Basic Commodities Research Articles

Srilankan Economic Crisis

Sri Lanka’s economy was already showing signs of weakness before the COVID-19 pandemic. Growth and poverty reduction had slowed down in the last five years. A restrictive trade regime, weak investment climate, episodes of loose monetary policy and an administered exchange rate had contributed to external imbalances. Sustained fiscal disparities, driven primarily by low revenue collections, combined with tax cuts in 2019, has contributed to high fiscal deficits, large gross financing needs, and a rapid growth in unsustainable debt . The Sri Lankan economic crisis is an ongoing crisis in the island country of Sri Lanka that started in 2019. It is the country's worst economic crisis since its independence in 1948. It has led to unprecedented levels of inflation, near-depletion of foreign exchange reserves, shortages of medical supplies, and an increase in prices of basic commodities

The effects of subsidies on foods in Iran: A narrative review

BackgroundSubsidy payments are used to support low-income groups and may improve income distribution and increase social welfare. The food subsidy programs and their long-term effects have been considered as major developmental issues in many developing countries. This review study aimed to examine the effects of subsidies on the food and nutritional status of Iranian people.MethodsEnglish and Persian language databases were searched using related keywords to discover studies on the effects of subsidies on food and nutritional status in Iran. A manual search was also conducted encompassing national and local research projects in Iran. In total, 12 articles were finally included out of an initial total of 70 studies.ResultsSubsidy payment affects many socio-economic variables. In Iran, subsidies are often paid for the basic goods and commodities that are a main part of the consumption patterns of most Iranian people. So, if the basic needs of the people are not well-understood, changes in economic structures may lead to a change in consumption patterns. In addition, physical payments for food may lead to an increase in the consumption of different groups, but cash payments do not necessarily lead to an increase in food intake.ConclusionThe method of payment should be chosen correctly to improve the protection of vulnerable populations. The distribution of targeted subsidies for food security is inevitable due to limited resources available to support vulnerable populations.

PERANAN BUMDES AMANAH DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DESA CIBALONG

This paper aims to determine the BUMDes Amanah program planning, describe the empowerment products that are expected by the community, analyze the outputs of the BUMDes Amanah empowerment towards the economic empowerment of the people of Cibalong Village. The method used in this research is descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Primary data obtained are the results of research in the field, while secondary data obtained from books, documents and journals. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation and interviews with relevant parties. The results showed that the BUMDes Amanah had a role in creating empowered, independent, and prosperous village communities. Villagers feel relief about the price of basic commodities, get venture capital, get entrepreneurial training, and get good services. With the provision of venture capital, then the income of rural communities increased by an average of 40% to 50%, namely from IDR 500,000 / month to IDR 1,000,000 / month. Referring to the dat,it can be concluded that the community economy through the BUMDes program is increasing.

Improving the Quality of People's Salt Using the Blue Economy Concept in East Java Province, Indonesia

Assessment of the quality of people's salt in East Java Province is only seen based on color and shape, even though the NaCl level determines whether or not the quality of the salt is good. Implementing the production process is often counterproductive, with reusing "bittern" for production affecting quality. Still, some also throw away "bittern" which can cause ecosystem pollution, contrary to the blue economy concept. This study aims to determine the quality control of people's salt, the implementation of blue economy principles in the salt sector, and solutions to improve the quality of people's salt in East Java Province by considering the blue economy principles. The research approach uses mixed methods with quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive. Data is collected through interviews, observation, documentation, and audio and visual materials. Quantitative descriptive data analysis techniques used statistical process control and capability analysis, while qualitative descriptive data analysis used the Interactive Model, including data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of this study indicate that it must improve people's salt quality control in East Java Province because the average is still in the K3 quality category. NaCl levels < 85% and 85%-89.99% and Mg levels 0.080%-0.099% are a top priority for quality control. Analysis of process capability shows that production is inadequate, and the people's salt in East Java Province has not been able to meet the quality standards for iodized consumption salt and industrial salt for various foods due to personnel, measurements, methods, materials, and environmental factors. Solutions to improve the quality of people's salt by referring to the blue economy principle through increasing the competence of farmers, preparing production SOPs, applying semi-modern production technologies, improving techniques for transferring water and raw materials, washing and recrystallization, providing assistance with production facilities, technical guidance, and having a policy for determining salt as a basic need and salt commodity reference price.

