Basic Diagram Research Articles

Application of dynamic desired headway based adaptive backstepping sliding mode control design to mixed traffic system

To optimize the mixed car-following behavior of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and human-driven vehicles (HDVs), an adaptive backstepping sliding mode control (ABSMC) strategy for longitudinal velocity and distance control model (namely, MCF-ABSMCM) is put forth. First, the variable desired headway model (VDHM) is designed based on the vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure information. Also, an asymmetric stochastic car-following model (ASCM) is designed to realistically describe the stochastic factor as well as vehicle acceleration and braking behaviors in mixed car-following. Second, an adaptive cruise sliding mode control law with a backstepping approach is devised to precisely track the desired following distance based on the VDHM. After creating the basic diagram of the two-model traffic flow, the intelligent driver model (IDM) is used as a baseline to compare and analyze the traffic capacity. Lastly, the effectiveness of the MCF-ABSMCM approach is confirmed in terms of both the mixed traffic flow density wave evolution and the vehicle control strategy, and the MCF-ABSMCM is validated under various adversary inputs. The simulation results demonstrate that the mixed-flow queue can finish headway tracking and keep a safe distance when using the MCF-ABSMCM described. This control strategy has been validated in VISSIM to significantly improve the efficiency of traffic operations compared to IDM and ASCM.

DESIGN OF A 3/2-WAY SELF-RETAINING (SELF-LOCKING) INDIRECT-ACTING ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC VALVE AND ITS MATHEMATICAL MODEL

A current topic of scientific research and development for the subsea production system, minemill industry, for the nuclear industry and other industries that require the use of hydraulic distributors operating in conditions of limited electrical power and/or explosive environment is currently the problem of designing self-retaining (self-locking) indirect-action electro-hydraulic valves (distributors). The article describes the created design of a 3/2-way self-retaining (self-locking) indirect-acting electro-hydraulic valve (distributor). The principle of operation of the distributor is described in detail. Its basic hydraulic diagram is given. The developed object-oriented nonlinear mathematical model of a 3/2-way self-retaining (self-locking) indirect-acting electro-hydraulic valve is presented. Dynamic equations are presented that describe the movements of the shut-off and control element (SCE) of the main distributor and two pilot valves; equations describing the flow of liquid through the main distributor's SCE and the law of changes in the overlap area of the main distributor's SCE flow sections; equations that determine the dynamic characteristics of an electromechanical converter (EMC). Transient processes were obtained and presented, with the help of which the dynamic quality indicators of the created a 3/2-way self-retaining (self-locking) indirect-acting electro-hydraulic valve were found. Based on the analysis, appropriate conclusions were drawn. The scientific novelty of the work includes the created object-oriented nonlinear mathematical model and the developed design of a 3/2-way self-retaining (self-locking) indirect-acting electro-hydraulic valve.

Impact of disequilibrium compaction and unloading on overpressure in the southern Junggar Foreland Basin, NW China

Disequilibrium compaction caused by burial or tectonic compression and unloading are the common overpressure mechanisms in foreland basins. However, accurately identifying multiple overpressure origins in such basins is challenging, since it requires distinguishing impact of vertical and horizontal stresses on compaction and overpressure as well as identifying overpressure caused by unloading. This paper proposed a dual compaction factor method (DCFM) to address these issues. A basic DCFM schematic diagram was established through analyzing compaction behaviors before and after tectonic compression to distinguish overpressure derived from two types of disequilibrium compaction and overpressure induced by unloading. In DCFM, a compaction model for mudstone in the foreland basin, which was only controlled by burial, was established based on the relationship between mean deposition rate and compaction factor in weak tectonic compression zone (WTCZ). It was used to determine compaction factor, normal compaction trend (NCT), acoustic transit time, bulk density, and overburden pressure under this compaction condition, as well as to distinguish the impact of burial and tectonic compression on porosity and overpressure at strong tectonic compression zone (STCZ). The DCFM employs mean stress to revise the equivalent depth method (EDM). Pore pressures associated with compaction only derived from burial and derived from both burial and tectonic compression were estimated using conventional EDM and revised EDM, respectively. The total pore pressures were estimated using the Eaton method and were calibrated based on measured ones. Overpressure associated with unloading was determined by comparing total pore pressure with estimated pore pressure generated with disequilibrium compaction. This mode was further applied at two wells from the Sikeshu Sag in the southern Junggar Foreland Basin to reconstruct accurate overpressure profiles with multiple origins, which were consistent with measured pressures and matched well with geological characteristics. Disequilibrium compaction induced by tectonic compression and burial is responsible for overpressure at the Sikeshu Sag. Overpressure transfer is also one of the primary contributors to the excess pressure in the Jurassic and Cretaceous in the Gaoquan anticline at the Sikeshu Sag, with a maximum contribution of 38 %. Plays, consisting of sandstone reservoirs with both transferred overpressure and tectonic-induced overpressure as well as mudstone caprocks with overpressure due to disequilibrium compaction, are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. This study can quantify the impact of overpressures with multiple origins on hydrocarbon migration and sealing capacity of caprocks, as well as provide ideas for researching fluid evolution in sedimentary basins.

