Basic Facts Research Articles

The Razor’s Edge: The Western Sahara Conflict as a Geopolitical Antagonism in the Algerian Morrocan Relations

This article explores the origins of the Western Sahara conflict, and the contrasting interpretations of the factors which have kept it as an unresolved conflict after Spanish forces withdrew in 1975. This article shows how Algeria and Morocco continue to disagree on even the most basic facts of the dispute's history, and suggests that the continuation of the dispute is the result of conflicting models of statehood and historical narratives. Also, it explores ways in which developing concepts within political geography have contributed to understanding the ongoing significance of the region for all the parties to the conflict. Additionally, this paper argues that the contemporary contours of the Western Sahara conflict cannot be seen divorced from the larger geopolitical and balance of power developments in the Maghreb region. Algeria- Morocco relations in general and the Western Sahara conflict in particular are not only influenced by the local political, security and social dynamics, but also by the larger systemic and sub-systemic imperatives.

17-β-Estradiol—β-Cyclodextrin complex as an aqueous solution: Structural and physicochemical characterization supported by MM and QM calculations

17-β-estradiol (EST) is an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient characterized by a low water solubility. Complexation with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) enhances its bioavailability, hence such complex is an interesting research object from pharmaceutical point of view. However, basic facts like description of complex's structure and definition of its molar ratio, were debatable already for decades. This work for the first time justifies the EST:βCD molar ratio as 1:2 using the HRMS (high-resolution mass spectrometry) and phase solubility studies. The latter are used to define complex stability constant, as well. The structure and stability is analyzed using a variety of computational approaches: Quantum Mechanics (QM) based methods (DFT, semiempirical approaches) and MD/MMGBSA approach. In case of the QM, for the first time in the computational analysis of cyclodextrin complexes, a thorough benchmarking test is presented. Different computational parameters (solvent model, presence/absence of dispersion correction etc.) are used. Obtained results are compared with the experimental data.

Physicians’ Knowledge from Different Religious Background on Management of Diabetic Patients during Ramadan Fasting in Saudi Arabia

The objective of this study is to assesses the knowledge of physicians about basic facts of Ramadan and their ability to give health guidance for diabetic patients to people who are funding and changing their wishing to fast during Ramadan. We studied the knowledge of physicians on Ramadan fasting as a religious duty and impact of some social practices on the fasting diabetic patients. The sample included all the non-Muslim physicians working in different hospitals and health care centers in Najran. Data was collected over a period of one month. This was a quasi-experimental study where non-Muslim physicians were questioned on their knowledge and advice they give to diabetic patients and professional practice of physicians, pre and post a focus group intervention. There were 52 non-Muslim physicians most of the respondents (55.8%) see more than five diabetic patients per week in Ramadan, who had some enquires relevant to Ramadan fasting. Major source of information on Ramadan fasting was through personal communication with Muslim colleagues. Factors that impair diabetic control include cessation of medications, self-modification of dose, increase in consumption of sugar and increased physical activity. We conclude that physicians in Saudi Arabia lack basic religious knowledge on Ramadan that influences health and disease. By simple measures such as distributing written teaching materials or focused group discussions, we can empower their abilities to provide efficient advice to diabetic patients wishing to observe Ramadan fasting.

Cognition of administrative laws in wildlife crimes in China–Based on cases analysed between 2021–2022

The crime of endangering rare and endangered wild animals has gradually become frequent crimes in China, but the legal cognitive error in such cases has not been resolved. In this crime, the scope of the objects, wild animals, depends on prepositive laws such as “the List of Wild Animals under the State Key Protection Plan”, which leads to the separation between the social meaning of “rare and endangered” and the legal meaning of “under the State Key Protection Plan”. Since the structure of basic facts and normative values has been broken, the perpetrator's understanding of the precondition laws should be regarded as pure legal cognition. Considering the specific cognitive difficulty of administrative laws, the level of this mens rea should be raised to clear awareness. This paper examines judicial and prosecutorial cases in China from 2021 to 2022, aimed at determining whether the lack of illegal perception can serve as a defence and what type of evidence is required to prove it. The empirical findings indicate that the clarity of legal cognition differs significantly between cases of guilt and innocence, and that the most crucial proof relies on the perpetrator's comprehension of the scope of protected wildlife, which is a purely legal matter instead of a social one.