Analisis Komoditas Unggulan Subsektor Peternakan di Kabupaten Barito Kuala

One way to develop superior agricultural products in the livestock sub-sector in the region is to identify the dominant sub-sector of livestock products in the region. This study aims to identify the leading livestock sector in Barito Kuala Regency. The process of collecting data was carried out using a survey method based on secondary data. Secondary data collection was sourced from documents and data from the livestock sub-sector owned by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Barito Kuala Regency and South Kalimantan Province. The method used for data analysis is in the form of Location Qoutient (LQ) analysis to determine the base and non-base subsectors. The input data in the calculation is the number of livestock populations in a times series from 2017 to 2020. Based on the results of Location Qoutient (LQ) analysis, the LQ value of dairy cattle, horses, sheep and laying hens is 0, broilers with an LQ value of 0, 51 and ducks at 0.95 were categorized as non-basic commodities, while the largest LQ value was (1). Free-range chicken by 6.19 then (2). The Muscovy duck is 5.74, (3). Pig of 4.72, (4). Buffalo cattle of 4.13, (5). Beef cattle of 3.01, and (6). Goat by 1.30. The livestock commodities are categorized as basic commodities. The potential of livestock commodities can not only be developed for the needs of the area itself but can also be fulfilled in the surrounding area.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, HARGA DAN PACKAGING TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN BERAS RANTAU DI UD. PUTRA SULTAN

The rapid development of today's business is increasingly dynamic, causing companies to be faced with conditions of intense competition, one of which is a company engaged in the sale of basic commodities, namely rice. The more businesses that have sprung up from time to time, the higher the number of similar businesses has been. This can tighten competition. So that at UD. Putra Sultan Besuki must create an attractive strategy for consumers. The purpose of this study was to test and analyze the effect of product quality, price and packaging on purchasing decisions at UD. Putra Sultan Besuki. This research uses a quantitative type with a descriptive approach. The population of this research is UD. Putra Sultan Besuki’s consumers who made purchases more than twice. 70 respondents were used as sample, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that product quality, price, and packaging have a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions for Rantau Rice at UD. Putra Sultan Besuki.

Portuguese Jews and Dutch Spaniards: cultural fluidity and economic pragmatism in the early modern Caribbean

ABSTRACT Traditional studies of the seventeenth-century Atlantic world often describe it in terms of discreet imperial territories governed by distinct imperial systems. This study joins recent scholarship that has observed how the Atlantic and, more specifically, the Caribbean remained an entangled space rooted in the regional trade of both basic and lucrative commodities. This paper examines how Portuguese Jewish merchants in Curaçao helped facilitate mutually beneficial economic relationships between Spanish and Dutch ports that functioned independently of grander imperial designs. These relationships reveal that Portuguese Jewish, Spanish Catholic, and Dutch Protestant actors in the Caribbean could be flexible in their attitudes towards religious ‘others.’ The transfer of both goods and people (free and enslaved) across imperial borders in the Caribbean thus relied on a culture of pragmatic tolerance (but not necessarily acceptance) adopted by such diverse actors as Spanish and Dutch governors,asiento factors, and local and foreign merchants.

Extraction and application of extracellular polymeric substances from fungi.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are extracellular metabolites of microorganisms, highly associated with microbial function, adaptation, and growth. The main compounds in EPS have been revealed to be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, humic substances, lipids, etc. EPS are not only biomass, but also a biogenic material. EPS have high specific surface, abundant functional groups, and excellent degradability. In addition, they are more extensible to the environment than the microbial cells themselves, which exhibits their huge advantages. Therefore, they have been applied in many fields, such as the environment, ecosystem, basic commodities, and medicine. However, the functions of EPS highly depend on the suitable extraction process, as different extraction methods have different effects on their composition, structure, and function. There are many types of EPS extraction methods, in which physical and chemical methods have been widely utilized. This review summarizes the extraction methods and applications of EPS. In addition, it considers some important gaps in current knowledge, and indicates perspectives of EPS for their future study.

