item, one is to be restored in possession, paid compensation and/or paid damages if one has a stronger right to possess the item than the dispossessor. Although it has fallen out of fashion, there is growing interest in how the possessory action may be used to address contemporary issues. One such issue is persistent and recurring cynical evictions — unlawful evictions during which the home structure is demolished and destroyed. Whether the possessory action is at all available as a remedy for cynical evictions is unclear. This article explores the history, nature, and scope of the possessory action and asks whether it can be appropriately applied to oppose cynical evictions.

Spinodal enhancement of fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Subensemble Acceptance Method (SAM) [1, 2] is an essential link between measured event-by-event fluctuations and their grand canonical theoretical predictions such as lattice QCD. The method allows quantifying the global conservation law effects in fluctuations. In its basic formulation, SAM requires a sufficiently large system such as created in central nucleus-nucleus collisions and sufficient space-momentum correlations. Directly in the spinodal region of the First Order Phase Transition (FOPT) different approximations should be used that account for finite size effects. Thus, we present the generalization of SAM applicable in both the pure phases, metastable and unstable regions of the phase diagram [3]. Obtained analytic formulas indicate the enhancement of fluctuations due to crossing the spinodal region of FOPT and are tested using molecular dynamics simulations. A rather good agreement is observed. Using transport model calculations with interaction potential we show that the spinodal enhancement of fluctuations survives till the later stages of collision via the memory effect [4]. However, at low collision energies the space-momentum correlation is not strong enough for this signal to be transferred to second and third order cumulants measured in momentum subspace. This result agrees well with recent HADES data on proton number fluctuations at √SNN = 2.4 GeV which are found to be consistent with the binomial momentum space acceptance [5].

Organic Rankin and Brayton-Joule, a Comprehensive Library for Integrating Conventional and Renewable Energy Generation

The thermodynamic cycles for energy generation are the baseline for development in different types of energy generation, and they are the primary principle for the mix of fossil and renewable energy. In this paper, a detailed description of the organic Rankine and Brayton-Joule cycles has been presented as a comprehensive reference library for linking renewable energy and fossil energy, and an explanation of the governing and basic equations that formulate When developed to be flexible in the use of the research methodology used in this field. This paper provides a comprehensive reference library for linking renewable energy and fossil energy by presenting a detailed description of the organic Rankine and Brayton-Joule cycles. It includes an explanation of the governing equations and basic formulations, as well as a flexible research methodology for use in this field.

Inbound traffic capture link-design problem independent of assumptions on users’ route choices

In some traffic management situations, a cordon (a set of points at which traffic flows into a given area) is set in a road network to establish a reference for the location of equipment to implement traffic measurements and controls (e.g., traffic volume surveys and congestion charging). However, few studies have focused on the optimum location of a cordon. We devise a problem denoted the inbound traffic capture link-design problem to select the optimum combination of links for inclusion in a cordon. We regard this combination as the minimum number of links that can capture traffic on all routes, under the condition that there is a path between nodes inside the cordon that is not captured. We formulate this model by employing the graph theory concept of the minimum cut, and use the concept of a Steiner tree with auxiliary network flows to express the constraint of ensuring that there is an uncaptured path inside a cordon. After a basic formulation, to obtain an identical cordon, we devise two subsidiary schemes. In addition, we perform a linear relaxation of our method to reduce its computational cost. The results of computational experiments confirm that our model selects the optimal cordon location formed by a combination of capturing links and also outputs an identical cordon as a boundary line of an area. As the model is computationally feasible, even when applied on a large network, we believe it will have a wide range of practical applications.

Basic components and formulation aspect of transdermal patches: A topical novel drug delivery system

Basic components and formulation aspect of transdermal patches: A topical novel drug delivery system

Antimicrobial soap development from leaf extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus

Bacterial skin infections are most prevalent in humans. These skin infections can be easily prevented by the topical application of herbal soaps produced from the medicinal plants. Medicinal plants contain natural bioactive compounds with a variety of biological potential that can be used to incorporate into a basic soap formulation. This study aims to prepare the antibacterial soap using leaf extract of local medicinal plant, Rhinachantus nasutus. The leaf extract was prepared by maceration extraction using methanol as solvent. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the leaf extract and herbal soap were evaluated using the disc diffusion assay against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The thump impression test was employed to test the effectiveness of the soap as antibacterial and antifungal soap. The results obtained from the current study revealed that the leaf extract of R. nasutus efficiently inhibited the growth of all test microorganisms at a concentration of 25 mg/mL with a diameter of inhibition zone ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 mm to 2.5 ±0.1 mm, whereas a prepared soap with a similar concentration also inhibited all test microorganisms with an inhibition zone ranging from 0.7±0.1 mm to 1.3±0.1 mm. A thumb impression test result indicated a reduction in microbial development when using herbal soap. Leaf extracts of R.nasutus can be used to produce herbal soaps with remarkable antibacterial activity.

