Basic Color Research Articles

COLOUR TERMS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: A CORPUS STUDY

Colour is a common physical phenomenon involving selective absorption, reflection or transmission of certain wavelengths of light. It is one of the fundamental properties of chemical compounds, which is particularly evident in the field of inorganic chemistry. The aim of this paper is to present colour terms used by scientists in the field of inorganic chemistry. We concentrate both on basic and non-basic colour terms – as understood by Berlin and Kay (1969). The research material is extracted from a corpus compiled with AntConc, consisting of abstracts published in Inorganic Chimica Acta, Inorganic Chemistry Communications, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry and ten other chemical journals. The size of the corpus is 1,626,380 words. The most frequent basic colour terms found in the abstracts are blue (370 occurrences), green (302) and red (222), whereas the non-basic terms include, among others, violet (46) and cyan (4). In this paper, we investigate the uses of these and other colour words, focusing mainly on their occurrence in names of chemical compounds and other terms as well as in descriptions.

KLASIFIKASI WARNA DALAM BAHASA MADURA DIALEK SUMENEP: ANALISIS BERLIN DAN KAY

The goal of this research is classifying the basic and non-basic colors of Sumenep Madurese dialect. This research is descriptive qualitative in which the data were analyzed using the universal color theory of Berlin and Kay (1969) and also an ethnolinguistic approach. As a result, the Sumenep Madurese dialect has six basic color names, namely potѐ 'white', celleng 'black', mѐra 'red', bhiru 'green', konѐng 'yellow', and cokklat 'brown', and also three color names classified in non-basic colors, namely bhiru 'biru', bungo 'purple', and bu-abu 'gray'. The color vocabularies in Sumenep Madurese dialect are in the form of lingual unit of word, such as the naming of basic colors because they are monolexemic, and lingual unit of phrase, such as derived colors from the basic or non-basic colors. The implicational hierarchy of basic colors in the Sumenep Madurese dialect is different from the implicational hierarchy of basic colors in Berlin and Kay's theory which was the result of 80 world language studies. The environment and the different habits of speech communities influence this difference. In brief, language as a cultural product affects the formation of the color lexicon.

Investigation of sustainable dyeing on cotton fabrics obtainedfrom extraction of popular avocado seeds in Vietnam

Avocado seeds in Viet Nam have more polyphenol content and high antioxidant activity. Avocado seeds have alarge amount of common waste every day, and they are not used much for other purposes. This investigation isaimed to set up the proper dyeing methods for cotton fabric 100% based on extracting colorants from avocadoseeds. Dyeing solutions were created by dissolving minced avocado seeds with the right moisture in distilled waterat 60◦C for 60 min. The liquor ratio used in the investigation is 1:10 for the extraction process and 1:30 for the dyeingcondition. The most suitable dyeing parameters were achieved at a dyeing temperature of 60◦C, a dyeing time of60 min with a dyeing solution concentration of 75% v/v, and pH = 7. Moreover, the common mordanting chemicalssuch as Tannin, CuSO4.5H2O, and FeSO4.7H2O were mordanted on cotton fabrics, which aimed to check how the color bonding level is strong or weak through values in the color system including1E, L∗a∗b∗, K/S. It can realize that mordanting chemicals had a strong impact on color fastness and color hue changes of cotton when dyed with solutions from avocado seeds that can create a diverse and attractive natural color collection.

Tikhonov Regularization of Circle-Valued Signals

It is common to have to process signals or images whose values are cyclic and can be represented as points on the complex circle, like wrapped phases, angles, orientations, or color hues. We consider a Tikhonov-type regularization model to smoothen or interpolate circle-valued signals defined on arbitrary graphs. We propose a convex relaxation of this nonconvex problem as a semidefinite program, and an efficient algorithm to solve it.

Combination of the lateral-flow immunoassay with multicolor gold nanorod etching for the semi-quantitative detection of digoxin.

We are the first to combine the lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA) with gold nanorod (GNR) etching to achieve a multicolor readout where the color produced was correlated with digoxin concentrations in human serum in the relevant range for therapeutic drug monitoring of 0.5-3.0 ng mL-1.

