Basic Design Parameters Research Articles

Experimental testing of roughness parameters during vibratory lapping of flat surfaces

The basic design parameters and operational conditions of an enhanced vibratory lapping machine are considered. The main purpose of the research is to define the influence of different machining regimes on the roughness parameters of flat surfaces of parts made of C22 steel. The experiments are carried out at different controllable conditions of the vibratory lapping process: amplitudes of vibrations of the upper lap, forced frequencies, machining durations, and lapping paste types. The obtained results are shown in the form of bar charts describing the dependencies of the surface roughness on the machining conditions mentioned above. The major scientific novelty consists in the further development of the technologies of lapping and polishing of flat surfaces using vibratory machines with an electromagnetic drive. The presented research can be used by engineers and technologists while improving existent designs of vibratory lapping-polishing machines, as well as enhancing the corresponding machining processes.

Method of calculation of paraxial design parameters of a hybrid catadioptric zoom system with focus tunable elements.

This paper introduces and analyzes a theory for a paraxial design of a hybrid catadioptric optical system with variable focal length, which uses focus tunable optical components. Compared to the conventional zoom lens system, the proposed hybrid optical system can be designed with a smaller length and weight than a lens system of similar characteristics. The hybrid system does not need the movement of individual elements for zooming. All necessary relations for the calculation of the paraxial parameters and the third-order spherical aberration of the hybrid optical system are derived. The presented theory helps to find out the optical power distribution of individual optical elements of the whole hybrid zoom system considering the requirement on the spherical aberration of the system. In addition, the procedure for the calculation of basic design parameters of such an optical system is shown by examples.

Widening the Circle: Is There an Eighth Principle for Universal Design?

The advantage of Universal Design (UD) over mere barrier-free design is that it can benefit everyone, regardless of age or ability. The imperative to include design for personal safety even outranks accessibility as a design precept. Evolved almost four decades ago, Ron Mace's Seven Principles did not anticipate advanced standards of safety in today's world. Whilst Principle Five - 'Tolerance for Error', states that 'the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions', this notion of 'error' implies that it is the user who is at fault, rather than the provider. This may lead to inhibition and fear, hampering one's lifestyle in a multitude of ways. Fear of falling, inhibition of being unable to find a public toilet, forgetting a password or simply being made to feel old and incapable can all have an adverse effect. A cross-disciplinary group of experts undertook a number of studies on design for age-friendly cities in Ireland, through empirical research, experiential exercises and dissemination into third-level design education. Studies on design and facilities that lead to an individual's lack of confidence are discussed, including a research programme undertaken for the National Disability Authority on the Universal Design of Fall Detection Technologies. The paper proposes that an additional Principle: "Reduction of Fear" should be a basic design parameter in all aspects of the built environment as well as IT and services. By broadening its scope and joining forces with health and safety issues, UD becomes more inclusive, desirable to client bodies and attractive to everyone. The paper identifies areas where improvement in design is urgently required, suggesting the breadth of benefits accruing from more inclusive design, particularly in reducing fear through safer home zone environments.

Technological line for the production of sunflower cake

BACKGROUND: The results of the study conducted to increase the shelf life of sunflower cake by justifying the optimal operating parameters of the ozonizer in the line of the sunflower cake production are presented. Studies of the processing of sunflower cake with an ozone-air mixture at optimal operating parameters, such as its concentration, the duration of its processing and the intensity of the high-frequency field, have been conducted. AIM: Increasing of the long-term storage of protein feed by improving the basic design parameters of the device for its production. METHODS: Resulting from the conducted theoretical research, the technological line for the protein feed production was developed according to the patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2706188. To determine the optimal operating parameters of the device in the sunflower cake production line, which affect its shelf life, the design of experiment theory was used. RESULTS: A regression equation in coded values, characterizing the effect of the concentration of the ozone-air mixture, the duration of the sunflower cake treatment and the intensity of the high-frequency field on the sunflower cake shelf life, is obtained. The analysis of the obtained mathematical model of the processing process is performed. CONCLUSION: Experimental studies of the developed line for the production of sunflower cake with quality control of its treatment with an ozone-air mixture have shown that the sunflower cake shelf life depends on the ozone-air mixture concentration and the duration of treatment of the sunflower cake, as well as on the intensity of the high-frequency field. At the same time, with a decrease in the ozone-air mixture concentration, the duration of treatment of the sunflower cake and the intensity of the high-frequency field during the treatment increase. In the area of low concentration, increased duration up to 120 s and intensity up to 15250 V/m, the shelf life of the cake increases. It is reasonable to process sunflower cake with the ozone-air mixture to increase its shelf life from 3 to 5.45 months according to the GOST 80-96 using the developed line (patent RF 2706188) at a concentration of 23.03 mg/m3, processing time of 134 s and a high-frequency field strength of 17374 V/m.

