Basic Food Products Research Articles

Territories of the «northern delivery»: new approaches to categorization

Ensuring the sustainability of settlements in the Far North regions is achievable only through a comprehensive set of measures for the procurement and delivery of essential goods (primarily food and fuel) from other areas, known as the «Northern Delivery» The current supply system is marked by inefficiencies that create high risks of delivery disruptions. Enhancing this system requires developing and implementing optimal measures to influence the economic relationships within the «Northern Delivery» framework, alongside determining effective legal regulatory methods. A critical step in this process is the establishment of precise and strictly defined territorial boundaries for implementing these measures. At present, there is no legal formalization of spatial limits for the array of managerial, logistic, and socio-economic processes aimed at ensuring uninterrupted deliveries of goods for the «Northern Delivery» underscoring the importance of this research. The aim of this study is to define the criteria and their quantitative parameters to categorize the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas with limited cargo delivery periods. By synthesizing the work of both domestic and international scholars on the zoning of northern territories and assessing their transport accessibility, as well as utilizing cartographic research methods and focus groups, an algorithm for categorizing the settlements of the Far North regions has been developed. The identified selection criteria include transport accessibility, the presence of stable supply logistics chains, the duration of heating period, and the level of provision with basic food products. This categorization resulted in identifying of three groups of territories based on the supply organization mechanism: critical, supporting, and basic supply. The proposed categorization can be used to determine the spatial limits for legal regulation of the «Northern Delivery» and to develop a specific set of measures to ensure the uninterrupted delivery of essential goods.

The Nazi regime in Lithuania: recovery of agricultural obligations imposed

The purpose of this study is to investigate methods and means of recovery of imposed agricultural obligations. The aim of this paper is to analyse the methods and means for recovery of imposed agricultural obligations in Lithuania, occupied by military forces of Nazi Germany. To achieve the aim, the following objectives have been set: 1) to discuss adaptation of production of agricultural products to meet needs of the war in Lithuania under the Nazi regime; 2) to analyse the methods and means used by occupational Nazi authorities for recovery of agricultural obligations imposed on farmers of Lithuania; 3) to discuss other obligations imposed (other than delivery of agricultural products) on Lithuanian farmers, analyse methods and means for their recovery; 4) submit the exhaustive and reliable statistics on recovery of imposed obligations related to delivery of agricultural products. The topic chosen is a relevant and new one, as this problem has not been presented exhaustively in Lithuanian historiography. First of all, we lack a generalized analysis on the entire Lithuania scale, analysis which must be more detailed, based on archive or reliable statistical data related to practical application of the mechanism of recovery of agricultural obligations (primarily aiming at agricultural products) imposed. This article aims at filling these and other gaps in relevant historiography. During the research the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In the case of Germany victory in the war, the territories of all Baltic states, including Lithuania, were to be included into the Nazi Reich. During the wartime, the economy of these countries had to serve demands of the Vermacht and meet other Reich needs, irrespective of the interests of the local people and local economies. It had not been planned to create a considerable consumer goods industry. These countries had to be cheap labour sources and base for provision of raw materials, as well as a market for realization of German industry products.2. The essence of the Nazi agricultural policy in the occupied Lithuania meant a unilateral demand to increase production of basic food products and raw materials in order to provide the German troops as well as local residents and Germans in Germany with food products. The Nazi imposed on farmers various obligations related to agricultural products and various equipment (mobilization of horses with carts and harnesses, obligations of manual work and transport, etc.)3. Civil occupational Nazi authorities adapted Lithuanian municipal system to meet their agricultural needs during the wartime. The occupational authorities through threatening the officers of Lithuanian municipal system with penalties and negative consequences related to agriculture and farmers, using the help of Lithuanian officers, managed to recover a huge amount of agriculture products from this country agriculture sector. Whereas Lithuanian municipal officers of higher rank were forced to apply constantly the psychological pressure or even coercion on their own subordinates and colleagues of lower rank.4. In order to recover agricultural obligations fulfilment, the occupants applied both repressive and promoting measures. Among repressive ones, farmer removal from his/her farm should be mentioned as well as requisition of agricultural products, cash penalties, farmers suing with the German Special Court, forcible confining in detention facilities, forced-labour camps or even killing by firing squad. Especially famous for farmers killing by firing squad was H. Wulff, the commissar of Vilnius county district. By killing the farmers, the occupants sought to intimidate the villagers so that they would better fulfil the obligations imposed.5. To perform recovery of fulfilment of imposed agricultural obligations, the following promoting measures used to be applied: issue of ownership documents, granting the possibility of acquisition of industrial goods, etc.6. The Nazi failed to convert Lithuanian farmers into obedient executors of alien will. Due to harsh conditions of the wartime and sabotage of Lithuanian farmers in order to protect their farms from the complete deterioration, occupational government of the Nazi each economic year failed to collect from Lithuanian villages planned agricultural products contingencies irrespective of requisition of the large part of agricultural production of this country.