Investigation of Sustainable Dyeing on Cotton Fabrics Obtained From Extraction of Popular Avocado Seeds in Viet Nam

Avocado seeds in Viet Nam have more polyphenol content and high antioxidant activity. Avocado seeds have a large amount of common waste every day, and they are not used much for other purposes. This investigation is aimed to set up the proper dyeing methods for cotton fabric 100% based on extracting colorants from avocado seeds. Dyeing solutions were created by dissolving minced avocado seeds with the right moisture in distilled water at 60oC for 60 minutes. The liquor ratio used in the investigation is 1:10 for the extraction process and 1:30 for the dyeing condition. The most suitable dyeing parameters were achieved at a dyeing temperature of 60oC, a dyeing time of 60 minutes with a dyeing solution concentration of 75% v/v, and pH=7. Moreover, the common mordanting chemicals such as Tannin, CuSO4.5H2O, and FeSO4.7H2O were mordanted on cotton fabrics, which aimed to check how the color bonding level is strong or weak through values in the color system including DE, L*a*b*, K/S. It can realize that mordanting chemicals had a strong impact on color fastness and color hue changes of cotton when dyed with solutions from avocado seeds that can create a diverse and attractive natural color collection.

Phytochemical and physicochemical evaluation, and photoprotection, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activities of the floral extract of Schubertia grandiflora Mart. & Zucc. (Apocynaceae)

Schubertia grandiflora is a species belonging to the floral of the Cerrado domain, presented annually with aromatic flowers. The study aimed to evaluate the hydroethanolic floral extract of S. grandiflora for phytochemistry, physicochemical and photoprotection, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Fresh flowers were collected and the floral extract produced by maceration. Qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out for the main phytochemical classes, organoleptic physico-chemical parameters, extract mass, moisture content, pH, relative density, refractive index, phenolic and total flavonoid contents, color density, Hue tint, and tests biological factors for protection factor, DPPH free radical reduction activities, antifungal and antibacterial. Phytochemistry has demonstrated the presence of several groups of important metabolites mainly in pharmaceutical use, visual color of the citrus yellow floral extract, aromatic and homogeneous, extract mass = 12.57%, moisture content = 6.21%, pH = 5.85, refractive index = 1.4217 nD, relative density 0.9044 g mL-1 20 °C, total phenolics = 238.83 mg GAE 100 g-1 dried extract, total flavonoids = 17.93 mg QC 100 g-1 dried extract, color density = 1.05, Hue color = 8.24, protection factor UVA and UVC, antioxidant activity with CI50 = 9.44 µg mL-1. Antifungal activity demonstrated inhibition zone only for Candida tropicalis between 10-6 mm and for Candida krusei between 18-5 mm, and antibacterial for Escherichia coli between 13-7 mm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa between 21-5 mm and Enterococcus faecalis between 32-17 mm. The hydroethanolic floral extract of Schubertia grandiflora demonstrated potential biological activities, characterizing this natural product for the development of pharmaceutical, biological and agricultural formulations.

A study on colour harmony and consumer perception of shampoo packages displayed on screen

This study aims to establish a relationship of package colour with colour harmony and consumers' perception of product quality. Specifically, it focuses on the package design of hair shampoo bottle generating observer's positive emotions and expectations. Forty shampoo bottle package stimuli with 10 different colours and 4 different images of packages were presented to 70 participants and their psychological responses for colour harmony, quality, liking and effectiveness were recorded using semantic differential method. Two major findings were identified, the first one being, colour harmony of shampoo bottle packages and liking are highly correlated with each other (R = 0.94 and p = 0.05) and with quality (R = 0.86 and p = 0.05 and R = 0.89 and p = 0.05) respectively. In the second finding, the differences in colour attributes like Chroma, Lightness, and Hue of package colours also affected the observer's responses towards the four semantic scales.

Are Digital Methods Sufficiently Successful in Colour Determination for Monolithic All-Ceramic Crowns?

The aim of this study was to compare the visual assessment of tooth shade with the measurement using intraoral scanner (IOS) and spectrophotometer devices. The colour for a single unit implant supported crown was measured visually, using IOS, and spectrophotometer. The results of the digital methods were compared with the visual measurement. A complete colour match with the visual measurement was in 42.9% of cases for IOS, and in 33.3% of cases for spectrophotometry. The match in the colour value, hue, and chroma were in 61.9%, 95.2%, and 66.7% of cases, respectively, for the IOS; and in 61.9%, 61.9%, and 66.7% of cases, respectively, for the spectrophotometry. The differences between the IOS and spectrophotometry were not statistically significant. The most reliable method for tooth colour selection is the visual measurement by an experienced dentist. IOS and spectrophotometer can be used as an alternative method, however in both cases they should be verified using visual measurement.