IHPPPVis: Interactive Visual Analytics Approach for Production Performance Monitoring of Heavy-Plate Production Process.

Efficient monitoring of production performance is crucial for ensuring safe operations and enhancing the economic benefits of the Iron and Steel Corporation. Although basic modeling algorithms and visualization diagrams are available in many scientific platforms and industrial applications, there is still a lack of customized research in production performance monitoring. Therefore, this article proposes an interactive visual analytics approach for monitoring the heavy-plate production process (iHPPPVis). Specifically, a multicategory aggregated monitoring framework is proposed to facilitate production performance monitoring under varying working conditions. In addition, A set of visualizations and interactions are designed to enhance analysts' analysis, identification, and perception of the abnormal production performance in heavy-plate production data. Ultimately, the efficacy and practicality of iHPPPVis are demonstrated through multiple evaluations.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ БІОТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В АГРАРНІЙ СФЕРІ (МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД)

The article examines the objective contradictions of innovative development, analyzes the international experience of solving them by creating such modern organizational forms as clusters. Modern innovative development policy, which is based on the creation of high-tech clusters, is gaining wide recognition in the world as the main way of developing the competitiveness of the state, regions and enterprises, stimulating innovations, attracting investments, and creating new technologies. In this aspect, the study of the formation of biotechnological clusters and their specifics plays the role of a leading link in learning the patterns and solving problems of innovative development not only of the branches of the national economy, but also of the state as a whole. A modern innovation cluster is a union of various organizations (industrial companies, research centers, state administration bodies, universities, public organizations, etc.), which allows you to use the advantages of the main methods of coordination of the economic system - state regulation of the inter-firm hierarchy and the market mechanism, which makes it possible to spread new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions more quickly and efficiently. The main system-forming contradictions of innovative development are the contradictions between economic and social interests and the principles of innovative development; between national and global interests of innovative development; between the cost of developing a new innovative technology and the economic effect of its implementation; between the interests of producers and consumers of innovative products; between the available scientific potential and its implementation in specific innovations; between individual and public interests in the process of creating innovations and contradictions in the interaction of factors in the process of innovative renewal. The modern organizational form of solving them is the clustering of innovative development of enterprises. Based on the international experience of creating biotechnological clusters, a similar organizational scheme has been developed for Ukrainian biotechnological enterprises. A basic diagram of a biotechnological cluster is proposed

Controlling as an enterprise management tool in the digital economy

Purpose. Expansion of the ability to implement an adaptation approach in enterprise management because of the implementation of the new controlling concept (NCC) in a digital economy. Development of the mathematical model of the adaptive approach. Methodology. The study uses general and special methods of cognition: abstract-logical analysis – to determine NCC, its preconditions, new opportunities; inductions and deductions – to establish the importance of adaptation as a NCC component, to harmonize strategic and operational plans; mathematical methods – for presenting an adaptation in structural and logical form; generalization method – for proposing ways of implementing the adaptation; logical abstraction – for development of the scheme of implementation of adaptation approach, and study on the possibility of diversification of the strategy, with the coordination of enterprise sub strategy. Findings. The definition of the new controlling concept is proposed, its preconditions are detailed. Ways of implementing an adaptation approach to managing the enterprise in conditions of dynamic changes are proposed. It is indicated that a new opportunity opened by NCC is the use of diversification of the company’s strategy and the implementation of adaptive coordination of sub strategies in real-time conditions. It is stated that the indicator of development of diversification can be used as an indicator of the adaptation capacity of the enterprise. The requirements for the introduction of NCC and the two main methods for implementing the adaptation approach are specified. Originality. A mathematical model of the adaptive approach for the implementation of NCC has been developed. A mathematized approach has been developed to coordinate sub strategies. A basic block diagram of the realization of the adaptation approach when introducing a new controlling concept has been developed. Practical value. The results of the study can be used by scientists to improve the methods and tools of NCC and by practitioners in the development and implementation of management information systems. The proposed approaches will increase controlling efficiency.