Evaluation of the historical reconstruction seen in the short story “Akhenaten, Aten and Religion”

The reconstruction of events that happened in the past can be quite a difficult task, especially when there are lots of factors relating to a certain section in history that cannot be controlled at all. For example, archaeological evidence doesn’t have one specific way of interpretation or simply blanks in history. Historical reconstruction can get even more complicated when historical accounts cannot be validated. These can be misleading to those who read history without the evaluation of sources or without researching archaeological evidence that potentially could disprove certain claims. A good example of this is Akhenaten, a unique figure in Egyptian history. Akhenaten, originally called Amenhotep IV, succeeded his father, Amenhotep III, as the tenth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (Dorman, 2018). He is noted for changing the religion, art, and social structure of Egypt dramatically and founding “Atenism,” a completely new kind of religion that focused on the worship of one single god——Aten, characterized as a solar disc, a creator of lives and the chief god of the universe. Due to the peculiarity of the change and the elimination of elements of Egypt’s traditional social and religious order, after his reign, priests and succeeding rulers restored the traditions, destroying his religious architecture and gradually erasing the heretic king from history (Kemp, 2014). Based on how his successors described him, it can be seen that in later times, he was portrayed as a tyrant or a villainous character. However, modern historiography re-evaluates this claim, leading to a debate about the nature of Akhenaten’s new religion and his reign. This essay presents the basic facts of the period and evaluates the reconstruction of Akhenaten’s reign in the form of a short story, “Akhenaten, Aten and Religion,” and uses archaeological evidence.

Is Public Ignorance a Problem? An Epistemic Defense of Really Existing Democracies

Does good governance require citizens to be knowledgeable of basic facts and best policy ideas? Some scholars suggest that it does, and propose disenfranchising the most ‘ignorant’ voters. In contrast, we argue, political systems are complex systems inevitably exhibiting incomplete, imperfect and asymmetric information that is dynamically generated in society from actors with diverse life experiences, antagonistic interests and often profoundly dissonant views and values, generating radical uncertainty among political elites over the consequences of their decisions. Radical uncertainty, radical dissonance and power asymmetry are inescapable properties of politics. Good performance significantly depends on how political elites navigate through radical uncertainty to handle radical dissonance. Democracy, by offering citizens equal rights to participate in politics and talk freely, both enables and compels political actors to track social feedback regarding the effects of their decisions on a diverse public, and consider it in ways that mitigate these three problems.

The Main Contents and Value assess-ment of the Unit 731 Archives Pre-served by the National Archives of Japan

In recent years, huge progress has been made in research on Japanese bacteriological warfare. At present, major sources for scholars to make research mainly come from governmental agencies in China, civil societies in Japan as well as archives, libraries, and museums at central and provincial levels. Based on these documentations, scholars have made accordingly research and historical comments concerning Japanese bacteriological warfare, and medical crimes, hence accomplishing a great number of academic works. However, as current historical documents have been exhausted, works of concerned scholars have demonstrated convergent inclination. The excavation of documentation related to Unit 731 preserved in governmental agencies in Japan, such as the National Archives of Japan and the National Institute for Defense Studies has provided new ideas, clues, and directions for literature surveys and statistics and investigations into basic historical facts of research into Japanese bacteriological warfare.

Stoma care and diet in the community.

Community nurses are often the common link with people in the community with healthcare services. Community nurses are involved in the care of people living with a temporary or permanent stoma and might be asked specialist questions of which they may feel uncertain of appropriate responses. This article describes some basic facts about stoma as well as specialist dietary considerations; which can be used to improve symptoms such as constipation as well as how to prevent issues such as a food bolus obstruction. An increased understanding of stoma-related dietary needs among community nurses will likely improve care outcomes, as they will feel more equipped to offer tailored guidance and support.