Effect of Different Packaging Atmosphere on Microbiological Shelf Life, Physicochemical Attributes, and Sensory Characteristics of Chilled Poultry Fillets.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of overwrap, vacuum, and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on poultry breast fillets' microbiological, biochemical shelf life and sensory attributes. The fillets were divided into 4 groups, and each of the treatments was replicated 3 times with 60 breast fillets. The first group was a control group with overwrap packaging; the second group was vacuum packed (VP); the third and fourth groups were MAP-1: 0% O2, 40% CO2, 60% N2, and MAP-2: 20% O2, 40% CO2, 40% N2. The microbiological and biochemical analyses were performed for the total viable count, coliform count, Pseudomonas count, Salmonella count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, cooking loss, color, lipid oxidation, tenderness, and sensory analysis. The data were analysed through two-way ANOVA by Minitab (Minitab 17.3.1). Meat treated with understudy MAP compositions and vacuum packaging reduced total viable count, Pseudomonas count, and total coliform count than control (p<0.05). TVB-N remained below the recommended limit throughout storage except aerobic packaging (p<0.05). Cooking loss (%) was lowered and showed non-significant results (p>0.05) between vacuum packaging and both MAP concentrations. The meat stored in MAP-2 was characterised by higher (p<0.05) visual scores. Whilst MAP-1 showed higher (p<0.05) L* values and overall acceptability. Sample packaged under aerobic packaging showed significant (p<0.05) results for b* and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Meat stored in aerobic packaging showed higher (p<0.05) shear force values. The outcome of this trial may help to promote the application of understudy MAP compositions and rapid detection of microbes by biochemical analysis under local conditions.

Unraveling characterizations of bacterial community and spoilage profiles shift in chilled pork during refrigerated storage

Changes in bacterial community composition and bacterial counts of chilled pork during storage at 4 °C were unraveled by culture-dependent method and culture-independent method. Physical and chemical analyses including drip loss, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, and surface color were also performed to estimate its quality and shelf life. A total of 37 phyla, 575 genera and 843 species were identified in all samples by high-throughput sequencing technology during 10 days’ storage. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phylum. At the genus level, Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pantoea spp., Brochothrix spp. and Raoultella spp. were the dominant genera with their average relative abundance above 5%. In addition, 12 species with average relative abundance more than 1% were found. These dominant bacteria were main pathogenic or spoilage bacteria, and seriously affected the quality of chilled meat. Based on the results of total viable counts (TVC), TVB-N level and sensory evaluation, the shelf life of chilled pork stored at 4 °C was no more than 3 days. Through the analyses of the TVC and the microbial community structure during the spoilage of chilled pork, the main microorganisms causing spoilage were revealed, which will guide significance for further control microbial quality of chilled pork.

Towards modulating the colour hues of isoindigo-based electrochromic polymers through variation of thiophene-based donor groups

This paper demonstrated that the hues of both neutral and oxidised colours of isoindigo-based donor–acceptor polymers could be tuned subtly by means of variation of the number and type of donor groups.

СИМВОЛЬНА МОВА КОЛЬОРІВ ПЕРВІСНОЇ ГАРМОНІЇ В ЖИВОПИСІ КИЇВСЬКИХ МИТЦІВ КІНЦЯ ХХ – ПОЧАТКУ XXI СТОЛІТТЯ

The article focuses on the symbolic language of basic colours – white, black and gray; preconditions for the formation of the hierarchical structure of the colours of archetypal harmony, their impact on the modern language of painting. The definition of the symbolic language of colour is due to the understanding of its role in art and culture, the manifestation of its genesis through – spiritual or everyday. Based on the important role of sacred content in determining the hierarchy of colours, the symbolic meaning of white, black, and gray is clarified on the example of the works of Kyiv artists – I. Pylypenko, A. Kryvolap, V. Gurin, and others. In the balance of these colours, gray symbolizes the beginning and the end, inspiring artists to philosophical search. The development of individual creativity is often shaped by artistic trends, which in turn reveal the role of colour in relation to culture, and because of assimilation of works to the cultural trend from which the artist draws inspiration. Contemporary art is an environment of mixing modern and archaic cultures, for which the scale of sacred colours is more subject to the individual preferences of the author or audience than traditional principles. The connection with ancestors for the Ukrainian people is not an abstract concept, its power is passed down through generations, and despite the prevalence of the world spiritual, the former retains a sacred tone, which in turn is reflected in colour. The symbol plays a joining link between people and art, faith and religion, nature, and science, finding ways to connect each of these bases in the harmonious unity of culture. The issue of colour semantics in the modern context, namely communication with the audience, is becoming one of the main, which requires constant research in the field of public relations, the art of which is becoming increasingly relevant.