Cryptocurrency-Based Financial Science Strategy In World Influence Using Causal Diagram And Machine Learning

Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that can be used for transaction on an international scale and as an investment. The potential provided by cryptocurrency in the development of the digital economy in the world has become a special attraction for individuals, organizations, and government. Blockchain system that underlies cryptocurrencies has worked flawlessly in both the financial and non-financial worlds. This study uses Basic Risk Management Ishikawa Diagram and evaluated by ARIMA predictive algorithm in determining cause and effect of the development of cryptocurrencies. It was found that the development of cryptocurrency is very influential by the state of the world, especially countries that have great influence such as USA. USA inflation have a big influence, and the model can be used as a basis for a country's government in observing.

Assessment of the Level of Practical and Theoretical Knowledge as a Starting Point for the Implementation of Lean Hospital Concept

Background: The implementation of the Lean Hospitals concept can contribute to the improvement of internal processes in healthcare organizations. The level of a management team’s knowledge is an important part of effective implementation of Lean Hospital elements in hospitals. The purpose of this article is to determine the degree of theoretical and practical knowledge of Lean Hospitals (defined for the purposes of the study as a set of lean tools) among the management teams of Polish hospitals. The authors focused on examining the discrepancy between practical and theoretical knowledge to determine which of them is less prevalent in hospitals in order to correctly establish elements of the implementation procedures, which must be improved and perfected to more effectively implement the lean concept in healthcare. Methods: The research methods used to achieve the study objectives included, respectively, an analysis of the literature on the subject and gathering of data using the Qualtrics Platform with a CAWI survey. Respondents rated their level of knowledge regarding Lean Hospital tools on a Likert scale. Basic descriptive statistics and radar diagrams were used to analyze and present the data. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel spreadsheets. Results: It was established that the vast majority of management teams in the studied hospitals had limited basic knowledge about Lean Hospitals, if any. The greatest lack of knowledge was found in the field of practical (implementation) knowledge of Lean Hospital tools. The research found no significant discrepancy between the level of theoretical and practical knowledge at the level of general knowledge and detailed knowledge relating to the knowledge of individual lean tools. The standardized work tool was rated best in terms of self-assessing practical knowledge. The worst rated tools in terms of both theoretical and practical knowledge self-assessment were Kaizen, Kanban and TPM. Conclusions: The results of the conducted studies indicate a low level of knowledge and advancement in the implementation of the Lean Hospitals concept in selected Polish hospitals. Limited knowledge of the Lean Hospital concept was established for entire management teams. A low level of knowledge was noted in both theoretical and practical knowledge. Supplementing knowledge only at the theoretical level without taking care of the practical knowledge aspect may prolong the implementation procedure or stop it completely. Therefore, based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the first stage of lean implementation in hospitals should focus on supplementing the knowledge and preparing the employees for work in a lean culture, diverting particular attention to the practical part of the training.

PROCESSING OF INDICATOR DIAGRAM IN THE TASKS OF CONSTRUCTING DIGITAL PROFILES OF THE WORKING PROCESS OF SHIP ENGINES

During the operation of marine internal combustion engines, the procedure for indicating the working process in certain operating modes is widely used, followed by an analysis of indicator diagrams and a comparison of the results obtained with the reference ones obtained during engine factory tests. However, the general trend in the world fleet towards a decrease in the commercial speeds of ships, on the one hand, and the use of tight traffic schedules, on the other hand, have led to the fact that in most cases it is impossible to carry out indexing according to the procedures prescribed in the rules for the technical operation of engines. Thus, the ability of maintenance personnel to objectively assess the current technical condition of the engine is lost, and to determine the necessary list of preventive measures for maintenance and repair, which, of course, affects the efficiency of engines and the safety of navigation in general. One of the effective ways to solve this problem is the use of digital profiles of engine work processes, which characterize their work in the entire range of operating modes. With the help of a digital profile, it is possible to obtain a calculated reference indicator diagram, which can be used for comparison with the one obtained during the planned indication of the engine in any mode of its operation. As a basis for building digital profiles, it is appropriate to use the results of acceptance test bench tests of the engine by the manufacturer. However, taking into account the rather long service life of marine engines, test reports usually exist only in a raster format, which greatly complicates the processing of the indication results given in them, which, most often, was performed using mechanical indicators. To use this information to build digital profiles, the authors proposed a method for processing such indicator diagrams, described in previous articles. However, the efficiency of generating digital profiles significantly depends on the quality of the basic diagrams on which these profiles are built. This article is devoted to the processing of such diagrams.