Multi-functional programmable active acoustic meta-device: acoustic switch, lens, and barrier

Active acoustic metamaterials (AAMM) have garnered special attention because of their potential as multi-function devices. In this direction, the present article demonstrates a novel AAMM that can be programmed as a multi-functional Active Acoustic Meta-device (AAMD) that can switch functionalities between Acoustic Switch (AS), Acoustic Lens (AL), and Acoustic Barrier (AB). Functionality: AL corresponds to the wave vector space, and AS and AB correspond to the frequency space of the proposed AAMM. Additional functionality, such as acoustic logic gates in phase space, is also envisaged. The proposed design is found to change the dispersion diagram by acquiring different configurations while keeping the basic design parameters constant. These design parameters include constituent elements, lattice constants, and filling fractions. Further, for the said functionalities, the proposed AAMM does not rely on the deformation characteristics of the constituents. It rather capitalises on the possible relative displacements of the scatterers. As an AL, AAMM demonstrates zero angle refraction, i.e., collimation, and negative refraction of the transmitted beam at a given angle of incidence over a frequency range of 200 kHz (22.22% of the applied frequency sweep, a.f.s.). AB is shown to attenuate acoustic energy over a frequency range of 700 kHz (77.78% of a.f.s.) compared to its reference and foundation design, a statically designed Phononic Crystal (PnC). Furthermore, as AS, it operates over the entire range of applied frequency sweep (100 kHz to 1000 kHz), i.e., over the frequency range of 900 kHz (100% of a.f.s.).

An analytical method for out-of-plane stability assessment of network arch bridges

Network arch bridges typically feature inclined cables with a net configuration to support the bridge deck, therefore, improving the bridge's stiffness and reducing bending moments along the arch elements. Given their relatively slender cross-sections and large compression stresses, properly evaluating stability safety is crucial to the integrity of network arch bridges. However, because of the unique design of cable configuration, current design specifications mostly do not provide specific methods for such stability assessments. To address this gap, the study proposes a new analytical methodology that elucidates the mechanical relationship between basic design parameters and the stability performance of network arch bridges. A numerical example is conducted using finite element analysis to validate the performance of the proposed method. In addition, the influence of several design parameters on the stability factor and buckling length factor is investigated. This research further proposes a practical expression for the buckling length factor of arch ribs with nonlinear regression analysis. The results exhibit that the proposed method can efficiently and accurately evaluate the buckling stability performance of network arch bridges, and the established practical expression can facilitate designers in easily estimating the critical buckling load during the design process.

Analysis of the Methods for Realization of Low-Power Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuits for Wearable Battery-Free Power Supply Devices

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the design and implementation methods of low-power piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits, which in the last few years have gained an extremely large range of applications like the power sources of wearable electronic devices, such as biometrical sensors. Before examining the electronic circuitries of the self-supplied power devices, an overview of the structure, equivalent electrical circuits, and basic parameters of the piezoelectric generators and MEMSs as energy harvesting elements is presented. The structure of energy storage elements (parallel-plate capacitors and thin-film supercapacitors), suitable for this type of application, is also presented. The description of these components from an electrical point of view allows them to be easily workable when connected to the various power conversion electronic circuits. Based on an overview of the structure and the principles of operation, as well as some analytical expressions for energy efficiency evaluation, a comprehensive comparative analysis is presented. Depending on the advantages and disadvantages of the known circuit configurations, the basic electrical and design parameters are systematized in tabular form. Practical realizations of piezoelectric power conversion circuits are also presented in graphic form, ensuring the optimal value of energy efficiency and compactness in the construction of the devices.