과세처분 취소소송에서 처분사유 추가·변경의 기준

The Supreme Court has used the phrase ‘identity of basic facts’ as the criterion for determining the addition or change of reasons for disposition in general administrative litigation. In lawsuits for revocation of taxation disposition, the expression ‘identity of disposition’ has been mainly used. However, in the case of taxation disposition, the expression ‘identity of disposition’ is only used in a relatively broad sense to reflect the characteristics of taxation disposition and to recognize the scope of addition or change of reasons for disposition. Therefore, the ‘identity of basic facts’ is also a criterion for adding or changing reasons for disposition in a lawsuit for revocation of taxation disposition. The Supreme Court has held that ‘identity of basic facts’ is determined by whether the social facts, as a pre-legal concept, are basically the same. However, these criteria alone do not provide a convincing explanation for the permissibility of adding or changing reasons for disposition. As in the case of an amendment to the bill of indictment, it is necessary to recognize the normative elements in the content of the ‘identity of basic facts’. If this is recognized, the tax unit can function as a normative element in the case of taxation disposition. The Supreme Court held that in the case of withholding tax, the recipient of the amount of income is not an essential factor that distinguishes the unit of tax obligation, so it is possible to change it during the hearing of a lawsuit for revocation of collection disposition. However, changing the tax item as a result was not allowed. If normative factors are recognized, in special cases of withholding tax, even if the tax item changes, it is possible to add or change the reasons for disposition considering the legal structure and defense rights.

Mohammad Ebrahim Jafari: Aesthetics of Painting in Poetry

The article is devoted to the creative heritage of the outstanding figure of Iranian culture — poet and artist Mohammad Ebrahim Jafari (1940–2018). The novelty of the presented research is determined by the almost complete absence of scientific works devoted to this issue: basic biographical facts, analysis of artistic language and the specific imagery of M. E. Jafari are poorly represented even in the Persian language. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the national-cultural horizon of the synthetic genre combining painting and poetry developed by Jafari. To achieve this goal, it was necessary, firstly, to trace the poet’s biography; secondly, to clarify the nature of the artistic images created by him at different stages of his life and to analyze the original method of the author’s initiative as a way of artistic enrichment of the new synthetic genre. The multifaceted nature of the research subject determined the need for an interdisciplinary approach and the use of a complex of methods such as biographical, hermeneutic, and comparative typological. The author of the article has studied all the video materials and interviews of the poet published to date, his paintings, as well as a collection of selected poems. The author of the article also translated, for the first time, from Persian all the poetic material presented in the text. The study showed that M. E. Jafari, who does not differentiate the forms of creativity, easily transfers the stylistic techniques of his paintings to poems, which fills his lyrics with different shades of colors and smells. Poetic rhythm can be seen in his paintings, at the same time, abstract pictorial images embody the most significance for the poet in terms of acuity of perception, creating images of space and time as a unique experience, extremely concrete in its strength and depth. The masterly combination of abstract expressiveness and specificity of the sensual image makes it possible to attribute the deeply personal artistic creativity of M. E. Jafari to the cultural wave of new poetry, which meets the basic principles of the philosophy of Iranian modernism.

Solving Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equations by Mohanad Decomposition Method

In this research article, we introduce the Mohanad transform-decomposition method, which is a new analytical approach. The basic characteristics and facts of the proposed method are presented and analyzed. This new method is a simple method that combines the Mohanad transform with the decomposition method. This new approach is utilized to handle nonlinear integro-differential equations, the results obtained from this method are expressed in the form of an infinite series that converges rapidly to the exact ones. The maximum absolute error is computed for the proposed examples, and some figures are presented to show the accuracy of the obtained results. All the numerical results and computations in this study are gained by using Mathematica software.

Class, values, and revolutions in the Russia-Ukraine war

Chris Hann's essay serves as a valuable intervention against the tendency to normalize primordial ethnonationalism following the full-scale Russian invasion. It is not immune to the common pitfalls and omissions in the writings of many authors whose point of criticism is aimed primarily at the role of Western elites in the conflict within and around Ukraine. But surely, Hann's core argument contains essential truths. Many social scientists have contributed to the construction of a theoretically shallow, methodologically nationalist, and culturally essentializing narrative. It is a telling fact that someone engaging the discussion has to begin with some basic facts of Ukrainian national identity formation, such as its diversity, or has to remind that the interests of the Western ruling classes in the war do not necessarily coincide with the interests of the Ukrainian subaltern classes, or that those are also likely to diverge from the interests and ideologies of their own comprador middle classes calling themselves “civil society.”

