Basic Factors Of Production Research Articles

Innovation Activities of Modern Enterprises of the High-Tech Sector of the Economy

According to some national and foreign researchers, businesses can be conditionally referred to the high-tech sector of the economy today, for example in terms of such an indicator as amounts of costs (in excess of the established level) for research and development (R&D) in relation to the product output volume, added value or to the amount of basic production factors. In the current environment, businesses of the high-tech economic sector (which is an indicator of the development of countries in the field of high technology) face one of the challenges — to increase the level of innovation activity. The article describes some factors that influence the innovation activity of the high-tech businesses (in particular, instrument-making businesses) in Russia. The higher engineering and technical education problems the existence of which affects the availability of highly qualified personnel of modern enterprises have been studied, and the student survey results are provided.

ПРОЯВИ НОВОГО МОДЕРНІЗМУ В ПРОЕКТАХ РІВНЕНСЬКИХ АРХІТЕКТОРІВ 1970-1990 РОКІВ

Проведено короткий аналіз світового впливу на розвиток радянської та української архітектури останніх десятиліть минулого століття, визначено основні чинники індустріального виробництва, які дали поштовх до розвитку новітньої архітектури. Виявлено і охарактеризовано прояви нового модернізму в проектах архітектурних об’єктів Рівненських архітекторів 1970-1990 років.

Does the location of construction land supply play an very important role on economic growth? The case study of Tianjin Binhai New Area

Land is not only a basic factor of production and an important space carrier, but also a key tool to control the development of urban economy. While the phenomenon of land participation in regulation exists generally in China, the theory of supporting regulation and the effect of regulation are still unclear. In the study, we intend to analyse the relationship between location of construction land supply and regional economic growth. By constructing indexes of construction land supply structure and a theoretical model based on the Solow model, we explore the relationship between the location of construction land supply and economic growth in the Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA). We find that the location of construction land supply significantly impacts economic growth. The circle-layers dimension has a hop about the influence of construction land supply on economic growth. The orientation dimension has superiority in some regions, especially the southwest and northwest. To realise sustainable urban development, construction land supply should focus on the lag and location difference of its economic driving effect and actively promote the redevelopment of stock construction land not only in the TBNA but also other rapidly developing cities.

Effect of Education Sector Expenditure on Economic Growth in Arab Spring Countries: A Panel Data Analysis

From the second half of the twentieth century, human capital began to be added more and more, particularly to the basic factors of production considered as labor, capital, entrepreneurs and natural resources in classical economic theory. With this structural change in production, human capital development has become very important for internal growth models. Nowadays, as the strength of arms power in production is greatly reduced, brain power has increased in importance and the idea of people investing in themselves has been widely accepted. Education, which is one of the important dynamics of human capital with health, plays an important role in this context. Increasing the level of success with the higher education level, recruitment of qualified workers, better employment opportunities and increased earnings are significant contributors to growth and prosperity. The study explores the dynamics of education and economic growth expenditure in selected five major Arab countries with balanced panel data from 2000 to 2014. The results of Pedroni, Kao and Johansen Fisher 's co- integration show that there is a long- term balance between education and economic growth expenditure in all countries. The study argues that education is one of the important economic growth ingredients in all five major Arab spring countries. Education should be given priority and a handsome of the government's total expenditure on education should be made by enhancing different elementary, higher and technical education in the respective nations to have the skilled manpower for the long-term economic development.

Kaizen technologies in natural and economic systems management: approaches to economic and mathematical modeling

The mathematical model of a territorial community management based on a multi-sectoral model of a national economy and Kaizen strategy has been built. According to the modelling a united territorial community is a "closed system". This allows to determine the internal functioning potential to assess the possibilities of self-financing and break-even point. In the multi-sectoral model for a territorial community, we assume that the elements of this complex system are the basic factors of production, namely, land, labour, capital, entrepreneurial skills and information. It has been found out that effective management of territorial community’s internal potential allows to assess its internal economic security rate based on autonomy and self-sufficiency. It has been proved that Kaizen strategies cause effective organization, control and managerial influence on a complex system like a territorial community in the context of its dynamic development.

Increased Employment Rates and the Nature of the Economic Growth in Poland’s Voivodships

The purpose of the article is to study the impact of basic production factors (level of employment and value of fixed assets) on the economic growth rate in different regions of Poland. The hypothesis presented in the article is that in the process of economic growth, the human factor (level of employment) plays a greater role than the fixed assets. The hypothesis was verified using the data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Statistical Yearbooks of the Regions for the years 2000 and 2015. The results of the study confirm the validity of the formulated hypothesis. Also, the author of the article made the effort to identify the voivodships characterized by extensive and intensive economic growth.