Experimental Analysis of Spur Gear Pair with Geometrical and Operating Parameters

Abstract This study presents experimental work to analyze spur gear pair with geometrical and operating parameters. The spur gear pair accommodates the correction in tooth addendum, gear backlash, and linear tip relief profile modification with three levels. As per Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, nine test spur gear pairs are precisely manufactured to analyze the combined influence of these three geometrical parameters on gear dynamics. Other basic gear design parameters and operating parameters were held at a constant level. RMS acceleration in the vertical direction to quantify the dynamic response of test gear pairs. Experimental data are analyzed by using the Taguchi method to investigate the rank of influencing parameters to minimize vibration response. Finally, the confirmation test was performed by using a simulation study to validate the experimental results. The simulation results are similar to the experimental results. Similarly, 20 experiments were conducted with different speed and load combinations to check the effect of operating conditions on gear dynamics. From this experimental study, it is observed that the rank of influencing parameters and optimum level of geometrical are varied with respect to operating conditions. It may be concluded that typically optimized spur gear pair operated at one particular combination of load and speed may not show good performance at other operating conditions. Therefore, this study suggests that the realistic range of operating conditions should be considered while selecting suitable geometrical parameters.

The nitrogen transformation behavior based on the pyrolysis products of wheat straw

In order to provide basic design parameters for the industrial pyrolysis process, the transformation behavior of nitrogen was investigated using wheat straw as raw material. The distributions of nitrogen in pyrolysis char, oil and gas were obtained and the nitrogenous components in the products were analyzed systematically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The nitrogen distribution ranges of the pyrolysis char, oil and gas were 37.34% − 54.82%, 32.87% − 40.94% and 10.20% − 28.83%, respectively. More nitrogen was retained in char at lower pyrolysis temperature and the nitrogen distribution of oil was from rise to decline with increasing temperature. The most abundant N-containing compounds in three phase products were pyrrole-N, amines and HCN, respectively. In addition, the transformation mechanism of nitrogen from wheat straw to pyrolysis products was concluded.

Structural and Material Analysis of an Electromagnetic Actuator for Pressure Control in an Internal Combustion Engine

The article describes the process of selecting the design parameters of the electromagnetic actuator, which was used to regulate the compression pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The electromagnetic actuator was installed in the timing system of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine, which forced its basic design parameters in terms of force and frequency of operation. For the electromagnetic actuator in question, field calculations of the esign variants of the linear electromagnetic actuator for two types of materials were conducted. The finite element method was applied to the computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators. The influence of the magnetic circuit and the dimensions of the windings on the distribution of the magnetic field were analyzed. The thickness and height of the magnetic field induces, and the dimensions of the stator poles have been changed while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator for design reasons. All this work was aimed at improving the performance of the internal combustion engine in terms of improving efficiency in terms of partial engine loads. In this area, the internal combustion engine is characterized by low efficiency, significantly deviating from the maximum, and at the same time, during normal operation of vehicles is the area most often exploited.