Analysis of Leading Commodities of Plantation Sub-Sector in Jombang Regency

Plantations are part of the agricultural sector which has an important role in improving the economy in a region. Jombang Regency is one of the regencies in East Java that has great potential in developing its plantation subsector by knowing the leading commodities of the plantation subsector in Jombang Regency. This study aims to analyze the basic commodities of the plantation sub-sector in Jombang Regency, analyze the development of commodities based on the plantation sub-sector in Jombang Regency, analyze the leading commodities of the plantation sub-sector in Jombang Regency. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of plantation production results of Jombang Regency in 2019-2020. The data analysis methods used in this study are Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share. The results showed that the leading commodities in Jombang Regency were coffee, tobacco, sugarcane and cocoa.

Towards energy security by promoting circular economy: A holistic approach

Dependence on fossil fuels, coupled with continuous supply disruptions by the most important natural gas suppliers, has jeopardized the energy security of most European countries. Therefore, determining the regions that can significantly increase their natural gas independence through the circular economy of their wastes is more important than ever. This work presents a multi-scale analysis to determine the possibility of implementing a circular economy towards reducing the regions dependency on fossil natural gas. A holistic approach is used to evaluate the availability of waste (manure, municipal solid waste, sludge, and lignocellulosic waste) and model the waste treatment processes (gasification and anaerobic digestion), together with a techno-economy analysis of the infrastructure required. A facility location problem optimizes the selection of the technology, the production capacity and the location of the facilities, according to the available budget. The analysis is focused on Spain, where, at the national level, an investment of 9458 M€ and an operating cost of 5000 M€ per year would allow covering 35% of the natural gas demanded. The regional analysis shows that a total of 19 provinces can be self-sufficient with this budget. These provinces have a high biomethane production potential through lignocellulosic waste gasification and a low demand for natural gas. Since energy is a basic commodity, the ability to produce enough biomethane to cover the entire demand for natural gas gives waste valorization strategic importance at both the social and economic levels.

What Determines the Domestic Prices of Agricultural Commodities in Pakistan?

Rarely a month passes-by in Pakistan without complains on the state of basic commodity markets, be it wheat or sugar, cotton or rice. Prices are too high for the consumers, or too low for the farmers; and often the government is asked to intervene, buying for or selling from stocks, prohibiting export or import, increasing or reducing import duties, introducing/withdrawing export taxes, or taking other measures to protect the consumer or producer. It is as if domestic prices can have a life on their own, with the government asked to guarantee “fair” prices for everbody. The resulting on-and-off policy intervention by the government is likely to have had a deleterious effect on the development of the domestic and international trade for these commodities. This is because of the uncertainty so generated, with the private traders always facing the risk of a regime change at a time when import or export contracts have already been signed. As a result too, the role of the state-owned Trading Corporation of Pakistan self-perpetuates, even if the government would like to see it minimised, as it is always being asked to intervene because of the private sector’s “failings”.

Dampak Kenaikan Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) Terhadap Pasar Modal Setelah Pandemi Covid-19

The increase in fuel prices is nothing new for the people of Indonesia. Fuel continues to increase from year to year which is quite significant in the state budget on the state expenditure side. Fuel has become the main need that is needed by the people of Indonesia to fulfill their daily needs. The increase in fuel prices is certain to trigger prices of basic commodities resulting in an inflation rate that triggers the capital market. Inflation has both good and bad effects on the economy. Inflation monitored in Indonesia in recent months shows that covid-19 has an impact on the country's economy, especially in the trade sector consisting of exports, imports, raw resources and capital goods. This study aims to determine the impact of rising fuel oil (BBM) prices on the capital market after the covid-19 pandemic. The data collection technique used in this research is literature study technique.

Dampak Kenaikan Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) Terhadap Pasar Modal Setelah Pandemi Covid-19

The increase in fuel prices is nothing new for the people of Indonesia. Fuel continues to increase from year to year which is quite significant in the state budget on the state expenditure side. Fuel has become the main need that is needed by the people of Indonesia to fulfill their daily needs. The increase in fuel prices is certain to trigger prices of basic commodities resulting in an inflation rate that triggers the capital market. Inflation has both good and bad effects on the economy. Inflation monitored in Indonesia in recent months shows that covid-19 has an impact on the country's economy, especially in the trade sector consisting of exports, imports, raw resources and capital goods. This study aims to determine the impact of rising fuel oil (BBM) prices on the capital market after the covid-19 pandemic. The data collection technique used in this research is literature study technique.

