Basic Contour Research Articles

Information Extraction and Three-Dimensional Contour Reconstruction of Vehicle Target Based on Multiple Different Pitch-Angle Observation Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

The circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR) has the ability of all-round continuous observation and high-resolution imaging detection, and can obtain all-round scattering information and higher-resolution images of the observation scene, so as to realize the target information extraction and three-dimensional (3D) contour reconstruction of the observation targets. However, the existing methods are not accurate enough to extract the information of vehicle targets. Through the analysis of the vehicle target scattering model and CSAR image characteristics, this paper proposes a vehicle target information extraction and 3D contour reconstruction method based on multiple different pitch-angle observation CSAR data. The proposed method creatively utilizes the projection relationship of the vehicle in 2D CSAR imaging to reconstruct the 3D contour of the vehicle, without prior information. Firstly, the CSAR data obtained from multiple different pitch-angle observations are fully utilized, and the scattering points of odd-bounce reflection and even-bounce reflection echoes are extracted from the two-dimensional (2D) coherent CSAR images of the vehicle target. Secondly, the basic contour of the vehicle body is extracted from the scattering points of the even-bounce reflected echoes. Then, the geometric projection relationship of the “top–bottom shifting” effect of odd-bounce reflection is used to calculate the height and position information of the scattering points of odd-bounce reflection, so as to extract the multi-layer 3D contour of the vehicle target. Finally, the basic contour and the multi-layer 3D contour of the vehicle are fused to realize high-precision 3D contour reconstruction of the vehicle target. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by using the CVDomes simulation dataset of the American Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), and the experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high-precision information extraction and realize distinct 3D contour reconstruction of the vehicle target.

Transmission Removal from a Single Glass Scene and Its Application in Photographer Identification

In daily life, when taking photos of scenes containing glass, the images of the dominant transmission layer and the weak reflection layer are often blended, which are difficult to be uncoupled. Meanwhile, because the reflection layer contains sufficient important information about the surrounding scene and the photographer, the problem of recovering the weak reflection layer from the mixture image is of importance in surveillance investigations. However, most of the current studies mainly focus on extracting the transmission layer while often ignoring the merit of the reflection layer. To fill that gap, in this paper, we propose a network framework that aims to accomplish two tasks: (1) for general scenes, we attempt to recover reflection layer images that are as close as possible to the ground truth ones, and (2) for scenes containing portraits, we recover the basic contour information of the reflection layer while improving the defects of dim portraits in the reflection layer. Through analyzing the performance exhibited by different levels of feature maps, we present the first transmission removal network based on an image-to-image translation architecture incorporating residual structures. The quality of generated reflection layer images is improved via tailored content and style constraints. We also use the patch generative adversarial network to increase the discriminator’s ability to perceive the reflection components in the generated images. Meanwhile, the related information such as edge and color distribution of transmission layer in the mixture image is used to assist the overall reflection layer recovery. In the large-scale experiments, our proposed model outperforms reflection removal-based SOTAs by more than 5.356 dB in PSNR, 0.116 in SSIM, and 0.057 in LPIPS.

A TWO-STAGE EXTRACTION NETWORK FOR THE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY CONTOUR

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) with high resolution was found lucrative for coronary heart disease diagnosis and treatment such as evaluating the degree of vascular stenosis and guiding stent implantation. Lumen contour is an essential information for assessing the shape and stenosis of blood vessels. The automatic and accurate extraction of lumen contour can significantly reduce the burden of doctors and improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease. The existing contour segmentation methods have poor performance in extracting the contour of the image with a missing blood vessel wall. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage contour extraction method based on deep learning. First, the method uses the basic contour extraction network to complete the feature image extraction and coarse contour segmentation, then inputs the feature image into the attentional class feature (ACF) module, and uses the coarse segmentation results to guide the generation of the new feature map for the refined contour segmentation. Finally, the fully connected conditional random field (CRF) module is used for post-processing yielding a more refined and smooth segmentation boundary. The experiments show that compared with the other methods, the lumen contour segmentation method proposed in this paper can adequately resolve the problem of partial vessel wall absence in OCT images and improve the accuracy of lumen contour extraction.