Теоретическая оценка коэффициента полезного действия сферической шариковой передачи, работающей в мультипликаторном режиме

The paper considers issues of creating multipliers for the medium power wind generators. It proposes a basic kinematic diagram of the multiplier mechanism based on the spherical ball gear. The satellite makes a spherical motion during the gear operation, and the intermediate rolling elements mounted on the satellite in two rows are moving along the drive shaft and the housing sleeve treads. The gear under study makes it possible to realize large values of the gear ratios and speed multiplication factors with small overall dimensions and weight, respectively. An algorithm was developed for theoretical determination of the gear average efficiency in the reducer and multiplier modes depending on its geometric parameters and friction coefficients. The paper studies influence of the multiplier coefficient transfer, difference in the number of balls in the satellite rows and friction coefficient on the efficiency. Computer simulation results of the gear operation were received in the NX system, which confirmed the obtained theoretical dependencies.

Development of a Two-Stage Hydrometallurgical Process for Gold-Antimony Concentrate Treatment from the Olimpiadinskoe Deposit.

An integrated two-stage metallurgical process has been developed to process concentrates from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit, which contain high levels of antimony and arsenic. The optimal parameters for the alkaline sulfide leaching process of the initial concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit were determined to achieve the maximum extraction of antimony at a 99% level. The recommended parameters include an L:S ratio of 4.5:1, a sodium sulfide concentration of 61 g/L, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 16.5 g/L, a duration of 3 h, and a temperature of 50 °C. A synergistic effect of co-processing alkaline sulfide leach cakes with sulfuric and nitric acids was observed. The pre-treatment step reduced the nitric acid composition by converting carbonates into gypsum and increased the arsenic extraction by 15% during subsequent nitric acid leaching. The laboratory research on the nitric acid leaching of decarbonized cake established the key parameters for the maximum iron and arsenic extraction in solution (92% and 98%, respectively), including an L:S ratio of 9:1, a nitric acid concentration of 6 mol/L, and a time of 90 min. Full polynomial equations for the iron and arsenic extraction from the decarbonized cake were derived. The model demonstrated a high relevance, as evidenced by the determination coefficients (R2) of 96.7% for iron and 93.2% for arsenic. The technology also achieved a high gold recovery rate of 95% from the two-stage alkaline sulfide and nitric acid leach cake. Furthermore, the maximum deposition of arsenic from the nitrate leach solution in the form of insoluble As2S3 was determined to be 99.9%. A basic technological flow sheet diagram for processing the flotation gold-antimony concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit was developed, including two stages: the production of metallic antimony and the gold extraction from the nitric leach cake.

Разработка архитектурного решения программного обеспечения для устройств интернет-вещей

The article presents the development of an architectural software solution for Internet of Things (IoT) devices that implements the functionality of an automatic medical drug dispenser, based on the ESP32 hardware platform and utilizing the capabilities of the existing real-time operating systems (RTOS). The software architecture for IoT devices was designed with scalability and fault tolerance in mind. All components of the system interact with each other through asynchronous callback functions, which provides flexibility and extensibility to the architecture. Testing for system fault tolerance was conducted. The architecture can be implemented and used as the basis for any IoT device, allowing for support of modern security and functionality stacks, by implementing this functionality once in any of the devices. The process of designing the software architecture is presented, including the selection of suitable technologies and libraries. Particular attention was paid to ensuring the safety and reliability of the device, including protection against an unauthorized access and errors in operation. The experimental results show high efficiency and accuracy of the automatic medical drug dispenser based on the developed software. The practical part provides examples of implementing the proposed architecture in the C and C++ languages, with examples and basic interaction diagrams between the components. The rxcpp library was also used in writing the C++ implementation, which made it easier to write the code base for interacting with the operating system resources and reusing the multithreaded interaction with the system.