Enhancing quality-driven food consumption policies in Tunisia

In Tunisia, food security policies’ objectives are increasing production to satisfy the growing demand and reduce the food deficit rate (35% per year). Since 1980, intensive production system and government subsidies for basic commodities were used to enhance food availability. This article aims to analyze food quantitative security policy impact on Tunisian consumption model versus Mediterranean diet and to readjust policies for qualitative food security. Based on five-year National Statistics Institute surveys on household consumption from 1985 to 2015, ANOVA analysis shows the need to address rural and urban consumption separately. Three groups were identified through clustering by consumption deviation degree compared to 1985. Variables of consumption evolution were determined by linear regression: price, income, location, domestic production and a quality factor measuring the conformity degree with Mediterranean diet. In order to achieve a better adherence to Mediterranean diet, new measures and synergy should take place at several levels policy makers, producers and consumers.

Tinjauan Aspek Finansial Penggunaan Mobil Listrik dalam Upaya Mendukung Penurunan Emisi Gas CO2


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 The increase in the price of fuel oil (BBM) in the third quarter of 2022 will have a huge impact on the economy of the community. In addition to inflation, which was also followed by an increase in the price of basic commodities, this also reduced people's mobility in the use of oil-fueled vehicles. The government should use this as a momentum to promote the use of electric vehicles. On the other hand, the price of electric vehicles is still relatively high (expensive) when compared to oil-fueled vehicles. Although from a financial perspective, the use of electric vehicles can be more profitable if it is reviewed within a certain period. This can be shown by the lower cost per kilometer between electric vehicles compared to oil-fueled vehicles. From the point of view of cost comparison analysis over a certain period, the use of electric vehicles is more profitable than oil-fueled vehicles. It is hoped that the tendency of the community can be diverted to using electric vehicles. So that it can indirectly reduce the use of oil-fueled vehicles which is in line with efforts to reduce global warming.
 
 
 

ANALISIS HARGA, PENDAPATAN, DAN PERMINTAAN BAHAN POKOK DI MEDAN: SUATU KAJIAN LITERATUR

Price is one of the most important marketing factors and prices also influence consumer purchasing decisions. However, the importance of this factor is meaningless if companies do not understand how price influences consumer purchasing decisions and its role in creating competitive advantage. The discussion in this study aims to analyze the effect of prices and consumer income on the demand for basic commodities in the city of Medan. This study uses a literature review by collecting the theoretical basis of the relationship between demand and price in determining consumer income from the existing literature and analyzing the literature. The findings of the study show that there is a positive relationship between the price and demand variables on the income variable, so that in order to increase a seller, the price and demand must be increased. However, in the relationship between price and demand variables there is a positive relationship where the greater the price, the smaller the demand.Keywords: Price, Income and Demand for Basic Materials

Food crops base sector in Merauke Regency

The aim of the research is to find out the food crops base commodities, the food crops base commodities that are competitive and have a fast growth, and food crops base that are potential to be development priorities. The data used is secondary data covering all 20 districts in Merauke Regency. This study uses Location Quotient analysis and Shift Share analysis, as well as combination of both analyses. This study shows that rice is the food crops base commodity in six districts, corn in eight districts, soybean in three districts, cassava in sixteen districts, sweet potato in fifteen districts, peanut in five districts, and mung bean in seven districts. Basic food crop commodities that have fast growth are corn commodity that found in eight districts, and cassava in fifteen districts. The basic food crop commodities that become development priorities are cassava as the main priority commodity in one district, and second priority commodity is in fourteen districts. Corn as the second priority in five districts, and soybean as the second priority commodities in one district.