Современные проблемы обеспечения продовольственной безопасности

The article examines the problems of food security and the sequence of their identification, by reviewing the main indicators of food security, analyzing some of them, forecasting for the period 2023-2025. Such an indicator as the consumer price index for basic food products, and also suggests ways to solve the problems of food supply. During the implementation of theoretical studies, the assumption was confirmed that the main solution to the problem of food security for the country's population is to stimulate the agro-industrial sector to increase production volumes with the active use of import substitution.

Determination of the general toxicity of the enriching compositions of bakeries using Stylonychia mytilus cultures

In order to improve public health, it is necessary to adhere to the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle, which include maintaining physical activity, a balanced diet, giving up tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as a number of other measures aimed at improving the quality and extending life expectancy. In particular, a regular imbalance of consumed vital nutrients contributes to the development of diseases such as vitamin deficiency and microelementosis. The most common causes of microelementosis include the quality of drinking water, the impact of anthropogenic factors on the environment and population, soil characteristics in the food production region, and others. One of the mechanisms for regulating violations of the elemental status of the population in regions with a recorded imbalance of essential elements is diet correction, which also includes the use of fortified food products. In order to optimize the technology for the production of functional products within small food enterprises and ensure the development of the market for functional bakery products, it is advisable to search for new methods for enriching basic food products with vital microelements. The purpose of the research was to assess the general toxicity of the formed enriching composition based on chitosan and zinc. To achieve this, an express method to determine the general toxicity on ciliates of the Stylonychia mytilus genus was used. The research allows us to conclude that it is safe to use a composition of chitosan and zinc in the recipes of bread made from premium wheat flour and whole grain wheat flour. The results are aimed at optimizing the technology of bread fortification by immobilizing the necessary essential microelement on the surface of a biopolymer carrier.

ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ РОССИИ: АНАЛИЗ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ

The article analyzes the current state of Russian food security. During the study, methods of comparison, statistical analysis and grouping, and the method of differential calculus were used. The article analyzes the indicators of food independence for basic food products to determine their compliance with the Food Security Doctrine. Evaluation of the current situation in the field of food consumption in Russia is given. Indicators of economic accessibility are calculated, and the dynamics of consumption levels for the main types of products are presented. An assessment was made of the compliance of actual food consumption with established rational consumption standards, what made it possible to identify high differentiation in consumption by decile groups of the population and a worse situation among its low-income part.