STUDY AND COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE HAVING DIFFERENT INFILL MATERIALS USING ETABS

Reinforcement concrete structure frame system widely used around the world. In building structure, structure element is generally taken as Beam, column, foundation. The dead & live load is transferred from beam to column, column to footing then ultimately load distributed into the soil. The wall load is taken by beam. In building design, we mentioned the whole wall on the beam is possible, if it is not possible, we taken concealed beam into the slab below the wall. During the analysis of frame structure, we consider wall as non-structural element. But including walls in the structure analysis is play important role. This study deals with the examination of the impact of infill in structure and their behaviour in structure. In present situation high rise building constructed with the various type of infill wall materials. Some of them generally use for example red brick, AAC wall, Hollow concrete block, lightweight Aluminium & Steel panels. So three types of models are created on ETABS software. In this study 9 storey high rise building is designed in ETABS with taking 3 infill materials like Fly Ash brick, AAC block and Hollow concrete block taken for study which on the most critical earthquake zone IV analysis (Dynamic) is done using ETABS, soil properties assumed medium and importance factor is taken 1.2 . The all three infill wall models compare with the basic design parameter like moment, shear force, displacement. The all three models that I passed under seismic loading helped me to reach the conclusion on how all three models perform in the case of seismic loading. And by comparing the percentage growth in the displacement and storey drift we can decide the most efficient building. Because the AAC block has the lowest density hence it should have the least moment generated compared to other bricks almost 20-30 percent difference is expected. And the model with Strut member should have least deflection compared to other models. The difference of 15-20 percent is expected atleast. Keywords: ETABS, Structural Analysis, masonry infill, RC frame, earthquake, displacement, drift, base shear, AAC blocks, Hollow concrete block, Bending moment, Diagonal Strut

Justification of the parameters of pulling sections of units with transverse channels

BACKGROUND: In modern harvesting technologies, the main technological operation is mechanized crops pulling. The flax-pulling machine with transverse band-disc channels is the most promising. However, the basic design parameters of pulling sections are not justified sufficiently, the peculiarities of their layout are not considered, the processes of moving plants through sections and pulling short-stemmed flax are not sufficiently studied, which reduces the effectiveness of its use.
 AIMS: Theoretical and experimental justification of the parameters and operation modes of pulling sections of the device with transverse band-disc channels.
 METHODS: Experimental studies to justify the parameters and operation modes of experimental pulling machines were carried out according to known and developed methods, and the assessment of flax products was carried out according to current GOST standards. The influence of the velocity of the unit and the width of the grip of pulling sections on the indicators of the agrotechnical and technological assessment of the operation of pulling device was determined.
 RESULTS: Dependences for determining the design parameters of a pulling section and the minimum height of plant stand suitable for mechanized harvesting were obtained, the conditions for finishing and moving plants in the zone of fixed guides were established. The structures of the experimental pulling machines were used to assess the unit velocity, the effect of the width of a pulling section and the elimination of the separation of technological currents of plants during processing on improving agrotechnical performance and increasing the yield and number of long fiber. The frame elements of the TLN-1.9P unit, are placed above the pull pulleys, and the operating width of a section is 0.38 m. In the TLN-1.9M and the TLN-1.9K units, they are located behind the pull pulleys, with the operating width of a section of 0.35 and 0.31 m respectively. As a result, the flax straw had higher quality indicators: 1.5 numbers for the TLN-1.9M and the TLN-1.9K and 1.25 numbers for the TLN-1.9P; the average yield of long fiber of these units was 13.41, 13.1 and 12.59% respectively.
 CONCLUSIONS: When assembling pulling machines with transverse band-disc channels, the elements of the frame structure should be positioned behind pulling drums, technical solutions should be used to ensure the kinematic operation mode equal to one, with the operating width of a section of 0.31 m for harvesting seed breeding and 0.35 m for harvesting commercial crops.

Effect of the antenna slot numbers and position on the performance of microwave ablation

Microwave ablation (MWA) is a type of thermal ablation used for cancer treatment in interventional radiology. To induce localized tissue heating MWA employs electromagnetic waves within the microwave energy spectrum, which is done by the precisely designed antenna. This study substantially emphasizes the design and performance ameliorating of slot (both single and double) antennae and compares the results with conventional monopole antennae in terms of temperature distribution, specific absorption ratio (SAR), and thermal tissue damage rate. The simulation has been done in COMSOL by solving the Bioheat equation along with Maxwell electromagnetic equations using the finite element method. The simulation results reveal that the double-slot antenna has the most accurate and directional heat dissipation for liver tumors as well as the highest tissue damage rate and SAR. The highest SAR was found to be 3500 ​W/kg and 3350 ​W/kg at the implant depth of 61 ​mm and 63 ​mm for double and single-slot antennae, respectively. In addition, the fastest tissue damage occurred near the upper slot of the double-slot antenna. This study helps to understand the basic design parameters for enhancing single and double-slot antennae performance.

