Basic Disciplines Research Articles

Teaching of individual disciplines during the training of residents in the specialty «Health organization and public health»

Introduction. In the interests of the formation of professional competencies (PC), several mandatory basic and variable academic disciplines are used, which educational organizations formulate independently in the volumes established by the educational standard. The purpose of the study is to analyze the compliance of the professional competencies of the Federal State Educational Standard in the disciplines of the residency program in the specialty «Health Organization and public health», to propose the topics of some disciplines of the basic and variable parts of the training program. Materials and methods. The material for the analysis was the professional competencies set out in the Federal State Educational Standard 31.08.71 «Health organization and public health», the labor functions of the professional standard «Specialist in the field of health organization and public health», the tasks and topics of some disciplines of the mandatory and variable parts of the residency program. Results. The considered professional competencies (PC) fully correspond to the goals and objectives of the discipline «Healthy lifestyle and disease prevention» and are not directly related to the discipline «Microbiology». The most appropriate professional competence for the discipline «Emergency Medicine» is «readiness to organize medical care in emergency situations», does not fully correspond to the labor function defined by the professional standard. Limitations of the study. Research is limited by the number and features of the disciplines taught. Conclusion. For the discipline «Emergency Medicine», adjustment of professional competence is required in accordance with the requirements of the professional standard, and the proposed subject of the discipline «Microbiology» can be studied in other disciplines of the residency program, which will be relevant in connection with the introduction of the new Federal State Educational Standard in 2023, where it is noted that professional competencies are determined by the educational institution independently.

What is conservation paleobiology? Tracking 20 years of research and development

Conservation paleobiology has coalesced over the last two decades since its formal coining, united by the goal of applying geohistorical records to inform the conservation, management, and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, the field is still attempting to form an identity distinct from its academic roots. Here, we ask a deceptively simple question: What is conservation paleobiology? To track its development as a field, we synthesize complementary perspectives from a survey of the scientific community that is familiar with conservation paleobiology and a systematic literature review of publications that use the term. We present an overview of conservation paleobiology’s research scope and compare survey participants’ perceptions of what it is and what it should be as a field. We find that conservation paleobiologists use a variety of geohistorical data in their work, although research is typified by near-time records of marine molluscs and terrestrial mammals collected over local to regional spatial scales. Our results also confirm the field’s broad disciplinary basis: survey participants indicated that conservation paleobiology can incorporate information from a wide range of disciplines spanning conservation biology, ecology, historical ecology, paleontology, and archaeology. Finally, we show that conservation paleobiologists have yet to reach a consensus on how applied the field should be in practice. The survey revealed that many participants thought the field should be more applied but that most do not currently engage with conservation practice. Reflecting on how conservation paleobiology has developed over the last two decades, we discuss opportunities to promote community cohesion, strengthen collaborations within conservation science, and align training priorities with the field’s identity as it continues to crystallize.

Features of the Study of Mathematical Analysis by Masters at a Pedagogical University

The article is devoted to the determination of the peculiarities of the study of mathematical analysis by master's students, future mathematics teachers, at a pedagogical university. The purpose of the article is to identify the main directions of practice-oriented teaching of mathematical analysis to masters of pedagogical higher education institution and to reveal the methods of implementing these directions in practice. In the course of the research such methods were used as an analysis of pedagogical and scientific-methodical literature, textbooks on mathematical analysis, school textbooks, materials of external independent evaluation (EIE), Internet sources; analysis of personal experience in teaching mathematical analysis at a pedagogical higher education institution; observations, conversations, experiment. Results. Currently, education at higher education institutions is based on a credit system, which gives students the prerogative to independently choose special elective courses for further study of subjects, but basic disciplines that are mandatory components, such as mathematical analysis, remain planned and unchanged. The study of mathematical analysis by masters should be oriented towards future professional activity, that is, it is necessary to focus on practice-oriented education when teaching this discipline. Practice-oriented training is considered as a process of assimilation of an educational program by masters with the aim of obtaining practical knowledge, abilities and skills necessary in a professional environment, that is, as a type of training in the process of which the formation and development of students' professional competencies takes place. The goal of practice-oriented training is to help the student «discover» and apply the acquired theoretical knowledge, learn to independently solve problems, adapt to the profession in modern conditions. The practice-oriented orientation of teaching mathematical analysis at pedagogical higher education institutions assumes the formation of students' methodical skills inseparable from subject skills. The article substantiates the role of mathematical analysis in the formation of mathematical competence and methodical literacy of the future teacher of mathematics. Conclusions. In the course of the study, based on the analysis of the content of the discipline «Selected issues of mathematical analysis» and the experience of teaching it at a pedagogical higher educational institution, the directions of master's students’ practice-oriented training this discipline at pedagogical higher educational institutions were highlighted. These include the following: 1) learning to analyse mathematical objects and the conditions in which they are specified; 2) creation of situations of new knowledge «discovery»; 3) organization of master's students' research activities and formation of their relevant skills; 4) organization of work with tests. Each direction is illustrated with examples from the mathematical analysis course.