Essential hereditary undecidability

In this paper we study essential hereditary undecidability. Theories with this property are a convenient tool to prove undecidability of other theories. The paper develops the basic facts concerning essentially hereditary undecidability and provides salient examples, like a construction of essentially hereditarily undecidable theories due to Hanf and an example of a rather natural essentially hereditarily undecidable theory strictly below R. We discuss the (non-)interaction of essential hereditary undecidability with recursive boolean isomorphism. We develop a reduction relation essential tolerance, or, in the converse direction, lax interpretability that interacts in a good way with essential hereditary undecidability. We introduce the class of Σ10\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Sigma ^0_1$$\\end{document}-friendly theories and show that Σ10\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Sigma ^0_1$$\\end{document}-friendliness is sufficient but not necessary for essential hereditary undecidability. Finally, we adapt an argument due to Pakhomov, Murwanashyaka and Visser to show that there is no interpretability minimal essentially hereditarily undecidable theory.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVEMEDICINE USAGE AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS INEASTERN PROVINCE, SAUDI ARABIA2022-2023

Introduction: Complementary and Alternative Medicineisbeing used along with evidence-based medicine among diabetic patients. In Saudi Arabia, itwas widely utilized among diabetic patients, and this was coupled with the high prevalence of diabetes.This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of complementary and alternative medicine among diabetic patients in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among patients with type 2 diabetes attending primary healthcare centers in Eastern Province between the years 2022 to 2023. A self-administered questionnaire translated from English into Arabic was distributed. Results: Total of 381 diabetic patients, 54.1% were females and 46.2% were aged between 41 to 60 year-old. Poor knowledge of the basic facts of complementary and alternative medicine was found in 50.1% of the patients while 17.3% had moderate knowledge and the remaining 32.5% hada good knowledge level. Regarding the attitude, 40.7% showed positive attitudes, 48.6% neutral, and only 10.8% considered having negative attitudes. The prevalence of patients who were using complementary and alternative medicine products for the treatment of diabetes was 40.9%. Conclusion: Despite the lack of knowledge among diabetic patients regarding the basic facts of complementary and alternative medicine, a considerable proportion of them were using it and were seen to have an optimistic attitude regarding its beneficial effects. Identifying opportunities to foster the balanced use of complementary and alternative medicinethrough evidence-based guidelines and patient-centered approaches is warranted.

Co-Opting Truth: Explaining Quasi-Judicial Institutions in Authoritarian Regimes

ABSTRACT: What accounts for the creation, design, and outputs of quasi-judicial institutions in autocracies? Prior research demonstrates that autocrats co-opt electoral, legislative, and judicial institutions to curtail opponents’ power and curry international patrons’ favor. However, scholarship on co-optation neglects quasi-judicial mechanisms, such as truth commissions, that can be useful for arranging a political narrative that bolsters a leader’s image while undermining his rivals. In this article, we formalize the concept of autocratic truth commissions—which account for one-third of truth commissions globally—and develop and test a novel theory of their origins, inputs, and outputs. We theorize that autocrats establish self-investigating commissions in response to threats to their symbolic authority and install rival-investigating commissions in response to threats to both symbolic authority and regime survival. We further argue that these two commission types take on different institutional forms and produce different outputs. Self-investigating commissions are afforded narrow mandates and produce reports that obscure basic facts. Meanwhile, rival-investigating commissions are granted wide mandates and culminate in accurate reports of rivals’ responsibility for abuses. We evaluate these expectations through comparative case studies of two autocratic truth commissions in Uganda, and find support.

Know thy audience: Children teach basic or complex facts depending on the learner's maturity.

What kind of information is appropriate to teach depends on learner characteristics. In three experiments, 5- to 7-year-old children (N = 170, 50% female, 68% White; data collection: 2022-2023) chose between basic and complex information to teach an infant or adult audience. The older, but not younger, children, taught more complex information to adults and more basic information to infants, (OR = 2.03). Both ages overcame their own preference for complex information when teaching infants (h = .45). Children's reflections on why they made particular pedagogical choices did not predict audience-contingent teaching. The findings suggest that young children can infer what kind of information is suitable given a learner's maturity, with a key developmental progression between ages 5 and 7.