Theory of Movement of the Sugar Beet Tops in Loading Mechanism, Taking into Account the Influence of the Air Flow

A new design of the haulm harvester with an improved loading mechanism has been developed, which is made in the form of a centrifugal thrower that receives the entire volume of the cut sugar beet tops, as well as an unloading pipe, the end of which is at the level of the vehicle, moving beside the haulm harvester. To substantiate the rational parameters of this loading device, a mathematical model of the movement of a particle along the thrower blade and its exit from the blade was developed in order to simulate further movement along the inner surface of the cylindrical part of the casing and its straight part before entering the vehicle. The resulting differential equation for the movement of a haulm particle along the thrower blade takes into account the influence of the airflow created by the rotation of the thrower, the blades of which capture and accelerate the air in the closed space of the cylindrical casing. The indicated differential equation includes the basic design, kinematic, and power parameters affecting the flow of the studied loading process of the tops. The solution of these differential equations on a PC made it possible to obtain graphic dependencies, with the help of which the rational parameters of the working bodies of the loading mechanism of the haulm harvester were substantiated. As calculations show, an increase in the angular velocity of rotation of the thrower and the length of its blade leads to an increase in the absolute velocity of the haulm particle M from the end of the blade. Thus, by increasing the length of the thrower blade from 0.1 m to 0.35 m and its angular velocity from 10 s−1 to 40 s−1, the absolute velocity increases from 1.2 m s−1 to 16 m s−1. At an angular speed of rotation of the thrower equal to 10 s−1, an increase in the airflow velocity from 5 to 35 m s−1 leads to a smooth linear increase in the relative velocity of particle M, as it moves along the blade of 0.67 to 0.78 m s−1. For a higher angular velocity of rotation of the thrower, equal to 20 s−1, the growth curve of the relative velocity of particle M is more intense at an airflow velocity in the range from 5 to 25 m s−1, approaching the linear law at an airflow velocity of more than 25 m s−1. In this case, the relative velocity varies from 0.9 to 1.4 m s−1.

Revolutionizing Connectivity: The Breakthrough of Batteryless Mouse Using Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Communication Devices

With the rapid development of electronic technology and information technology, personal computer has gradually become the public's office or entertainment tools, which also makes the computer mouse a widely used tool. However, most computer mouse on the market today come with batteries. In this context, it is necessary to design a batteryless mouse that without using power supply such as battery. In view of such demand, on the basic of theoretical analysis, this paper summarizes and designs a classical wireless transmission structure – magnetic resonant coupling and antenna that used to transmit and received power for communication devices. In order to understand the operation of wireless power transmission technology, the paper analysed antenna construction and wireless power transmission technology. The basic design parameters of the axial mode helical antenna structure are also explained. Finally, by using CST STUDIO software, axial mode helical antenna with gain of 6.45 dBi was obtained. The system's output voltage is successfully simulated at 1.516 V that can powered up the computer mouse.

Crashworthiness design and optimization of bamboo-inspired tube with gradient multi-cells

This study seeks to understand how bamboo maintains its stability while being lightweight and flexible in strong winds, with the aim of applying the findings to develop an engineering tube that mimics bamboo’s unique structural properties. Initially, image processing revealed convex distribution along the radial direction of the fiber sheath area between bamboo nodes, which was further analyzed to examine its impact on the bending properties of bamboo. Subsequently, a new bionic tube with gradient multi-cells (BTGCs) was introduced, and its crashworthiness was investigated using the Simplified Super Folding Element (SSFE) theory to establish a theoretical model. Additionally, the influence of the structural parameters of BTGCs on its crashworthiness under different loading angles was investigated in silico. The optimal basic design parameters were selected by using the complex proportional evaluation (COPRAS) method, and a Pareto front set of bionic design parameters and impact angles was obtained using artificial neural network (ANN) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The results indicated that the optimized BTGCs demonstrated superior crashworthiness compared to conventional circular and bi-layer tubes with an equal mass. This study can serve as a reference for designing highly-efficient bionic tubes.