Botanical Identification of Ayush - Ayurveda and Unani Drugs and its Relevance in Quality Control

India has an age-old tradition of plant based health-care in the form of Ayush-Ayurveda, and Unani Systems of medicine. Nearly eighty percent of the formulations under these systems are plant based. Almost ninety percent of the raw materials of medicinal plants used by the Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani (ASU) manufacturing units are sourced from the natural resources. Correct identification of a plant species is the most critical task, which demands application of knowledge and skill. The events of misidentification of the plant species, involuntary use of totally dissimilar species or by closely related inferior quality species can deter the therapeutic values and efficacy of the botanical drugs. Historically, the physician or the traditional healer was known to manage the whole supply chain, right from collection of herbs up to the preparation and dispensing of the medicine. The supply chain of crude drugs obtained from the medicinal plants has, however, become a multi-stakeholders activity, often lacks the botanical expertise to provide adequate documentation of the identification of plant materials whether wild-harvested or cultivated. The importance and different needs of plant collectors (WHO and NMPB guidelines) and manufacturers in regard to authentic botanical identification and its role in quality considerations; Quality Assurance (QA) are outlined and discussed. This review places emphasis on the importance of botanical identification, nomenclature, including its historical development and botany as a basic established discipline for valid identification of the plant origin drugs used in pharmacognostical research and quality control of the plant product.

Perception Medical Faculty Regarding Students' Classroom Incivilities and Coping Strategie

Objectives: To explore perception of medical faculty regarding students' classroom incivilities and coping strategies. 
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and study duration: Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan from January to April 2020. 
 Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect responses from the faculty. The study was carried out on 125 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.
 Results: Of 125 faculties 67(53.6%) were males. Junior faculty members were 80(64.0%). Irritating remarks (89.0%), cellphone use and cheating in the exam (87.0%) were the most common incivilities and reluctance to answer questions (40.0%) was the least common. Being friendly/respectful to students, passionate, establishing clear rules, starting class on time, using eye contact and variable students' engaging activities, encouraging students to self-evaluate their behaviour and welcoming their suggestions were supported by >90% of the faculty. However, humiliating remarks to correct the students' incivility was unanimously rejected. In comparison, the use of cell phones, irritating remarks, whispering, talking out of turn, arriving late in class, cheating in exams and leaving the cell phone bell "on" equally bother most junior and senior faculty. Overall, the female junior teachers from basic subjects with experience <10 years were significantly (p <0.05) more sensitive to incivilities.
 Conclusion: The most common incivilities were irritating remarks/gestures, cell phone use and cheating in examination. Teaching with passion/enthusiasm was the most favourite coping strategy. However, humiliating remarks to correct the incivility was strongly rejected. Junior, female, less experienced demonstrators from basic disciplines were more vulnerable to rude behaviour.

English use anxiety, motivation, self-efficacy, and their predictive effects on Chinese top university students' English achievements.