DISCRETE INTERPOLATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL POINT SETS BY FOUR POINTS SUPERPOSITIONS FOR PARABOLIC SURFACES

In the article it was proposed the general approach to determine change patterns of superposition coefficients of two-dimensional point sets. This makes possible to solve problems of continuous discrete interpolation and extrapolation any two-dimensional functional dependencies by numerical sequences, using four arbitrary nodal points.
 Coordinates of any point of two-dimensional point set can be represented by a coordinates’ superposition of four arbitrary points from this set. This allows to get analytical dependences to determine superposition coefficients values, solving corresponding systems of equations.
 It was investigated the discrete analogues formation process of two-dimensional geometric images, using as an example surfaces, whose components are polynomial functional dependences.
 In the research we established change patterns of superposition coefficients values of three nodal basic contour points and an internal nodal point. These patterns are represented in the form of surfaces-graphs of two variables numerical sequences for a chosen calculation scheme.
 The received regularities allow to form surfaces, using the applicates of three basic contour points and an internal point. These surfaces are on a given calculation scheme and components of their frames are polynomial functional dependences.
 The studies determine the general approach of obtaining similar change patterns of four arbitrary points superposition coefficients. These points can be as adjacent as non-adjacent node points of a selected calculation scheme. The regularities are used to determine n points coordinates of any two-dimensional functional dependences and arbitrary two-dimensional point sets.
 In the future, the results of this work will allow to determine value change patterns of one of four superposition coefficients of given four node points (both adjacent and non-adjacent) of different two-dimensional numerical sequences. This will make possible to solve problems of continuous discrete interpolation and extrapolation of any two-dimensional functional dependences by numerical sequences (such as determination the applicates of required points of discrete frames of two-dimensional geometric image) without laborious operations of compilation and solving huge systems of linear and transcendental equations.

Medieval silver mining area Havírna near Štěpánov nad Svratkou: Documentation in 2017–2019 and the issue of its interpretation

The thirteenth and fourteenth-century silver mining and processing site in the forest of Havírna is located 2.1 kilometres north-east of Štěpánov nad Svratkou in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands and is among the best-preserved medieval mining sites in the Czech lands. The archaeological part of the current research project focuses on the precision surveying of the site using land-based laser terrain scanning. The outputs – a plan with the basic contour interval of 20 cm and a spatial visualisation – enable further characterisation of the whole complex of stopes. The ore accumulations were mined in three core shaft zones, within which the 13th/14th-century mine workings occupied a total area of 20.5 ha. The mine workings were accompanied by large contemporary mining settlements in several parts of the site and technical and administrative facilities and features were also detected. A parallel detector survey evidenced a rich, specific culture of the mining milieu as well as advanced technologies used for the exploitation and processing of ores. The remains of satellite and exploration mining activities in the wider area are also documented. The current study highlights the major potential of this site for research into medieval precious metal mining in a wider European context.

Objective evaluation of sizing morphology of E-glass filament yarn

In spinning, sizing agent makes originally rigid glass filament yarn soft, smooth, reduces mechanical wear, and alleviates static electricity. In order to produce “stronger, thinner, and more uniform” E(Electronic) fiberglass cloth, the sized filament yarn is required to have good strand integrity and uniform belt-like shape. Currently, the sizing effect can only be evaluated artificially according to the image of cross section or longitudinal section of yarns. The goal of the paper is to find an objective evaluation method for sizing effects on strand integrity and performance of belt-forming of E-glass filament yarn. The image of cross section of yarn is captured by Keyence VK-X110 and analyzed by Image-Pro Plus to obtain the central position and diameter of each filament. The threshold of fiber spacing is set to determine whether filaments are clustered in group. The area of outer enveloping convex polygon containing all the clustered filaments is calculated and fiber-filling rate is calculated accordingly. By using the least square method, the minimum rectangle containing all groups of filaments is obtained to describe the basic contour of yarn cross section. The outer envelope polygon is divided into several equal parts to calculate the coefficient variation of thickness distribution and yarn distribution. These objective values well reflect the strand integrity and feature of belt-forming of yarn, and are consistent with the subjective evaluation. Rank order method is used to compare the sizing morphology of the yarns based on the values. A standard is also suggested for objective grade assessment of sized E-Glass yarns.