Assessment of the state of actual nutrition in the population of the Russian Federation

Introduction. There was conducted the study of the actual nutrition in the population of the Russian Federation in 2017–2021, including a study of its trend and compliance with recommended rational standards.
 Materials and methods. The study used information from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) on consumption in population of the Russian Federation of the main food groups in households in 2017–2021. The annual representative sample was forty seven thousand eight hundred households. A method used to analyze time series of consumption of basic food products and a comparison of actual nutrition with recommended rational standards was carried out for the whole country, Federal districts, and constituent entities of the Federation.
 Results. In the Russian Federation in 2021, compared to 2017, consumption of most major food groups decreased. Consumption of meat and meat products increased by 6.8%, eggs by 1.3%. Consumption of fish and fish products remained at the same level. The analysis shows a decline in the consumption of bread and bakery products in all federal districts, with the exception of the Far East (an increase of 1.6%); potatoes, vegetable oil, with the exception of the Far East (an increase of 0.8%). At the same time, there is an increase in the consumption of meat and meat products in all federal districts, with the exception of the Far Eastern (decrease by 13.6%). For other product groups, consumption variations were noted.
 Below the recommended rational norms, the Russian population consumes fish and fish products, potatoes, bread, and bakery products, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruits and berries, eggs, and vegetable oil. At the same time, excessive consumption of sugar (3.8 times higher than the norm), meat and meat products (27% higher than the norm) were noted.
 In the Federal Districts, consumption of most major food groups is below the recommended rational standards. In all federal districts, consumption of meat and meat products, sugar and confectionery products has increased.
 Significant differences have been established in the compliance of consumption levels with recommended rational standards by the population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2021. In most regions of the Russian Federation, high consumption of meat and meat products by the population is noted. 
 All regions of the Federation have high consumption of sugar and confectionery products.
 Limitations. This study is limited by the size of the representative sample, which was 47.8 thousand households.
 Conclusion. The consequence of an irrational nutrition structure is a violation of the nutritional status, which is expressed in an increase in the prevalence among the population in recent years of such alimentary-dependent pathologies as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a number of others.

Changes in eating behaviours and physical activity among primary schoolchildren aged 7-12 during the pandemic in the light of qualitative and quantitative research - Junior-Edu-Żywienie (JEŻ) Project.

The COVID-19 pandemic had many direct and indirect effects, including lifestyle changes in all subpopulations, including children and adolescents. The aim of the study was to identify: 1) attitudes of students aged 7-12 years and their parents towards food, nutrition, and physical activity; 2) changes in the consumption of basic food products during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative survey was conducted among students and their parents using the Focus Group Interview method, as well as quantitative research among parents and schoolchildren aged 10-12 years. During the pandemic, changes were demonstrated in the eating habits of primary schoolchildren which were both positive and negative. Positive changes include a greater number of meals and their regularity, especially in relation to meals prepared at home, and a greater consumption of mainly fruit, and to a lesser extent vegetables and whole grain products. Among the negative changes observed were an increased consumption of salty snacks and sweets, including those prepared at home. Moreover, limiting physical activity during isolation may have resulted, as a long-term effect, in excessive body weight and obesity-related non-communicable diseases in children and adolescence, and later in adulthood. There is a need to develop post-pandemic support strategies addressed to both schoolchildren and their parents regarding adequate eating behaviours and physical activity.

Dynamics of changes in cadmium levels in environmental objects and its impact on the bio-elemental composition of living organisms.

As a result of intensive anthropogenic impact in the biosphere there is a rapid process of accumulation of heavy metal salts. They have led to the aggravation of problems associated with the pollution of ecosystems and basic food products of plant and animal origin. Environmental pollution by these compounds is caused by their persistence in environmental objects, migration ability, accumulation by plants. This contributes to their accumulation in the human environment. A number of studies have shown that heavy metals have mutagenic, toxic effects and affect the intensity of biochemical processes. Therefore, the presence of heavy metals in the environment is extremely undesirable. Moreover, the ecological state of the environment is directly related to changes in the human internal environment. Deficiency or excess of certain bioelements in soils and drinking water or non-compliance with its stable chemical composition causes the development of dysmicroelementosis. The ecological situation of the Carpathian region is closely related to the state of soils and water resources. In this regard, it is advisable to study and control the level of cadmium compounds in the environment of the region. The study of the effect of cadmium intoxication on the macro- and microelement composition of the brain and myocardium of experimental animals is also worthwhile. Materials and methods. Soils and drinking water of the plain, foothill and mountainous zones of the region, as well as organs and tissues of experimental animals served as the object of research. Cadmium levels in drinking water and myocardial tissues and brain of experimental animals have been measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results and discussion. The study of soils in the Prykarpattia region has revealed an increase in the toxic element cadmium. Its content is 1.1-1.5 times higher than background levels. The analysis of drinking water allowed to establish that a significant number of people living in the plain and foothill zone of the region consume water with a high content of cadmium. The main stages of cadmium intake and accumulation in plants have been analyzed. Significant disorders in the body of experimental animals under conditions of excessive intake of cadmium compounds have been revealed. It was accompanied by the accumulation of cadmium in the myocardium and brain, on the background of redistribution of vital macronutrients calcium and magnesium along with micronutrients copper and zinc. Thus, excessive intake of cadmium salts causes the development of dysmicroelementosis, which is accompanied by a violation of the homeostasis of a living organism. It is suggested to conduct continuous monitoring of the level of toxicants in the ecosystem as an integral component of environmental monitoring.