Исследование свойств волосяного покрова шкурок лисопесцового гибрида «блюфрост»

Breeding of new types of caged animals is an urgent task of modern fur farming. The skins of fur animals are valued for the diversity of hair color, which is the result of genetic variability due to multiple mutations in the basic color typical of the original wild animal species. Hair color is one of the main breeding traits of great practical importance. Significant economically useful features include the length and thickness of different categories of hair, the evenness of the hairline, depending on the topographical area of the skin of a fur-bearing animal. The skins of the bluefrost fox hybrid, as well as the skins of the silver-black fox and the veil fox, as the hybrid was obtained by crossing them, served as the material for the research. The article presents the results of a study of indicators suitable for identifying the hairline of the skins of the fox hybrid bluefrost, veil fox and silver-black fox. An analysis of the parameters of the hairline is presented: the true length of each category of hair, the thickness of the hair shaft, the pattern and the ratio of the pigment distribution in the shaft of different categories of hair. The studies were carried out in three topographic areas: scruff, rump, and rump.

Назви за oсновни фарби у лексично-сематичним полю фарби руского язика

The main goal of this research is to present basic colour terms in the lexical-semantic field of colour of the Backa-Srem Rusin (Ruthenian) chromatic terminology, which has not been studied in Slavic studies so far. Rusin equivalents to the basic colour terms distinguished by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay in their work Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, gray) are bila, cams, cevena , Helena, zovta/zolta , belava, braon, llova , celova , pomarancecova/pomarandzecova and siva; the equivalents zovta and pomarancecova are characteristic for the inhabitants of Ruski Krstur whereas the equivalents zolta and pomarandzecova are characteristic for the inhabitants of Kucura. The research corpus is mainly composed of Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary and Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary. The analysis has shown that the basic colour terms often coincide in two genetically related languages such as Rusin and Serbian but there are many important differences. The Rusin lexeme bila has the equivalents bela and plava in Serbian, and the Rusin lexeme belavahas the equivalents plavaand sedain Serbian when naming hair or beard. There are several cases when an adjective that conveys a given colour is necessary in one language but not in the other (e.g. Rusin cibul'a : Serbian crniluk, Rusin zel'ena pasul'a : Serbian boranija). Most of the chromatic terms are of Slavic origin (“ belv &gt; bila, “сыпъ&gt; cama, “siv&gt;siva, “zelenъ &gt;zel'ena, “ztv&gt;zolta/zovta) but loanwords have been increasingly used for nuanced purposes, e.g. azurna, teget, akvamarin, tirkizna in recent decades; some of them remain unchanged, e.g. blond, braon, drap, krem, bez and oker in both languages, and lila and roze only in Serbian. The lexeme colour in both researched Slavic languages is not of Slavic origin; the lexeme boja in the Serbian language originates from Turkish (Turkish boya), and the lexeme farba in Rusin (as well as in Serbian when the term refers to non-linguistic entities) is of German origin (German farbe).

SEMANTIKA SRPSKIH PRIDEVA ZA JEDANAEST NEOSNOVNIH BOJA („BORDO“, „TIRKIZNA“, „ZLATNA“, „BEŽ“, „SREBRNA“, „TEGET“, „OKER“, „LILA“, „CIKLAMA“, „KREM I „PINK“)