Experimental study of a universal high-speed ac collector motor

AC collector motors with power from tens to hundreds of watts are widely used in electric drives of flexible production systems, industrial robots, automation systems and vehicles. The most common is the use of universal alternating current collector electric motors. They are called universal because they can work from both an alternating current and a direct current network. They have the ability to smoothly change the speed of rotation of the drive - its shaft, which sets the executive mechanism in motion. An actual direction is conducting experimental studies of universal alternating current collector motors, which are used as a drive for hand-held power tools. This is done through the use of a specially developed experimental stand that takes into account the peculiarities of the operation of such electric motors. The purpose of the work is an experimental study of a universal AC collector motor to evaluate its parameters and characteristics. To evaluate the parameters and characteristics of such a motor for the drive of a hand-held electric tool, an experimental stand was developed, which takes into account the high speed of rotation of the output shaft of the device and allows smoothly changing the load to obtain operating characteristics. The hand-held electric tool of the world-famous manufacturer Makita, model GA5030, is used as the research object. Structurally, the drive motor is a collector machine of variable voltage with series excitation. The speed of rotation of such motors is regulated by changing the power supply voltage supplied to the motor. The structure of the experimental stand for the study of high-speed universal collector machines was developed, all components were selected and the stand was correctly assembled, according to the developed basic electrical and assembly diagram. Using the developed stand, the operating characteristics of the engine under study P1, Ia, η, cosϕ, n, M= f(P2) were recorded. The engine under study meets the stated characteristics. The value of the nominal efficiency is within 36% with a rather large value of the power factor cosϕ≈0.98.

Knowledge-based engineering and computer vision for configuration-based substation design

Introduction: As the increase in electrification poses new demands on power delivery, the quality of the distribution system is paramount. Substations are a critical part of power grids that allow for control and service of the electrical distribution system. Substations are currently developed in a project-based and manually intensive manner, with a high degree of manual work and lengthy lead times. Substations are primarily sold through tenders that are accompanied by an inherent need for engineering-to-order activities. Although necessary, these activities present a paradox as tender processes must be agile and fast. To remedy this shortcoming, this article outlines a knowledge capture and reuse methodology to standardize and automate the product development processes of substation design. Methods: A novel framework for substation design is presented that implements knowledge-based engineering (KBE) and artificial intelligence methods in computer vision to capture knowledge. In addition, a product configuration system is presented, utilizing high-level CAD templates. The development has followed the KBE methodology MOKA. Results: The proposed framework has been implemented on several company cases where three (simplified) are presented in this paper. The framework decreased the time to create a 3D model from a basic electric single line diagram by performing the identification and design tasks in an automated fashion. Discussion: Ultimately, the framework will allow substation design companies to increase competitiveness through automation and knowledge management and enable more tenders to be answered without losing engineering quality.

"DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF A HYBRID POWER PLANT BASED ON A CAR "

"The article reflects information about the current state of development of car designs with a hybrid power plant. The authors are conducting research work to create a prototype of an energy-efficient hybrid power plant based on a passenger car. The result of the work is an increase in the environmental safety of cars and efficiency. The basic schematic diagrams of hybrid power systems of passenger cars have been studied. Hybrid drive options included a version for rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive layouts. The power plant of a hybrid car with a parallel, sequential and series-parallel construction scheme is considered. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of all types of hybrid car drive schemes, the most suitable one has been selected. A small-sized car «Oka» was chosen as the base for the project. The car is modified to all-wheel drive, the electric motor is installed on the rear axle. The article contains a brief traction and dynamic calculation of an electric vehicle. According to the calculation results, an electric motor was selected. The technical solution is to develop an independent rear suspension with a subframe for mounting a gearbox with an electric motor and using hinges of equal angular velocities, which increases the cost of its design, but is the optimal solution for implementing such a scheme. Keywords: hybrid power plant, drive, electric motor, transmission, generator, car."

Steam plant based on high-speed active microturbine with valve-inductor generator as part of power engineering complex for processing of CURRENT and power plant for hydrogen production

In the work, the possibility of using microturbine plants to cover auxiliary needs in the electric and thermal energy of complexes for the processing of municipal solid waste, as well as in hydrogen production plants when oxidizing powdered aluminum with water. There were proposed basic thermal diagrams of power units. There were given justification for the choice of wet-steam microturbines, which provide a higher ratio between thermal and electric power, as well as the possibility of their separate regulation in comparison with gas turbine and gas piston units. There were analyzed the working process of a single-stage two-stream active centripetal steam microturbine with an electric power of 50 kW (600 kW - thermal), which was developed, manufactured and tested, both at idle and under load as part of energy technology complexes for the disposal of municipal and agricultural solid waste. Tests showed a reduced blade efficiency of the radial microturbine compared to the calculated one. There were carried out analysis of possible causes of discrepancy and measures were developed to achieve the declared characteristics by subsequent samples of turbogenerators.