Продовольча система України на шляху реалізації Цілей Сталого Розвитку: передумови та сучасні виклики

The Global Sustainable Development Goals, announced by the UN General Assembly in 2015, today serve as a guideline for developing the national economy of Ukraine and its food system. The unprecedented challenges of the new millennium – the pandemic and the military aggression of the Russian Federation – distanced Ukraine from their implementation. In this regard, the article aims to reveal the prerequisites for the development of the food system and identify today's challenges to determine the most effective and efficient directions for solving problems and means of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The research uses the following methods: systemic generalization – to systematize the risks and challenges of the food system in the context of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals; method of comparisons and dynamic method – to assess the state of production and consumption; regression equations – to determine the forecast indicators of individual indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals and possible changes in food consumption volumes in the future. The content of the concept of sustainability and sustainable development of the food system was defined. Prerequisites for the sustainable development of the food system were identified, particularly Ukraine's leadership in food exports, the existing potential of land, and the growth of food production and consumption. The work assessed food production indices during periods of crisis, such as during a pandemic and martial law. A functional diagram of the food system's prerequisites and challenges for sustainable development in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals has been developed. An analysis of the dynamics of individual SDG indicators and trends in their development was carried out. Indicators of sufficiency of consumption of basic food products by recommended consumption standards are analyzed. The results of the study show that despite the unprecedented challenges, the food system of Ukraine is gradually adapting to modern conditions, restoring the economy and strengthening food security in the regions of Ukraine; humanitarian, economic, and economic ties are being established.

РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СПОЖИВЧОГО КОШИКА НАСЕЛЕННЯ ТА ЗМІНИ В СПОЖИВАННІ ПРОДУКТІВ ХАРЧУВАННЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯМ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to consideration of the issue of current relevance - the consumer basket of the population of Ukraine, as well as consumption of basic food products. The article conducts a retrospective analysis of the consumer basket of the population of Ukraine and studies the dynamics of consumption of basic foodstuffs on the basis of statistical data from official sources. The purpose of the article is to conduct a detailed retrospective analysis of the consumer basket in Ukraine, as well as to identify changes in the consumption of basic food products in recent years. The article is based on current research by Ukrainian scholars, as well as official statistics from the State Statistics Service. First, the author examines the theoretical foundations of the consumer basket - the definition, composition, importance of the consumer basket for Ukraine and its features. Then, by analysing open sources, the author identifies the main changes that have taken place in the context of the consumer basket in Ukraine in recent years, which shows that the consumer basket in Ukraine has hardly changed in recent years, and therefore does not meet the current needs of society. In addition, the article analyses the main changes in food consumption by the population of Ukraine for the period 2000-2020. The dynamics of consumption of all types of basic food products is considered, while determining the periods of maximum and minimum consumption. It has been established that in recent years the situation with food consumption has been unstable: Ukrainians consume an insufficient amount of food, which almost does not meet the current standards. The main factors influencing changes in food consumption are identified. The results obtained indicate the need for changes in the consumer basket of Ukrainians and bringing not only the food part, but also non-food goods and services in line with the needs of citizens. The results of the study can be used to improve the current content of the consumer basket of Ukrainians, as well as to provide Ukrainians with all the necessary food and non-food products for an adequate standard of living in a full-scale war.