Decomposition of Russia’s Economic Growth Rates 2018-2019

We have performed a decomposition of Russia’s GDP growth rates to assess the current state of the Russian economy. Basic production factors (labour, capital, total factor productivity) in 2018 contributed to the growth around 1.6 p.p. Global crude oil prices posted a negative contribution of around -0.5 .p., while the business cycle and random shocks components altogether contributed around 1.2 .p. End-of year growth for 2019 might stay at 1.7–2.0%, barring negative shocks.

Empirical Research of Economic Benefit of China’s Rural Public Goods Supplying: Based on Partial Least Squares

At present, the research on the supply of rural public goods in our country is more concentrated on qualitative analysis and less on its economic benefits. Based on the Bloom’s analysis of the influence of non-productive factors on economic growth, this paper constructs a matrix equation of the economic benefit of rural public goods supply, and uses the partial least squares method to make a quantitative analysis on the economic benefit of rural public goods supply. The research results show that: the supply of basic factors of production has significant economic benefits, in which capital and technology have a significant positive impact on economic benefits, and labor force has a significant negative impact on economic benefits; public goods such as medical treatment, rural relief and Water conservancy construction have a significant positive impact on economic benefits, and culture has a positive impact on economic benefits but is not significant.

Factors for Development of the Educational and Professional Qualification Profile of the Human Resources in the Machine Building Sector in Bulgaria

Along with cost optimization, the main reserve is the use of the workforce. Development opportunities depend not only on the level of equipment and technology, but also on the added value of the participants -managers, specialists, workers. The fundamental understanding should be that the workforce is not only a basic production factor, but also an important source of income for the enterprise. The purpose of this article is to analyse the main factors of the management of professional development and human resources qualification, influencing the production and economic results in the machine-building sector. The article is structured into two main sections. The first includes an analysis of the factors of the management of professional development and the qualification of the human resources, by examining their interrelations and links with the economic results by types of enterprises in the machine-building sector. The second section presents a model of the factors which are particularly important for achieving high economic results.

Zarządzanie majątkiem jednostek gospodarczych o różnym potencjale ekonomicznym

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba ukazania zakresu zarządzania majątkiem podmiotów gospodarczych o różnym potencjale ekonomicznym. Materiałem badawczym były dane o gospodarstwach charakteryzujących się zróżnicowaną wielkością ekonomiczną, które prowadziły rachunkowość rolną dla potrzeb Instytutu Ekonomiki Rolnictwa i Gospodarki Żywnościowej. Majątek gospodarstwa przedstawiono w formie syntetycznej jako sumę dwóch grup aktywów: trwałych i obrotowych. W obrębie aktywów trwałych analizie poddano cztery składniki a w przypadku aktywów obrotowych trzy składniki. Dla oceny efektów działań zarządczych analizie poddano produktywność i dochodowość podstawowych czynników produkcji. Najwyższym poziomem dochodowości odznaczały się gospodarstwa o wielkości ekonomicznej 100-500 tys. Euro. Istotnym parametrem efektywności gospodarowania był wskaźnik rentowności kapitału własnego ROE. Dodatnią jego wartością odznaczały się gospodarstwa o wielkości ekonomicznej powyżej 25 tys. Euro. Wyższa rentowność poprawiała perspektywy rozwojowe gospodarstwa i sprawiała, że więcej środków można było przeznaczyć na zakup poszczególnych składników majątku.

Agglomeration and Spatial Spillover Effects of Regional Economic Growth in China

As the processes of globalization and localization deepen, spatial externalities of economic growth are becoming increasingly apparent. The agglomeration mechanisms and spillover effects of China’s regional economic growth are also gradually gaining attention. Nevertheless, there is a continuing lack of research at the prefecture and county levels. As a result, building on the foundations of new economic geography and centered on the concept of market potential, this paper used spatial econometrics and panel data from Chinese counties to calculate inequality in the economic growth of counties at the prefecture level for the period 1992–2013. It also investigated the agglomeration versus economic inequality trade-off as well as quantitatively measuring spatial spillover effects at the county and prefecture level in China. The results showed that economic agglomeration, represented by market potential, had a significant influence on economic growth at the prefecture level in China. In addition, economic agglomeration exacerbated regional economic inequality, but economic inequality within a controllable range was found to have a positive influence on economic growth. Thus, there is a trade-off between economic growth and economic agglomeration. Economic growth at the prefecture level in China is not yet free of the effects of basic factors of production, and direct spillover effects, represented by market potential, have the most significant and strongest positive influence on economic growth. Moreover, it was found that the economic growth of prefectures was inseparable from the random impacts of surrounding prefectures and that it was also affected by indirect spatial spillover effects. On the whole, the rational use of the benefits of regional economic agglomeration and spillover effects, the gradual removal of market barriers, and the transformation of the development of prefecture-level economic growth will be the keys to prefecture-level economic development in the future.