The present study examined English use anxiety, motivation, self-efficacy, use of English, and their predictive effects on top university students' English achievements. Two hundred and twenty-three students of the Top-Notch Students of Basic Disciplines Training Program in a top Chinese university answered a battery of questionnaires, which consisted of the 8-item English Use Anxiety Questionnaire, the 5-item Motivational Self-Talk Questionnaire, the 3-item Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the 19-item Language Learning Orientations Questionnaire, and a Background Information Questionnaire. Analyses of the data revealed the following major findings: (1) the participants had a low level of extrinsic motivation-introjected regulation, a low-to-medium level of English use anxiety, extrinsic motivation-external regulation, intrinsic motivation-knowledge, and a medium-to-high level of motivational self-talk, self-efficacy, extrinsic motivation-identified regulation, intrinsic motivation-accomplishment, and intrinsic motivation-stimulation, (2) use of English anxiety (UAE) and language learning orientation were generally significantly negatively correlated with each other, and significantly correlated with other measured variables, (3) UAE and intrinsic motivation-knowledge significantly predicted the participants English achievements, measured both by standardized test scores and self-rated overall English proficiency, and (4) use of English and self-efficacy mediated the effects of English use anxiety and language learning orientations on the participants' English achievements. These findings further pinpoint the importance of anxiety and motivation in second/foreign language learning.

Biomathematical analysis on the error of 3D printing during COVID-19 pandemic

3D printing technology brings vitality to the innovation of design, and is a demonstration of the integration of science and art innovation in industrial design. In this paper, the control range of different types of printers on the accuracy of toy product parts is studied, and the accuracy of the specified types of machines is judged by the calculation and analysis of test data and comparison. By realizing 3D printing combined with industrial design practice, the innovative use of 3D printing technology and art provides a scientific reference for the improvement of the manufacturing level of the basic disciplines of industrial design during COVID-19 pandemic.

A multi-faceted approach to sex and gender equity in solid organ transplantation: The Women in Transplantation Initiative of The Transplantation Society.

The advancement of women’s careers in transplantation continues to be challenging. Academic careers in both basic and clinical disciplines in transplantation, such as surgery and management of end organ failure in medical specialties, have been underrepresented by diverse genders and ethnicities. Over the last decade, the Women in Transplantation Initiative (WIT) has solidified to becoming an internationally recognized organization with activities focused on diversity and inclusion in terms of the sexes. The WIT organization is divided into 3 pillars that address career advancement and networking (Pillar 1), scientific investigation and presentations on sex and gender in transplantation (Pillar 2) and investigating and facilitating equitable access to transplantation for women throughout the world (Pillar 3). By taking this multipronged approach of collaborating across continents, leveraging virtual platforms for information dissemination and discussion, and providing financial support for research, WIT has become a highly visible grass roots organization that aims to improve the experience of women as transplant professionals as well as transplant donors and recipients.

Anatomy in Competencies-Based Medical Education

Anatomy as a basic science discipline is “vanishing” in recent competencies-based medical curricula. The fundamental requirement of these curricula to apply the knowledge from the basic disciplines in practical and clinical everyday life contributes to this disappearance. Anatomical educational objectives are in many cases not yet adapted to these changes. At the same time, the higher levels of the progress dimension in the cognitive domain and the activities associated with them certainly allow the application; even the analysis or evaluation of anatomical knowledge. However, a change in the teaching objectives to these higher levels of the progress dimension must also be accompanied by a change in the anatomical assessments. Since these forms of examinations themselves represent a practical application of anatomical knowledge, they must be carried out on suitable examination material. However, in order to protect living persons, the donated body again comes into focus.

Josef Smolík – Učitel Komenského fakulty

For four decades, 1950–1990, Josef Smolík was a professor at the Comenius Protestant Theological Faculty in Prague. As the only one of Czech practical theologians, he taught at the faculty throughout its existence and his teaching included all basic practical-theological disciplines. He gradually published textbooks of liturgics (Some Chapters from the Liturgics, 1960), catechetics (Commitment of Baptism, 1974), homiletics (Joy of the Word, 1983) and poimenics (Pastoral Care, 1991). Smolík’s theological works culminate in the theological encyclopedia Introduction to the Study of Theology (1978) and in the ecumenically conceived practical ecclesiology Christ and His People (1997). He applied the achievements of his academic theology to ecclesiastical practice in a small catechetical handbook The Way of Life (1968) and in two volumes of the liturgical book (Agenda I, 1983; II, 1988). He paid constant attention to Historical Theology, especially the theology of the Unity of Brethren (Sermon in the Reformation, 1954; Jan Augusta, 1984) and of his theological masters and colleagues (Comenius Faculty’s Teachers, 1989; J. L. Hromádka. His Life and His Work, 1989/1991). Several generations of Czechs interested in modern theology drew on the monograph Current Attempts to Interpret the Gospel (1966–1993, five editions). The jubilee lecture is an attempt to present the binding heritage of Josef Smolík in all its amplitude, enriched with personal memories of our unforgettable teacher.