Продуктовий ритейл в Україні: тенденції та наслідки кризових трансформацій продовольчої системи

Sustainable transformations in some segments of the food system, which have recently occurred due to military conflicts, extreme climate events and epidemics, necessitate their in-depth study. Ensuring the population's physical and economic access to food to a certain extent depends on food retail (domestic retail trade), which, together with other components of the food system, has undergone transformation and requires an assessment of development trends. The article aims to identify development trends and transformations that occurred from 2012 to 2021 in Ukraine's food retail industry as a component of the food system. The study used general scientific and special methods: dialectical and logical to summarize the scientific basis for identifying transformations in food retail; economic-statistical – for processing and analyzing statistical data; tabular and graphical – for visualizing and summarizing the research results. The authors summarize conceptual approaches to the interpretation and essence of transformations in food systems and features of the formation of modern food policy. The differences in food retail transformations in modern and traditional food systems were revealed. Trends in the development and transformation of food retail during 2012-2021 were identified, including changes in the quantitative structure of stores and retail space, turnover volumes, profitability of trade, volumes of consumption of basic food products, consumer prices, etc. With the advent of Internet commerce, qualitative changes have occurred in serving consumers, mainly through creating online goods delivery services, mobile applications, and social networks. Using innovative food retail management technologies increases the efficiency of trade operations and improves product supply. As a result of the transformation of consumer priorities, health and sports nutrition stores and farm products have become stores with a focus on their safety and quality.

Transformacija solventne potražnje i potrošnje hrane u Ukrajini u uvjetima rata

The article is devoted to the assessment of the state and peculiarities of the formation of the solvent demand for food products in Ukraine during the war and the determination of the optimal amount of wages to ensure the consumption of the main set of food products at the level of rational standards. A comprehensive analysis of structural changes in the solvent demand for food consumption in Ukraine in the war was carried out using the monographic method. Determination of actual and aggregate costs at the level of rational standards for food products was carried out using the calculation-constructive method. The comparison of actual and necessary costs at the level of rational norms for nutrition was carried out on the basis of collected statistical and calculated data by the method of comparative analysis. It is recognized that the war has negative consequences in the nutrition of Ukrainians. During the first year of the war, the price affordability of food products decreased by 26.6% on average. In 2010-2022, the share of population spending on food remains very significant (from 51.6% in 2010 to 57.8% in 2022). In 2023, this indicator is expected to grow to 58.5%. It has been proven that in order to consume basic food products in accordance with rational norms, the population of Ukraine had to spend 1.56 times more in 2021 than the actual expenses. To achieve the level of consumption in accordance with rational standards in 2022, an additional 23,478 UAH per year, or 1,957 UAH per month, is needed. The forecast for 2023 predicts a deterioration of the ratio of actual food costs to costs under rational standards to 1.68. It was determined that in 2021 the wage level should be at least UAH 33,944 (EUR 1,131) per person per month, which is 2.41 times higher than the actual wage level in the country. The war worsened this ratio to 2.6. It was established that in 2023, for food at the level of rational consumption standards, a Ukrainian should earn 38,564 UAH (964 EUR per month), which is 2.9 times higher than the actual wage level (13,423 UAH or 335 EUR). The novelty of the study consists in the development and practical testing of the methodology for determining the optimal wage of Ukrainians to ensure the consumption of the main set of food products at the level of rational standards.