Maserasyon, refluks ve ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemleri ile üretilen kestane propolis ekstraktlarının farklı gıda modellerinde kullanımı: Fizikokimyasal, duyusal ve biyoaktif niteliklere etkisi

This study obtained ethanol-extracted propolis by applying maceration, reflux, and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods to propolis obtained from chestnut honey hives. Chestnut propolis extracts prepared by the methods were added to flower and chestnut honey at four different rates (0, 1, 2 and 4%) as a food model without heat treatment, and antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, colour, and sensory analysis of honey mixtures were made. Although the antioxidant activity (AO) (82.96%) and total phenolic content (TPC) (412.50 µg GAE /g) of chestnut honey were higher than that of flower honey (AO: 49.69%, TPC: 127.50 µg GAE/g), it was determined that the bioactive properties of flower honey (AO: 90.00%, TPC:713.60 µg GAE/g) rose close level to that of chestnut honey (AO:89.08%, TPC: 849.17 µg GAE/g) thanks to the addition of 4% propolis extract. Because the colour of chestnut honey with high colour intensity (1803.5 mAU) is significantly darker than flower honey (378.5 mAU), the different addition rates and extraction method of propolis did not significantly affect the final product colour intensity of chestnut honey (p>0.05), the addition of propolis in flower honey increased the colour intensity significantly (p<0.05). When propolis extracts prepared with three extraction methods are added to the basic cake formulation as a heat-treated food model in 4 different ratios (0, 1, 2 and 4%), the bioactive properties of the products (AO: 11.97%, TFM: 285.0 µg GAE/g) were determined to increase depending on the increasing propolis addition rate. Although propolis increases the antioxidant activity and phenolic substance content of the food models to which it is added due to its rich bioactive content, sensory properties of the food models were analysed due to propolis extracts' unique, intense taste, colour and flavor, and the results were evaluated with Principal Component Analysis. In terms of both food models, the products with propolis produced by maceration extraction had higher sensory evaluation scores. In contrast, the control samples without propolis were found to be similar to the products with 1% and 2% propolis added, respectively. The products with 4% propolis added showed separate clustering with low evaluation scores.

Survey: Image mixing and deleting for data augmentation

Neural networks are prone to overfitting and memorizing data patterns. To avoid over-fitting and enhance their generalization and performance, various methods have been suggested in the literature, including dropout, regularization, label smoothing, etc. One such method is augmentation which introduces different types of corruption in the data to prevent the model from overfitting and to memorize patterns present in the data. A sub-area of data augmentation is image mixing and deleting. This specific type of augmentation either deletes image regions or mixes two images to hide or make particular characteristics of images confusing for the network, forcing it to emphasize the overall structure of the object in an image. Models trained with this approach have proven to perform and generalize well compared to those trained without image mixing or deleting. An added benefit that comes with this method of training is robustness against image corruption. Due to its low computational cost and recent success, researchers have proposed many image mixing and deleting techniques. We furnish an in-depth survey of image mixing and deleting techniques and provide categorization via their most distinguishing features. We initiate our discussion with some fundamental relevant concepts. Next, we present essentials, such as each category’s strengths and limitations, describing their working mechanism, basic formulations, and applications. We also discuss the general challenges and recommend possible future research directions for image mixing and deleting data augmentation techniques. Datasets and codes for evaluation are publicly available here.

Development of Physico-chemical and Technological Parameters for the Production of Dairy Products for Sports Nutrition in Pavlodar Region

Main problem:The article considers the results of research and design of basic formulations of dairy products for sports nutrition in Pavlodar region. The authors analyzed the problems in the field of development of modern food technologies of a specialized orientation. Purpose: To develop physical, chemical and technological parameters for the production of dairy products for sports nutrition in Pavlodar region. Methods: structural-mechanical, physico-chemical, organoleptic. Results and their significance: Reliable research results have been obtained: the fatty acid composition of goat and cow's milk for the production of a new product has been determined, the physico-chemical and structural-mechanical characteristics of goat and cow's milk (raw materials) have been studied. The authors concluded that in the protein composition of goat's milk in the spring and summer period, there is a slight excess of total protein by 0,27 %, whey and casein proteins by 0,07 % and 0,2 %, respectively, non-protein nitrogenous substances by 0,01 % compared with cow's milk. A comparative analysis of the physico-chemical composition of the research objects (goat and cow's milk) was carried out and it was concluded that the mass fraction of solids in the milk of Zaanen goats is 12,8 %, respectively, and significantly exceeds the same indicator of cow's milk – 12,41 %. In the milk of Altai and Alpine goat breeds, the mass fraction of solids ranges from 11,85 % to 11,94 %, which is significantly lower than in cow's milk. The study found that the dry matter content in goat's milk is 8,59 %, which is 0,19 % more than the dry matter in cow's milk. There is a greater amount of protein, respectively, by 0,1 %, while the amount of fat is less than in cow's milk, by almost 1 %.

Transparent silicone-free shampoo containing proteins with strong hair conditioning properties.