Analysis of the Agricultural Land Market Transactions in Selected Regions of Slovakia in the Years 2007–2016

Abstract Despite the fact that the agricultural land market in Slovakia has developed in recent years, the overwhelming part of agricultural land in Slovakia is utilized in the form of rent. Only a small part is managed by the landowners themselves. It is therefore necessary to create mechanisms that would make it easier for both beginners and experienced farmers to acquire land as a basic factor of production. It is also important to create conditions enabling agricultural land to continue to serve its purposes and be acquired by persons who are competent for the management of the land and will manage it in compliance with the criteria of good agricultural and environmental practice. Research and analysis of factors affecting the land market and the rental market with agricultural land will also play an important role in these directions. During the evaluated period 2007–2016, we analyzed 244,374 land plots of agricultural land in twelve districts of the Slovak Republic (hereinafter referred also as SR). In the twelve districts of Slovakia, from 2007 to 2016, the average market price agricultural land without a distinction of size categories showed a fluctuating trend. Higher values of the average market price of agricultural land were recorded in the first years of the reviewed period. The highest value of the average market price was recorded in 2008 and amounted to 2.76 €.m−2. During the monitored period, from 2007 to 2011, the average market price had always values exceeding 1 €.m−2. In the reviewed twelve districts of Slovakia during the monitored period, the sold area of agricultural land represented acreage of 100,574 ha. From this acreage, the largest share (58.41%) scored arable land followed by permanent grassland with a share of 40.92%. Orchards marked the 0.43% share of the total acreage and the smallest share (only 0.23%) of the total sales was represented by vineyards.

Cash-Flow Taxes in an International Setting

We model the effects of cash-flow taxes, differing according to the location of the tax, on the behavior of a multinational producing and selling in two countries with three sources of economic rent: a fixed basic-production factor (located with initial production), mobile managerial skill, and a fixed final production factor (located with consumption). In general, governments face trade-offs in choosing between alternative taxes. A source-based cash-flow tax creates welfare-impairing production and consumption distortions, but falls partially on firm owners who may be nonresident. By contrast, a destination-based cash-flow tax does not distort behavior, but falls only on domestic residents. (JEL F23, H25, H87)

Analysis of Factors Influencing Agricultural Productivity in the Philippines

Objectives: This paper aims to identify the factors influencing agricultural productivity which is measured by the real gross value added in agriculture and provide suggestion. Specifically, how Agricultural Land Area, Employment in Agriculture, Government Expenditure on Agriculture, Agriculture Raw Material Export, and Electric Consumption per Capita affects Real Gross Value Added. Taking account, the agricultural production function of the three basic factors of production – land, labor and capital together with the raw material export and electric consumption. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The Philippine Agriculture is at risk causing poverty and employment, as reported year 2013, compared to how it boosts the economy decades ago. Through multiple regression analysis, the relationship between factors Agricultural Land Area, Employment in Agriculture, Government Expenditure on Agriculture, Agriculture Raw Material Export, and Electric Consumption per Capita and Real Gross Value Added has been established. Pearson Correlation test was used to check to what is the relationship between the Agricultural Gross Value Added and the independent variables. Since the data available for land area is in percent of the total land area, the data for Agricultural Land Area were converted into square kilometres to attain best result. The data always went through Test of Individual Significance, Granger-Causality Test and Paired-T Test. Findings: The dependent variables Agricultural Land Area, Employment, Government Expenditure on Agriculture, Agriculture Raw Material Export, Electric Consumption per Capita have p-values of 0.0008, 0.0014, 0.0042, 0.0000, and 0.0002, respectively. Hence, the individual factors stated were found to contribute significantly to the Agriculture Real Gross Value Added. The correlation of coefficient of Agricultural Land Area, Employment, Government Expenditure on Agriculture, and Electric Consumption per Capita show a strong positive correlation to Real Gross Value Added, whilst, the correlation coefficient of Agricultural Raw Material Export implies a strong negative correlation. In line with the existing values about production, an additional unit for inputs would create an additional output. The conversion of agriculture lands into industrial and commercial space, and the likes, greatly affect in the decrease of agricultural production. The more agriculture raw materials Philippines would export, obviously, the lesser production. But, what if Philippines lack the ability to turn those raw materials into a new product? And, it is better to export it to generate an income. Then, it would be great if Philippines will also invest in agriculture raw materials processing. Application/Improvements: Real Gross Value Added contributes to Gross Domestic Product, which is a measurement of how well an economy of a certain country is. In other words, it affects the economy as a whole. Today’s Philippine administration has been promoting boost in agriculture. In line with this paper’s findings, the government pours sufficient financial support in Agriculture sector to address its needs. This paper will be more useful if it the data available would be up-to-date, since, data availability depends on the scheduling of census and funds as well. Keywords: Agriculture Gross Value Added, Agriculture Production, Macroeconomics, Multiple Linear Regression, Philippine Agriculture, Time Series