FLUKTUASI HARGA KEBUTUHAN POKOK PANGAN SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 DAERAH PRODUSEN JAWA TIMUR

The community's obstacle in fulfilling basic commodities is price fluctuations. Price fluctuations are influenced by supply and demand. Price fluctuation is frequently related to basic food needs of agricultural products since it is sensitive to climate change. Staple food which often experiences fluctuations is red chili, shallot and chicken egg. The pandemic period impacted and obstructed the community activities, including trading activities, especially the main staple producing areas of Malang, Blitar and Nganjuk regencies which are producing areas for red chili, shallot and chicken egg in East Java. The staple prices fluctuated before and during the pandemic. This study aims to analyze the level of price fluctuations of red chili, shallot and chicken egg before and during the pandemic with descriptive statistics and coefficients of variation. Factors causing price fluctuations were carried out by interviewing Industry and Trade Department and traders. The results showed that that red chili encountered high fluctuations before and during the pandemic (CV > 9%). The shallot commodity experienced high fluctuations before the pandemic in Blitar Regency while during the pandemic in Nganjuk Regency. Chicken eggs both before and during the pandemic was stable (CV < 9%). The price fluctuation factor before the pandemic tended to be influenced by the amount of supply (supply) while during the pandemic it was influenced by purchasing power loss (demand). During the pandemic, the agricultural sector became a safety sector in the covid-19 pandemic because food was a priority need, so production activities had to continue.

The Problem of Alleviating the Poor in the Special Autonomy Governance of Aceh Province

The issuance of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for the Province of the Special Region of Aceh as the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh are the efforts of the central government to improve the welfare of the people in Aceh Province. During the 20 years of the special autonomy, it has not played a significant role in alleviating the people’s poverty in Aceh. The dynamics of local politics, culture, and history, as well as the lack of organizational and managerial capacity at the sub-national and national levels, are suspected as the culprits of the failure of decentralization. The research objective is built on a perspective that refers to three specific aspects, namely the Governance Dynamics Perspective, the Governance Strategy Perspective, and the Governance Capacity Perspective, to analyze the governance of special autonomy in Aceh Province in alleviating the Poor. Through the literature study method, we will dig up a lot of accurate information and data related to the Alleviation of the Poor in the Special Autonomy Governance of Aceh Province. The research results found that the special autonomy going on so far was the designation of political agreements aimed at regional elites, not the general public. Local government administration's ineffective control is also influenced by the exogenous relationship between governance and regional development in alleviating poverty. In summary, the regional government of Aceh Province does not yet understand: (1) the need for supervision involving the community, (2) the absence of a monitoring mechanism so that the community is not affected, (3) local government effectiveness, (4) lack of information facilities, (5) coordination of public apparatus, (6) inefficient and ineffective service delivery, (7) lack of institutional capacity, (8) human resources, (9) the complexity of the central-regional relationship, (10) local elite power struggle, (11) in the Aceh Special Autonomy Law, regional leaders and local political parties have no responsibility or role in improving welfare. This causes (1) the imbalance between the income of the poor and the expenditure on primary and secondary needs, (2) the poor in Aceh cannot meet a decent standard of living due to low skills based on the size of the poverty line, (3) the quality and competence of human resources due to education cause low public participation in public policies, (4) high transaction costs due to limited access, low connectivity between regions, and limited supply of goods, production facilities, and infrastructure, (5) strategically fluctuating basic commodity prices and low regional government control.

ANALISIS DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN RUAS JALAN NASIONAL WAMENA-MULIA-SINAK

The basic infrastructure needs to be built in Papua is transportation, settlement and socio-economic infrastructure. Road infrastructure will open the isolation of a region so that it can interact and transact with other regions to meet each other's needs. Road construction certainly has positive and negative impacts on an area. The government, through the National Road Department, builds various road sections that connect regions in Papua. One of them is the Wamena-Mulia-Sinak section, which connects the Wamena, Sinak and Mulia areas. These three regions are still lagging behind other regions in Papua. This section of the road is built through mountains and ravines, so the route is quite extreme. This study aims to analyze the impacts that arise and regional developments in the area traversed by this section. The location of the research was carried out along the road and data analysis was carried out by qualitative methods. The results shown that the construction of roads brings positive benefits in the form of smoother and lower prices of basic commodities, shorter travel times, transportation reach the remote areas, ease transportation of building materials and opening the isolation between regions. The negative impact is related to the destruction of conservation areas and the declining quality of the environment. The areas traversed by this road segment is developing that marked by the growth of new settlements, the economy is moving forward and the increase in community social services