Identificación de stocks de <i>Engraulis ringens</i> en Chile utilizando morfometría de otolitos

Anchovy (Engraulis ringens) population units were analyzed in three zones off the coast of Chile: 1: Arica-Iquique, 2: Coquimbo and 3: Talcahuano-Valdivia from samples obtaineds during the 2012 spawning season. We used 50 left sagittae otoliths from each zone to perform a morphometric analysis, which included basic measurements, shape indexes and contour analysis (elliptical Fourier analysis). A MANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison analyses, applied on basic measures and shape indexes showed significant differences between zone 3 and zones 1 and 2. A classification by Canonical Discriminant analysis of elliptical Fourier harmonics, indicated significant differences among zones. It is concluded, therefore, that otolith shape analysis could be used to discriminate population units of Engraulis ringens. Better results were achieved using elliptic Fourier coefficients than using only shape indices.

Method for preliminary crossing, niveling of flowering caisson type pneumo-structure and pressure of the Earth basis

The prediction of the cutting force of the knives of contouring hydraulic structures of the sinking type (caisson) is not solved unambiguously in hydrotechnical science, and its pre-fixation is impossible without additional, costly bottom processing, which leads to limited use of contemporary and economical conversions such as large-diameter pilots, floating bottomless moorings and other gravitational hydraulic constructions with contour interactions with the bottom. The essence of the problem is to create a method of designing the basic contour of a new type of floating caisson, leveling a gear made up of one or more caissons, a continuous consolidation of the earth's foundation under the main caisson contour, pre-stressing of the ground foundation the main caisson contour with loads greater than operational in case of necessity of subsequent filling with another contractor by raising a water column above the average water level in the caissons working chambers after laying on the bottom, keeping the raised water volume above the average water level to the project elevation, redistributing the weight of the raised and retained water volume as a gravity fill in operating conditions.

Hardness Tests and Dimensional and Shape Precision Analysis of Construction and Agricultural Machinery Components

The article deals with hardness tests and dimensional and shape precision analysis of construction and agricultural machinery components, namely with the clamping head and case of hydraulic hammer. The clamping head is made of 41 4220 class (1.7131, 16MnCr5) construction stainless steel and the case is made of 41 5130 class (1.7218, 25CrMo4) construction stainless steel. The micro hardness was measured on VICKERS LM 700 AT hardness tester, according to the national standard STN EN ISO 6507-1: this procedure includes injection of a diamond regular four-bladed pyramid with a 136° peak angle into the tested material with following parameters: objective lens X50, load 10 N, indentation time 10 s. The average HV micro hardness value was determined from 10 measuring points (distances) on 70 samples of the hydraulic hammer case and from 10 measuring points (distances) on 200 samples of the hydraulic hammer clamping head. To measure dimensional and shape accuracy, Perthometer MAHR, equipped with PCV 350 slider unit with sensors with 350 mm length range and a mobile 6-axis 3D measuring arm Romer Absolute Arm 7535 with a working range of 3.5 m were used. This way, basic contour elements were determined: radii, distances and angles. Using the mobile 3D measuring arm, the tolerances of circularity, coaxiallity and perpendicularity were also measured. Technical drawings, contourrograph measuring protocols and tables of dimensional and shape precision deviations are listed in the conclusion of the article.