History of education as study subject and academic discipline: the case of Slovakia

ABSTRACT The article is focused on development of history of education as a study subject and an academic discipline in Slovakia (from 1918 to 1992, Slovakia was part of Czechoslovakia with an interruption between 1939 and 1945). Until the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the study subject history of education was part of the curriculum of teacher training schools which were established by the school act of 1868. However, it consisted only of an overview of pedagogical past and the knowledge had an informative character. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia (1918), history of education developed in two directions: firstly, at teacher training schools (orig. učiteľské ústavy), where together with theory of education (orig. pedagogika) and didactics (orig. didaktika) it formed basic educational disciplines and secondly, as an academic discipline at the Faculty of Arts of Comenius University in Bratislava. The incorporation of history of education into academic education, either at the Faculty of Arts (since 1922/23) or later at faculties of education (from 1946) stimulated development of this academic discipline and historical-educational research as well. The aim of the paper is to reconstruct individual phases and turning points in the development of history of education in Slovakia, accentuating the period from the establishment of Czechoslovakia to the fall of socialism (1918 – 1989).

Reform of biology experiment teaching in the context of "Strengthening Basic Disciplines Program"-taking the course of comprehensive biology design as an example

Talent training is the core of future national competition. "Strengthening Basic Disciplines Program" is an important initiative exploring the training mode for top-notch creative talents in basic disciplines, and an important measure to meet the needs for fostering future talents. The students enrolled in the "Strengthening Basic Disciplines Program" often have excellent grades and strong motivation, which puts forward new requirements and new goals for the talents training mode. Among them, the teaching reform under the background of "Strengthening Basic Disciplines Program" is imperative. The science, technology, engineering, arts, mathematics (STEAM) education concept is an interdisciplinary comprehensive educational philosophy that happens to coincide with the philosophy of the "Strengthening Basic Disciplines Program". In view of this, the School of Life Sciences of Tianjin University has explored and practiced the reform of biology experimental teaching based on the objective of fostering biology talents in the context of "Strengthening Basic Disciplines Plan" and the STEAM education concept, by taking the course of comprehensive biology design as an example.

Sports recreation program with pre-modeled athletic throwing content

By using various sports recreation programs, we try to reduce the negative effects of living in today's age. This study defines a sports-recreational program based on athletic throwing exercises. The reduced amount of muscle mass that comes with age and thus the deficit of strength, coordination and balance cause difficulty in movement and the inability to perform harmonious movements. The decline in motor skills that comes at the time of involution can be quite slowed down through recreational programs that target these abilities. Considering that sports recreation is in question, the intensity and scope of action is logically significantly less than competitive training. In addition to the basic disciplines of shot put, discus throw, javelin throw, and hammer throw, the recreational program also used a large number of exercises that throwers use in their training as ancillary exercises as well as exercises with free weights. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of recreational exercise and health and the wider sports and recreational content of athletic throwing.

Hybrid Graph Neural Network Model Design and Modeling Reasoning for Text Feature Extraction and Recognition

Natural language processing is an important branch of deep learning. In particular, the classification of short texts is one of the main tasks of computer linguistics, because it ensures the security of information. Therefore, this paper reviews the text classification methods for the first time, aiming at comparing the modern methods to solve the text classification problems, determine the trend in this direction, and select the best algorithm to be applied to research and business tasks. In this paper, with the help of the emerging algorithm in the field of deep learning, a web domain knowledge text classification method based on feature words is developed with the support vector machine (SVM) as the basic classification algorithm. Two datasets representing basic research disciplines and emerging research fields are selected to verify the proposed research framework. Experiments show that the performance of this method is improved by 3% compared with the benchmark method.