Peran Komunikasi Politik Dalam Membentuk Opini Publik Menghadapi Pemilu 2024

The 2024 General Election (Pemilu) is a crucial stage in the dynamics of democracy, where the role of political communication plays a central role in shaping public opinion. This phenomenon creates a need to understand in depth the influence of political communication on public perceptions of candidates, political parties, and crucial issues that influence the direction of state policy. This research aims to analyze the role of political communication in shaping public opinion ahead of the 2024 elections. The main focus is understanding how political communication strategies, including message personalization, social media, and investigative journalism, influence the formation of public opinion and voter participation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data was collected through literature reviews, media content analysis, and interviews with political communication experts. A qualitative approach is used to deepen understanding of the complexity of political communication strategies and their impact on public opinion. The research results show that political communication strategies, especially message personalization, have a significant impact in shaping public opinion. Candidates who are able to connect emotionally with voters through personal life stories and values ​​build strong identification. Social media plays an important role in expanding the reach of political messages, while investigative journalism makes a major contribution in uncovering basic facts and maintaining the integrity of information.

Basic facts on the coverage of the paycheck protection program

Basic facts on the coverage of the paycheck protection program

SIN-BARRSS – Developing a mnemonic to support nurses’ participation in interprofessional ward rounds in intensive care: An appreciative inquiry for quality improvement

ObjectivesTo develop and pilot a mnemonic to increase the willingness and ability of bedside nurses to contribute to patient reviews in the daily interprofessional ward round. Research methodology/designAppreciative inquiry quality improvement study, using ethnographic observations and appreciative inquiry discussions, augmented by quantitative data collection of basic facts. SettingLarge (44 beds) critical care unit in the United Kingdom. Main outcome measuresInterprofessional development and acceptance of mnemonic; successful preparation for pilot; use and usability of mnemonic; improvements in bedside nurses’ contributions to ward round discussions (frequency and focus). Result/findingsInterprofessional development of a usable and useful mnemonic was successful, pilot implementation showed promising levels of take up and acceptance. Compared to before the quality improvement project bedside nurses were more willing and able to participate in ward round discussions, did so more often, and used the mnemonic script with insight and flexibility. ConclusionsThe implementation of a mnemonic supported bedside nurses’ contributions to the ward round. This could provide a framework for introducing similar programmes to other intensive care units. Appreciative inquiry methodology could be replicated in other settings to aid the improvement of interprofessional ward rounds, or to address other quality improvement priorities. Implications for clinical practiceA mnemonic can provide a structure which supports bedside nurses’ contributions in ways that make good use of bedside nurses’ professional expertise and most up to date knowledge of patients’ clinical state. Furthermore, a well-designed mnemonic can be used flexibly and provides an outline script that supports less experienced and less confident nurses to make well-focused and well received contributions to rapid interprofessional discussions. In turn, this can increase these nurses’ confidence and capability. More experienced and confident nurses, and ward round leaders, can use the same mnemonic flexibly as an aide memoir that guards against missing information and insights that could affect the quality and safety of patient care.

An Investigation of Simultaneous Prompting to Teach an Addition Algorithm to Preschool Students

This manuscript reports the results of an investigation of the simultaneous prompting procedure to teach a five-step algorithm for solving three addition basic facts. Four preschool students receiving Tier 1 services in their school’s multi-tier system of supports (MTSS) framework participated. A multiple probe across participants single case design was employed, and a visual analysis of the data indicate a functional relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Three of the participants achieved the mastery criterion and maintained the targeted learning outcome for 2–6 weeks. These participants applied the five-step algorithm to three sets of novel addition facts and acquired incidental information consisting of mathematics terminology. The fourth participant voluntarily discontinued her involvement in the study but, prior to her withdrawal, her data were similar to that of the other three participants. Social validity data from the participants’ teachers confirmed their satisfaction with the study’s procedures and participants’ learning outcomes. The results extend those from related research and validate simultaneous prompting’s effectiveness in teaching mathematics to students receiving Tier 1 and Tier 3 services in an MTSS framework. Topics for future research are discussed, and include investigating the effectiveness of simultaneous prompting to teach mathematics across students receiving services through all MTSS tiers.