Face superiority - Cartoon 3-D faces produce a stronger depth-inversion illusion than geometric objects that share the same basic bounding contour.

Face superiority - Cartoon 3-D faces produce a stronger depth-inversion illusion than geometric objects that share the same basic bounding contour.

The Role of the Foundational Studies In The. Preparation of Elementary Teachers

I shall begin the discussion of the role of the foundational studies in the preparation of elementary teachers by registering some dissatisfaction with the terms "foundation" and "foundational." A brave band of professors at Columbia Teachers College deserve our gratitude for the idea of foundational studies, but not for the term. Inevitably the word makes one think of the building trades, or those great philanthropic geese that lay the golden eggs for educational reform, or the art of corsetry. All these connotations have their roots in the notion of a beginning. The foundation of the edifice is the first layer of the building, and when one founds an establishment he institutes or originates it; presumably an establishment is called a foundation when its goal is to assist in the founding of other enterprises. As for the foundation garments worn by women, they too are supposed to be the first layer of clothing, as well as the means of establishing a basic contour for the figure's subsequent adornment.

The Visual Word Booster: A Spatial Layout of Words Descriptor Exploiting Contour Cues.

Although researchers have made efforts to use the spatial information of visual words to obtain better image representations, none of the studies take contour cues into account. Meanwhile, it has been shown that contour cues are important to the perception of imagery in the literature. Inspired by these studies, we propose to use the Spatial Layout of Words (SLoW) to boost visual word based image descriptors by exploiting contour cues. Essentially, the SLoW descriptor utilises contours and incorporates different types of commonly used visual words, including hand-crafted basic contour elements (referred to as "contons"), textons and Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) words, deep convolutional words and a special type of words: LBP (Local Binary Pattern) codes. Moreover, SLoW features are combined with Spatial Pyramid Matching (SPM) or Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors (VLAD) features. The SLoW descriptor and its combined versions are tested in different tasks. Our results show that they are superior to, or at least comparable to, their counterparts examined in this study. In particular, the joint use of the SLoW descriptor boosts the performance of the SPM and VLAD descriptors. We attribute these results to the fact that contour cues are important to human visual perception and, the SLoW descriptor captures not only local image characteristics but also the global spatial layout of these characteristics in a more perceptually consistent way than its counterparts.

Vortex dynamics in nonrelativistic version of Abelian Higgs model: Effects of the medium on the vortex motion

The closed vortex dynamics is considered in the nonrelativistic version of the Abelian Higgs Model. The effect of the exchange of excitations propagating in the medium on the vortex string motion is taken into account. The obtained are the effective action and the equation of motion both including the exchange of the propagating excita- tions between the distant segments of the vortex and the possibility of its interaction with the static fermion asymmetric background. They are applied to the derivation of the time dependence of the basic geometrical contour characteristics.

A Multiscale Particle Filter and Winding Number Constrained for Contour Detection

paper compares the basic contour detection algorithms. A contour detection algorithm which jointly tracks at two scales small pieces of edges called edgelets. This multiscaleedgelet structure naturally embeds semi-local information and is the basic element of the recursive Bayesian modeling. The underlying model is estimated using a sequential Monte Carlo approach, and the soft contour detection map is retrieved from the approximated trajectory distribution. The winding number constrained contour detection (WNCCD) is an energy minimization framework based on winding number constraints. In this framework, both region cues, such as color/texture homogeneity, and contour cues, such as local contrast and continuity, are represented in a joint objective function, which has both region and contour labels. This technique is based on the topological concept of winding number. Using a fast method for winding number computation, a small number of linear constraints are derived to ensure label consistency. Experiments conducted on the Berkeley Segmentation data sets show that the Multi Scale Particle Filter Contour Detector method performs a comparable result with the winding number constrained contour detection method. Keywordsfiltering, sequential Monte Carlo methods, statistical model, multiscale contour detection, BSDS

Pastorace přítomností v prostředí pohanství a nevíry

This study focuses on the theological and sociological point of view of the current religious situation in the Czech Republic. Based on the understanding of the term diaspora by Rolf Zerfaß, the study also demonstrates the basic contour of the so-called pastoral of presence in the ambience of atheism, non-religiosity and religious indifferentism.