Voluntary participation in flipped classroom application sessions has a negligible effect on assessment outcomes in an accelerated pass-fail course.

Increasingly, basic science educators at medical and health science programs are faced with the challenge of delivering fundamental science content using evidence-based pedagogical approaches that build students' fund of knowledge while also supporting their development as self-regulated learners. This has led to an increased use of active learning-based pedagogies such as flipped classroom teaching. However, there are many open questions about the conditions necessary for successful flipped classroom sessions. In particular, the role of student compliance (i.e., participation, engagement, attendance) in mediating performance needs to be evaluated. This is especially important in accelerated curricula where multiple basic science disciplines are integrated together in pass-fail courses, presenting challenges to both students' time and cognitive load. Data on prematriculation performance, in-class participation, weekly quiz performance, and summative assessment performance from three cohorts of medical students (n = 146) at a new medical school were collected and analyzed. We found that historically high-performing students more readily participated in flipped classroom application sessions compared with historically lower-performing students. Correlational analysis of performance on weekly formative quizzes and the summative course exam was not related to in-class participation. However, performance on weekly formative quizzes played the most significant role in students' performance on summative exams. Efforts to understand the benefits of in-class participation beyond short-term assessment performance, such as long-term knowledge retention or development of noncognitive skills, should be undertaken to justify using such time- and human resource-intensive pedagogies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study explores the use of flipped classroom teaching in a voluntary and accelerated medical school course. We found that historically high-performing students attend class, whereas historically low-performing students do not attend class as readily. Formative assessment performance appears to be more important than participation in determining the final grade. Correlation of high performance (>90%) with participation may differentiate students who excel in our curriculum from those who simply pass with superficial knowledge.

Connecting Biochemistry Knowledge to Patient Care in the Clinical Workplace: Senior Medical Students’ Perceptions about Facilitators and Barriers

Phenomenon : Medical students have difficulties applying knowledge about biomedical mechanisms learned before clerkships to patient care activities. Many studies frame this challenge as a problem of basic science knowledge transfer predominantly influenced by students’ individual cognitive processes. Social cognitive theory would support extending this framing to the interplay between the individual’s cognition, the environment, and their behaviors. This study investigates senior medical students’ experiences of biochemistry knowledge use during workplace learning and examines how their experiences were influenced by interactions with people and other elements of the clinical learning environment. Approach : The authors used a qualitative approach with a constructivist orientation. From September to November 2020 they conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 fourth-year medical students at one institution who had completed the pre-clerkship curriculum, core clinical clerkships, and the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1. The authors identified themes using thematic analysis. Findings : Participants reported that they infrequently used or connected to biochemistry knowledge in workplace patient care activities, yet all had examples of such connections that they found valuable to learning. Most participants felt the responsibility for making connections between biochemistry knowledge and activities in the clinical workplace should be shared between themselves and supervisors, but connections were often recognized and acted on only by the student. Connections that participants described prompted their effort to retrieve knowledge or fill a perceived learning gap. Participants identified multiple barriers and facilitators to connecting, including supervisors’ behaviors and perceived knowledge, and “patients seen” in clerkships. Participants also reported learning biochemistry during USMLE Step 1 study that did not connect to patient care activities, underscoring a perception of disconnect. Insights : This study identifies specific personal, social, and physical environmental elements that influence students’ perceived use of biochemistry during patient care activities. Though these findings may be most significant for biochemistry, they likely extend to other basic science disciplines. Students’ self-directed efforts to connect to their biochemistry knowledge could be augmented by increased social support from clinical supervisors, which in turn likely requires faculty development. Opportunities for connection could be enhanced by embedding into the environment instructional strategies or technologies that build on known authentic connections between biochemistry and “patients seen” in clerkships. These efforts could strengthen student learning, improve clinical supervisors’ self-efficacy, and better inform curriculum design.