German food security in times of crisis

The article deals with the German food security during the conflict in Ukraine. The study analyses the German food system resilience and the Ukrainian crisis impact on food security. The author aims to solve several scientific problems as well. The article examines the German understanding of food security and how the national concept corresponds to the approaches of international organisations. The author analyses the level of self-sufficiency in basic food products in Germany and the impact of the Ukrainian conflict on various imported food products. She examines official documents of the UN FAO, the government of Germany, and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food to identify the conception of food security in Germany. The researcher scrutinises statistic data provided by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, the Federal Office for Food and Agriculture, the Federal Statistical Office and concludes about the level of German self-sufficiency in food. The interpretation of data data of fluctuations in the supply of oilseeds and oil reveals the effect of Ukrainian crisis on German food security as well. Official papers and statistic data analysis shows that Germany achieved self-sufficiency in basic food. The country focuses on strengthening the sustainability of agriculture and improving food quality in its national strategic papers. The weak element of food security is imports of oil and oilseeds, the supply of which declined in 2022. At the same time, raising prices and declining supplies of gas and fertilisers can become a serious threat to food security.

Food Crises in Post-War Poland (1945–1989)

Abstract Fulfilling the needs of securing the food market was a key problem for the economy of the People’s Republic of Poland. According to the assumptions of the socialist system, all basic means of production were owned by the state and society as a whole, and production: its structure and volume depended on central assumptions. Farmers not only had to face the issue of reconstruction of farms in the post-war period, they were also obliged to make compulsory deliveries, and had the main responsibility for feeding the country. Production capacity in the face of the growing needs of society was insufficient, which forced rationing and the use of substitutes in the diet. There were periodic declines in the consumption of selected commodities, especially meat. The purpose of this article is to analyze the situation of the food market in the period 1945–1989, taking into account the burden of the countryside, the level of consumption and the import and export of basic food products.

The Main Trends in the Development of Agricultural Production in the World and Russia

The article examines the trends in the production of the main types of agricultural products in the world based on the analysis of the OECD-FAO forecast for the next decade 2023–2032. According to this forecast, by 2032, world agricultural production in value terms will increase by 17 %. The strengthening of the role of developing countries in the production of agricultural products is the main trend in the development of world agricultural production, which is based on population growth, the need to ensure food security in connection with the sanctions policy of Western countries, which led to a change in trade relations and disruption of logistics supply chains of products. According to the OECD-FAO forecast, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the countries of Africa, will provide more than 70 % growth in crop production. Developing countries will account for about 60 % of livestock production by the end of the decade. The main growth factor will be an increase in crop yields and animaproductivity based on the intensification of production and an increase in the level of scientific and technological support for the industry. The article also examines the main trends in the development of production and consumption of agricultural products in Russia for the next decade and determines the level of self-sufficiency in basic food products, which Russia will reach by 2032.

Развитие пищевой и перерабатывающей промышленности как фактор обеспечения продовольственной безопасности

The article assesses the level of self-sufficiency in Russia with basic food products and their economic accessibility. The role of the food and processing industry in achieving food independence is shown. An analysis of food production and consumption, as well as the main indicators of industry development over a five-year period (2017-2021) is presented. The main problems in these areas are listed. It is noted that their solution requires more active participation of government institutions.

Trends and specifics of fish products prices in Russia

The purpose of the paper is to describe the patterns of price formation for fish products, which are basic food products. Our analysis uses the method of decomposing price dynamics into two components: a trend that is explained by long-term factors and short-term volatility. It is desirable to conclude that the rise in prices for fish products, which in recent years has outpaced general food inflation, has led to a marked reduction in the consumption of fish products. Price growth not only outpaced general food inflation, but was highly volatile. Our study of the dynamics of prices for the most popular fish product – frozen cut fish revealed a cyclical change in prices against the background of its exponential growth and an increase in the spread of price changes relative to the trend. These features pose a threat to food security, since the domestic fish industry as a whole, having achieved self-sufficiency in the country with fish products, has not yet solved the problem of its low availability for consumers.