The Position of Industry 4.0 in the Worldwide Logistics Chains

Abstract Optimisation and stimulation of production, digital business, the fourth industrial revolution - this is how the current global economy is perceived. Continuous development of new information and communication technologies, economic globalisation, integration of financial markets, growing pressure on boosting higher added value, just as well as the ever- increasing differentiation of demand schemes became a challenge for the global economy. The article elaborates on the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the logistics, logistic chains as well as use of the Industry 4.0 in logistics. The article includes a new definition of logistics due to the Industry 4.0, which extends the basic production factors by a new term - „information“.

THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

The objective of the study was to compare the productivity of horticultural farms in Poland and selected EU countries with the highest horticultural production, ie France, Spain, Netherlands, Germany and Italy. The general characteristics of horticultural farms, the productivity of the basic factors of horticultural production and the production profitability have been analized. It has been shown that Polish horticultural farms are characterized by several or even a dozen times lower level of productivity of land, capital and labor than in other EU countries.

Zmiany produktywności czynników wytwórczych w polskim rolnictwie

The aim of the study is to determine the level and dynamics of changes in the productivity of the basic production factors in Polish agriculture for the years 1995–2015. The analysis was conducted on the basis of statistical data provided by the Central Statistical Office. Changes in the productivity of land, labour and capital were determined separately. There was a significant increase in the productivity of the basic production factors in Polish agriculture. Based on the value of commercial production as a measure, it was found that in the years 1995–2015 the land productivity has increased by 100%, labour productivity by 38% and capital productivity by 34%. The compound annual growth rates were amounted to 3.94, 2.39 and 1.34% respectively. Based on the research results one can say that technological changes in Polish agriculture are relatively land-saving and capital-intensive. The productivity growth in agriculture in the future will depend mainly on the dynamics of land concentration in larger farms and consequently increase of the production scale in agriculture.

Evaluating the Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance based on Large-Scale Data Access and Management

Information technology has entered a big-data era. Large-scale data is becoming the basic factors of production and it would affect the corporate social responsibility disclosure deeply, the use of big data has become the key factor to improve the competitiveness of enterprises. Through this empirical analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: corporate social responsibility is mainly composed of economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility and spontaneous responsibility. And CSR will have positive effect on organizational performance. All of these indicate that prompting enterprises staff to fulfill corporate social responsibility is helpful to improve the organizational performance.

Cash Flow Taxes in an International Setting

We model the effects of cash flow taxes on company profit which differ according to the base and location of the tax. Our model incorporates a multinational producing and selling in two countries with three sources of rent, each in a different location: a fixed basic production factor (located with initial production), mobile managerial skill, and a fixed final production factor (located with consumption). In the general case, we show that for national governments, there are trade-offs in choosing between alternative taxes. In particular, a cash-flow tax on a source basis creates welfare-impairing distortions to production and consumption, but is partially incident on the owners of domestic production who may be non-resident. By contrast, a destination-based cash-flow tax does not distort behaviour, but is incident only on domestic residents.

Влияние факторов производства на трудовые доходы в предкризисной экономике России

The econometric models constructed in work have established the basic production factors determining the level of the labor income in the country. Capital-labor, human capital and new technologies in 2010-2013 explained 71.6% of the labor income in the country. The effect of changes in the level of human capital on labor income surpasses the impact of changes and the degree of capital-diffusion of new technologies. In the pre-crisis period, the influence of the main production factors on the income of the employed population of Russia has declined under the influence of pass laws that formed unfavorable for economic development institutional environment.