String stepped screen design and main parameters

Introduction. Obtaining energy is the most important problem of mankind. Coal-fired generation has solved, and will solve this problem in the foreseeable future due to its extensive resource base and relatively stable and low price. At the same time, the efficiency of the generating enterprises depends on the quality of the fuel supplied. For generating enterprises and domestic household using a layered method of burning fuel, it is very important to use high-grade coal, which increases the efficiency of their work. Obtaining high-grade coal, i.e. its separation by size classes is carried out by gravity screens. The advantages of the gravity screens are simple design and the absence of a drive during the sorting operation. Low sorting quality is the disadvantage. Therefore, the creation of new gravity screen designs and the development of existing ones to improve the sorting quality is of great importance. Methods of research. The Siberian Federal University has developed a design of a string stepped screen which uses a gravitational method of sorted material separation by size classes. To introduce it to industry, it is important to know the basic design parameters inherent in the proposed design. The article offers a mathematical model for calculating string stepped screen parameters and presents the results of calculating screen dimensions depending on other changing parameters. Mathematical modeling (construction of a mathematical calculation model) and analysis for string stepped screen design have been carried out to determine its basic parameters. Research results. A string stepped screen design is presented. A mathematical model for basic parameters calculation has been developed. Graphs have been constructed showing the dependence of the changing screen dimensions on other changing values. The string stepped screen design has been analysed. Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, a mathematical model for string stepped screen parameters calculation is constructed. The dependences of length and height on the front wall and screening section angles are constructed. The obtained dependences will allow to determine the string stepped screen parameters for the specified values of the screened material size.

Low-cost photoreactors for highly photon/energy-efficient solar-driven synthesis

Low-cost photoreactors for highly photon/energy-efficient solar-driven synthesis

The use of a set of artificial neural networks to predict added resistance in head waves at the parametric ship design stage

During the parametric ship design stage, added ship resistance, a component of total ship resistance is analysed to estimate the required propulsive power. The determination of added resistance at this design stage is problematic because the added resistance is calculated using hull shape, which is unknown at this stage. At the parametric design stage, only basic ship parameters, such as length, breadth, draught, block coefficient and Froude number are defined and known. Therefore, the focus of this research was to develop an effective tool to solve this problem. The article presents a set of five Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to predict added resistance using basic design parameters. Only model test data was used to train the ANNs in order to obtain reliable results. The research showed that using an ANN set consisting of five ANNs developed using different segregated data resulted in slightly more reliable and accurate estimates than using an individual ANN. To facilitate implementation, the developed ANNs were provided in the form of mathematical functions and open source software code from the Mendeley Data repository. A practical example of how an ANN set can be used to solve a design task was demonstrated in this article.

Increasing the Operating Lifetime of Wearable Working Bodies of Agricultural Machines

The efficiency of agricultural machine and tool operation is noted to significantly depend on the characteristics of the working bodies. The paper emphasizes the importance of working bodies’ reliability and operating lifetime which largely depend on wear resistance, strength, as well as design features. (Research purpose) To substantiate the choice of effective modern directions to increase the operating lifetime of wearable agricultural machine working bodies, the choice of types and characteristics of the materials used and technological methods for their hardening. (Materials and methods) The many years’ experience of the FNAC VIM in this area has been studied. A concept analysis of the relevant technical information has been conducted. (Results and discussion) The basics and conditions of abrasive wear of agricultural machinery parts are presented. The concept of "structural wear resistance" is clarified. The paper analyzes the materials (steels, hard alloys) of the working bodies of the agricultural machines used in Russia and abroad. Their main comparative physical and mechanical characteristics are pointed out. A method is proposed for selecting basic design parameters based on the strength characteristics of the materials used. Surfacing technologies for hardening the agricultural machine working bodies are compared. The paper substantiates the most effective technological options, individual technical and economic parameters, recommendations for the use of materials. (Conclusions) It is proved that the use of surfacing technologies leads to a 1.5-4.5-times increase in the operating lifetime of working bodies and significant economic efficiency.