With the constant upgrading of healthcare concepts, silicone-free hair products have attracted more attention among consumers. In the present study, transparent silicone-free shampoo containing proteins was successfully fabricated by mixing mild non-sulphate surfactants, compound cationic conditioners, natural silicone oil substitutes, protein conditioners, thickeners, and other auxiliary ingredients. The effects of the type of surfactants, hair conditioners and thickeners, the type and content of proteins, and the mass ratio of compound proteins on the hair foaming performance, hair grooming performance, and penetration performance were investigated. The basic formulation framework for transparent silicone-free shampoo was established at first. Then, various hydrolyzed proteins were further added to the basic formulation in the form of single use or compound use to prepare transparent silicone-free shampoo containing different proteins. The morphology of hair samples and penetration of protein in hair were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope and laser confocal fluorescence microscopy, respectively. And the hair grooming performance was also determined by a dynamic combing tester. The compound proteins of Croquat WKP PE-LQ-WD and Gluadin® Kera-PLM with mass ratios of 1:9 and 1:1 at 2 wt% total protein content added to the silicone-free shampoo brought a higher contact angle and a lower frictional coefficient than commercial silicone-free shampoo without proteins. In addition, the compound proteins also have the dual effect of adsorbing the hair surface and penetrating deep into the interior of the hair. The combination of cationic modified hydrolyzed protein (e.g., Croquat WKP PE-LQ-WD) and hydrolyzed protein with low molecular weight (e.g., Gluadin® Kera-P LM) at an appropriate mass ratio exhibited a strong synergistic effect on hair conditioning properties. It could provide a significant reference for developing silicone-free hair products with more benefits.

Control of skin damages caused by oxidative stress using mangiferin and naringin co-loaded in phospholipid vesicles

Mangiferin and naringin, two naturally occurring antioxidant molecules, were co-loaded in phospholipid vesicles designed for skin delivery. Ultradeformable-liposomes containing tween 80 as edge activator, were used as basic formulation, which was modified adding glycerol (glycerosomes) or a mixture of glycerol and ethanol (et-glycerosomes) and further enriched with a polymer, sodium hyaluronate (glycerohyalurosomes and et-glycerohyalurosomes), to evaluate the role of vesicle composition on their features and performances. Mean dimeter, polydispersity index and zeta potential of prepared vesicles were measured along with their stabilitcay on storage for 90 days, rheological behavior and suitability as systems for the delivery of these active molecules into and through the skin. Vesicles enriched with sodium hyaluronate were the most stable and the smallest and favored the deposition of both mangiferin and naringin in the whole skin, in a better extent than those without polymer. All the vesicles were highly biocompatible and capable of protecting fibroblasts against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damages in vitro. Once more, glycerohyalurosomes and et-glycerohyalurosomes where those which improved the most the beneficial effect of mangiferin and naringin, as they were capable of effectively counteracting the formation of skin lesion, or even promoting the wound healing, thanks to their greater ability to inhibit both myeloperoxydase activity and oedema formation in vivo in a model mouse in which wound was induced using phorbol acetate.

Study of the Oxidative and Microbiological Stability of Nitrite-Reduced, Vacuum-Packed, Refrigerated Lamb Sausages Supplemented with Red Propolis Extract.

Vacuum-packed lamb sausages with or without red propolis extract and a reduced sodium nitrite content were evaluated for oxidative and microbiological stability during storage for 21 days at 2 °C. The following treatments were evaluated: EN150 (control, base formulation (BF) + 500 mg/kg sodium erythorbate and 150 mg/kg sodium nitrite); EN75 (BF + 500 mg/kg sodium erythorbate and 75 mg/kg sodium nitrite); P1N75 (without the addition of erythorbate, BF + 1800 mg/kg propolis extract and 75 mg/kg sodium nitrite); and P2N75 (without the addition of erythorbate, BF + 3600 mg/kg propolis extract and 75 mg/kg sodium nitrite). Analyses were conducted to characterize the samples on day 0 with respect to the proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and sensory acceptance. Stability during refrigerated storage was evaluated on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 for the parameters pH, color profile (L*, a*, and b*), TBARs index (oxidative stability) and microbiological count of aerobic psychrotrophic microorganisms. Texture profile, cooking weight loss (WLC), peroxide index and free fatty acids were evaluated on days 0 and 21. The treatments with propolis and reduced nitrite (EN150 and P1N75) showed a red color intensity (a*) similar to the treatment with erythorbate and the same nitrite content (EN75) at the end of storage, maintaining the characteristic reddish color of the sausages. The extract slowed down lipid oxidation during storage, especially P2N75, which showed the lowest level of TBARS (0.39 mg MDA/kg) and the peroxide index (2.13 mEq g O2) on day 21. The residual nitrite value in EN75 was the lowest (p < 0.05) on day 21, showing that synthetic antioxidants are more efficient than the extract in nitrite reduction reactions. The results for the counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms showed that the extract did not have the expected antimicrobial effect on the growth of this microorganisms, and leveling the results revealed no differences (p < 0.05) between the treatments. Despite the red propolis extract not showing a significant antimicrobial improvement in lamb sausages, it can be considered a healthy option with good prospects for replacing synthetic antioxidants with a natural product.