Contour Features Based Comfort Evaluation Criterion on School Chair Surface

The purpose of this paper is to establish a criterion for the school chair surface evaluation through analyzing the rules between contour features and the comfort base on experiments. In the paper, 5 basic contour feature parameters, which are buttocks plunging depth, thigh plunging depth, buttocks contour width, buttocks contour deep and thighs contour width, are proposed. Maximum peak stress (Pm) and contact area (S) are adopted as comfort indices. The participants are 50 Chinese high school students (29 boys, 21 girls) who grouped by body size. Through carrying out the experiments of body pressure distribution at different seat contours, all participants require expressing their feeling about sitting, the effect rules of the basic contour feature parameters on seated comfort are obtained. The results shows the different value of buttocks contour deep and thighs contour width leads to varying optimal comfort points corresponding to different somatotype people. According to BP neural network, a prediction model is established. Finally a kind of school chair surface evaluation criterion based on contour is put forward.

Dynamics of the generalized M set on escape-line diagram

The basic contour diagrams of the M set are briefly reviewed. With the method combining escape-line diagram of the generalized M sets and bifurcation diagram of a family of one-dimensional maps, the dynamics of a family of one-dimensional maps are studied and the graphic method to determine the period of midgets corresponding to the map is given.

Visual elements of subjective preference modulate amygdala activation

What are the basic visual cues that determine our preference towards mundane everyday objects? We previously showed that a highly potent cue is the nature of the object's contour: people generally like objects with a curved contour compared with objects that have pointed features and a sharp-angled contour. This bias is hypothesized here to stem from an implicit perception of potential threat conveyed by sharp elements. Using human neuroimaging to test this hypothesis, we report that the amygdala, a brain structure that is involved in fear processing and has been shown to exhibit activation level that is proportional to arousal in general, is significantly more active for everyday sharp objects (e.g., a sofa with sharp corners) compared with their curved contour counterparts. Therefore, our results indicate that a preference bias towards a visual object can be induced by low-level perceptual properties, independent of semantic meaning, via visual elements that on some level could be associated with threat. We further present behavioral results that provide initial support for the link between the sharpness of the contour and threat perception. Our brains might be organized to extract these basic contour elements rapidly for deriving an early warning signal in the presence of potential danger.

Low-frequency Raman spectra and structural correlations in metal oxide glasses

Raman and FT-IR studies are reported for the (1 − x)TeO 2 xMgO system where 0.05 < x < 0.40. The destruction of the three-dimensional TeO 4 chain network with increase in MgO concentration is followed by comparing the intensities of the TeO 3 and TeO 4 stretching-mode bands in the 700 cm −1 spectral region. Examination of the same systems after recrystallization yields spectra in which the basic contour often resembles the band envelope of the initial glasses. The decomposition of the Boson peak and its shoulder leads to the suggestion that the strongest feature in the band mass can always be assigned to the long-range descriptive element but the broad shoulder seems to be related to modes associated with more medium-range external interactions within the polyhedron latticework.

Mechanical reinforcement and geotechnical design of open pit mine using DEGRES program

ABSTRACT The DEGRES program is a computational tool to help with decisions about geometrical design and geotechnical studies in open pit mining and quarrying. Firstly, it automatically provides a geometrical model of a pit from a basic contour plane. Secondly, a haul road can be inserted into the geometrical model. Finally, in association with geological and geotechnical models of the ore body, various basic failure mechanisms are analyzed for the total or partial height of each pit side. Regarding the calculated safety factors and volumes of unstable rock masses, mechanical reinforcement with tensioned anchors can be studied.