Anatomy & Surgery: A love hate relationship

Introduction: Anatomy is still taught in medical schools as a basis for studying pathophysiology and surgery. Lack of integration of basic and clinical disciplines reduced teaching hours, and poor teaching methodologies have a significant effect on anatomical knowledge and medical education standards. Objectives: To evaluate the perspectives of undergraduate students of MBBS, fresh MBBS graduates, teaching faculty of anatomy, and consultants on the importance and reconstruction of the anatomy curriculum. Materials & Methods: A total of 600 subjects participated in this cross-sectional study. A feedback form was used to collect data regarding time allocation, clinical relevance, integration, and clear viewpoints in basic histology, embryology, and gross anatomy. The form included free text, binomial, and 5-point Likert scale replies. Results: Analysis of the results revealed that all stakeholders universally preferred integrated anatomy teaching throughout the academic years of medical school instead of demanding block during the early two years. According to the study, students experienced inadequacies in their anatomical knowledge when they started their clinical training. Conclusion: This study contributes further to the ongoing discussions in anatomical sciences education by revealing that new doctors believe that anatomical instruction should be prioritized regardless of their career goals.

Design of the Physical Fitness Evaluation Information Management System of Sports Athletes Based on Artificial Intelligence.

With the rapid development of science and technology in recent years, more and more researchers began to explore the basic disciplines of sports, namely, biomechanics and physiology, and further update and improve the traditional sports training theory. However, the developed countries, i.e., Europe and the United States, have dedicatedly worked on the effective role of physical training particularly in middle-class farmers in sports powers. They have realized that the continuous improvement of the physical training evaluation system is directly related to the reforming in the evaluation and monitoring methods of physical training. At the same time, there is a demand for athletes' physical fitness evaluation, which requires a large amount of data support during the evaluation. These data collection and analysis are difficult and consume a lot of manpower. Therefore, this paper uses artificial intelligence technology to design the sports athletes' physical fitness evaluation information management system to improve the comprehensiveness of system data collection and the accuracy of data analysis. Through the physical attenuation calculation and physical analysis of the system developed in this paper, data accuracy is high. The coach can make a training plan according to the physical consumption of athletes in sports training or competition, which can greatly improve the ability of athletes.

A general model for competency repositories and its instantiation to the information systems domain

Competency repositories have been developed for several years with various objectives: helping to establish competency assessments, helping with recruitment, helping to build training. A repository can bring together the descriptions of several hundred competencies. However, few studies have focused on the structuring of a competency repository. In this paper, the authors propose a general model for a competency repository based on 5 principles. Two of them consist in using a composition relationship to define competencies at several levels of abstraction and a prerequisite relationship to establish prerequisites between competencies. To illustrate the model, an application in the domain of information systems design and implementation is fully developed. The proposed repository, in addition to a new structure, incorporates new competencies compared to existing IS repositories, in particular with regard to strategic management of the IS, development methodologies and techniques, interpersonal competencies, prerequisites coming from basic disciplines. This repository aims primarily to help the organization of academic and professional training and to allow the assessment of personal competencies. This initiative comes from the French network of MIAGE (Méthodes Informatiques Appliquées à la Gestion des Entreprises) masters.

Competence analysis of artificial intelligence professionals

In the conditions of digitalisation, it is necessary to have the appropriate skills. Therefore, many applicants choose occupations in which information technology (IT) and programming knowledge is predominant. Comprehensive measures for preparing graduates in the context of digitalisation cover the formation of appropriate educational programmes. The aim of the study is to provide recommendations for improving the educational process in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning based on comparing various programmes affecting the training of professionals in this field. The research uses the following methods. First, it is a sample survey, due to which 4 Russian universities that provide training in programmes in IT, are selected. Second, this is grouping and typology of basic educational curricula, professional standards and disciplines, due to which appropriate typological groupings, are constructed. That allows specifying requirements for knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for specialists in the field of AI. A comparative analysis of professional standards taking into account the work of a modern specialist with digital skills has been carried out. The competence approach in the educational process has been defined, and the need for a professional standard for IT specialists has been identified. Based on the results obtained, recommendations have been prepared on the basic disciplines that need to be included in the educational programmes of universities to prepare competitive graduates.