Environmental Taxation on the Agri-Food Sector and the Farm to Fork Strategy: The Portuguese Case

This research focuses on the environmental taxation applicable to the agri-food sector and aligns with the objectives of the Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy of the European Green Deal context. Indeed, the methodology of the research develops a theoretical analysis through a literature review to assess environmental taxation and documental analysis of Portuguese tax codes. Furthermore, the Portuguese context of the empirical analysis assesses the contribution to the desired sustainability of the agri-food sector. The results show that the existing tax rules applicable to the agri-food sector are scant, with a few existing rules being misaligned with the objectives of the F2F strategy, because their potential impact on its objectives has been mostly negative or null. Most regulations predated the definition of the F2F strategy, seeking to respond to the need to minimise the price of basic food products, namely agri-food products, without considering concerns such as welfare and sustainability. It is worrisome, however, that a tax rule that does not conform to the F2F strategy has been approved after its definition, indicating that the Portuguese government does not envisage using taxation as an environmental tool in favour of the objectives outlined in the F2F strategy.

Development of cattle breeding in crisis conditions

The article examines the current state and development trends of the cattle breeding industry in crisis conditions. The importance of the livestock industry, both for ensuring the food security of the country and for the development of rural areas from the point of view of ensuring the employment of the rural population and obtaining basic food products and income, is substantiated. However, during the period of market transformations, in the conditions of COVID-19 and the full-scale war started by russia, the livestock industry of Ukraine has undergone significant changes and lost a significant part of its resource potential. The dynamics of the cattle population, the volumes of milk and beef and veal production were analyzed. Significant structural changes in cattle herds were revealed depending on the categories of commodity producers. It has been proven that the main producers of livestock products have become households, which provide about 70 % of production volumes. The global COVID-19 pandemic also had a negative impact on the functioning of the livestock industry. The main participants in the supply chain of milk, beef and veal, primarily small producers and processors, faced many problems that limited their work. In particular, difficulties with the movement of milk and livestock in supply chains, lower prices for milk, beef and veal, a shortage of workers, increased production costs due to the introduction of safety measures. It has been established that a full-scale war of a terrorist country causes critical consequences both for Ukraine and for the livestock industry. Devastation, destruction, occupation of farms and cattle, destruction of fodder, fodder stocks and damage to logistics have reduced the supply of milk and beef in the country. It is substantiated that the further functioning of the industry and its efficiency directly depend on the government's policy and the motivational mechanism. In the conditions of a full-scale war, which has already been going on for over a year, the lion's share of financial resources is directed to military needs, therefore it econommeneg.btsau.edu.ua is not advisable to count on known state support. However, the Government of the country, within the limits of available resources and attracting foreign investments, continues active work to support dairy producers. It is argued that the concentration of production, including on the basis of cooperation of producers; improvement of fodder base and breeding; modernization of material and technical support; investment support from both state and international institutions. It is substantiated that the solution of existing problems in the industry will be facilitated by interaction and coordination of the interests of producers, processing enterprises and the state. Key words: cattle breeding, milk production, beef and veal, market transformations, COVID-19, fullscale war.

An analytical study of the status of the food gap for the main food commodities in Algeria during the period (2009-2020)

The study aims to present and analyze the food deficit for the most important food products in Algeria during the period 2009-2020; It concluded that Algeria recorded a deficit in the food trade balance during the study period because it imported most basic food products, whose world prices reached record prices, while it exports a very limited number of food products; The food deficit fluctuated during the study period, but it had a tendency to increase, reaching an average of 6502.52 million dollar. The largest fooddeficit suffered by Algeria is related to the group of cereals, with an average rate of 42.93%, of which wheat and flour contribute the largest percentage, estimated at 26.73%. Next comes the group of dairy products and its products with an average rate estimated at 19.39%, in which the milk product contributed the largest percentage 16.99%, the group of oils and fats 12.59%, the corn 12.67% and sugar 9.2%.These are widely consumed products, then red meat comes with 3.05%, total legumes 3.42%, total fruits 2.59%, barley1.98%, rice 1.07%, total vegetables 0.71%, fish 0.74%, eggs 0.03%. A situation that requires intensified efforts. In order to achieve sustainable agricultural development