The structure of modern EEG recorder

The article is aimed at familiarizing medical specialists involved in registration and analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations with the basic principles of operation and the design of a modern EEG recorder. Understanding the technical fundamentals behind operation of EEG equipment should help medical personnel to correctly use all its capabilities and ultimately improve quality of medical care. The basic diagram of the electroencephalograph operation, the types and features of EEG electrodes, the opportunities and limitations of digitally processed bioelectric signals are discussed. A review on the main technical characteristics of EEG equipment and their influence on the quality of the recorded signal is presented.

Effect of Suspension Roll Angle Sensors on the Performance of H∞ Active Antiroll Bar Control System of Trucks

The rollover phenomenon is quite familiar with trucks and often has severe consequences worldwide. This article focuses on developing a new control structure for the active antiroll bar system using the robust control method. The main objective is to improve the vehicle’s roll stability by using additional suspension roll angle sensors. First, a truck model equipped with an active antiroll bar system is introduced. Then, the basic robust controller structure diagram is described in detail. Based on this basic robust controller, the authors develop a new robust controller considering the suspension roll angle sensors. Finally, the response of a truck using an active antiroll bar system with two robust (H∞) controllers and a passive antiroll bar system is compared and evaluated in the time domain and in the frequency domain. The results showed that the use of two sensors of the suspension roll angle sensors increased the efficiency by about 20% compared to the basic robust controller. This has proven the effectiveness of a new approach in improving the roll stability of trucks.

IIOT HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONTINUOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL COMPLEXES

Currently, the classical hardware architecture of their construction has been established in distributed control systems for continuous technological processes and productions in various agricultural complexes and industries. Such an architecture has a number of disadvantages, in particular, the presence of a large number of different data bus standards at different levels of the platform architecture, which often complicates the integration of individual parts of the system. Modern automation systems are developing rapidly, which leads to the need for new system functionality that classical architecture cannot provide. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a concept of hardware architecture of distributed control systems for continuous industrial production and agricultural complexes using modern technologies and practices of the industrial Internet of Things. (Materials and methods) Used open sources of international communities in the field of automation and industrial Internet of Things, domestic and foreign scientific publications. The following methods were applied: decomposition by automation levels; decomposition by functionality performed by individual hardware components of the system; generalization of information from modern sources on the subject of research; formalization of the hardware structure in the form of circuit diagrams. (Results and discussion) We have proposed a basic hardware diagram of the IIoT platform for a distributed control system based on IIoT industrial Internet of Things technologies. We have made the main vector in the development of the architecture based on the use of the Ethernet data bus at all levels of the platform, as well as on the implementation of modern and necessary IIoT functions. (Conclusions) It has been shown that the classical hardware architecture of distributed management systems for agricultural complexes and continuous production has proven itself well, however, the need to introduce new functionality and awareness of the need to use unified data transmission buses at all levels of the enterprise leads to the development and gradual transition to new IIoT architectural models for the design and development of such systems. We analyzed the existing global trends in this area and proposed an up-to-date and modern concept of the hardware architecture of IIoT distributed systems.

Uncertainty Calculation for the Determination of Chromium Oxide in Leather

This work describes the uncertainty calculation for the determination of chromium oxide in leather. Following the various steps for the calculation of uncertainty which includes assembling a list of sources of uncertainty, with the help of basic formula used to calculate the measure and as all parameters cause an influence on the result because of the uncertainty value associated with it then the basic cause and effect diagram is made which shows the correlation between these and indicates their effect on the uncertainty of the result.All individual sources of uncertainty are evaluated by quantification. Mass, purity, and molecular mass of potassium dichromate are calculated against the volume of sodium thiosulphate following the first step in the test method is the standardization of sodium thiosulphate with the primary standard, potassium dichromate. So the overall uncertainty value depends on the uncertainties associated with the mass, purity, and molecular mass of potassium dichromate.