The paper elaborates on the semantics of the 11 Serbian non-basic colour terms – namely, the adjectival lexemes bordo; burgundy, tirkizna; turquoise, zlatna; gold/golden, bež; beige, srebrna; silver, teget; navy (blue), oker; ochre, lila; lilac, ciklama; fuchsia, krem; cream, and pink; vivid pink. The given terms represent a counterpart of the 11 basic colour terms, or BCTs, first named so by Berlin and Kay in 1969. Based on the free word-associations, collected from 142 examinees, all of whom are native Serbian speakers, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) primary associations for (a) lila, and (b) tirkizna are the natural colours of (a) ‘flowering plants’, and (b) ‘the sea’ (a dominant association) as well as ‘the sky’ (a secondary association), respectively. Moreover, these are descriptive definitions of the Serbian BCTs (a) ljubičasta; purple, and (b) plava; blue, respectively (lila and tirkizna are shades of ljubičasta and plava, respectively); (2) bordo, krem, and oker evoke mental images of various artificial entities from the extralinguistic context. Thus, for example, available associations for bordo are cosmet- ics, clothing items, home textiles, cars, etc. Nevertheless, the natural referents ‘a sour cherry’ (Serb. višnja), ‘a cherry’, and ‘blood’ are also mentioned. As for the non-basic term oker, it is percieved to be the colour of ‘walls’, ‘clothing items’, ‘footwear’, as well as ‘human/animal excrement’, ‘a dog’, and ‘autumn’. Finally, krem brings to mind certain ‘food’ associations, mostly ‘Eurocrem’, that is, a two-coloured (brown and white) hazelnut- and cocoa-flavoured sweet milk chocolate spread. Still, the associations here are also those of ‘skin’, ‘nails’, and ‘cof- fee’; (3) the primary associations of pink are ‘TV Pink and its owner Mr. Željko Mitrović’; (4) teget and ciklama are percieved to be predominatly the colours of ‘male and female clothing’, respectively. As a matter of fact, ciklama is a shade of pink and it is commonly associated with ‘feminine’ and ‘femininity’ as well as ‘flowers’, ‘a beetroot’, and ‘sweets’; (5) srebrna and zlatna basically evoke mental images of ‘silver and gold/golden jewelry’, respectively. Another fre- quent association here is that of ‘silver and gold(en) medals, trophies, plaques, and awards’, all of which are administered to the first and second place winners, respectively; (6) finally, beige is a neutral colour which is typically associated with ‘human/animal skin’, ‘wood’ and ‘wood products’, as well as ‘white coffee’, ‘edible or cosmetic cream’, etc.

Сопоставительный анализ английских, русских и еврейских идиом золота и серебра

The article explores about 320 English, Russian, and Hebrew silver idioms, and also compares trilingual gold and silver idioms (GOIS and SIS, respectively), which has not been the subject of research until now. In quantitative terms, there is an advantage for golden idioms over silver idioms, the ratio of these metaphors in three languages is similar to the ratio of black and gray idioms. The prevalence of unique silver idioms in English and their absence in Hebrew is noted. The article discusses the lack of opposition to other colors and the parallel of GOIS &amp; SIS (GOSIS) in the designation of material and spiritual wealth, the highest achievements, with SIS symbolizing usually less wealth and always the second most important achievement. A parallel is noted between silver metaphors and gray metaphors only in the meaning of senior and the productivity of GSIS in many areas of science and society in addition to trilingual metaphors that have existed for several centuries. There is a special activity at the present time with silver metaphors in the meaning of senior. Associative chains of GSI are organized into the following microsystems: 1. A. Nature. Flora. Fauna. Weather. Body. B. Human activity. Cooking. Anxiety. The medicine. Drugs. Money, coins. Economical - Profitable - Debit Card - Labor-Professionals. Society. A multiple of 25-50. Computers, technology. Sports, competitions. Art. Photography - Cinema. C. Mental, moral, ethical problems. Wealth, wealth - happy, rich - precious, excellent, value. Harmonious, moderate. An unattainable dream. Eloquent. Deceptive, shiny. Betrayal. Polysemy characterizes GOSIS to a lesser extent than basic color metaphors, but that is why several GOSIS can be associated with different microsystems at the same time.

A Study on the Modern Fashion Design Using the Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Shadow Play

Chinese shadow puppetry constitutes the intangible heritage of the Chinese traditional culture. In its long history, its costumes reflect the unique cultural characteristics of each era. Moreover , the unique expression of shadow puppet art applies various elements and characteristics in designing personalized and artistic costumes, which not only display the regional culture of Chinese national art but also puts forward new design concepts. Therefore, this study obtained inspiration from multiple aspects of Chinese traditional shadow puppets, including artistic images; characteristics of figures in shadow puppets and their joint actions; collocation of traditional colors; combination of light and shadow; and created works. Specifically, such an inspiration included methods of creation, forms, materials, colors, and patterns. Afterward, the results were applied to the design and development of modern fashion. First, it connected various shadow puppet workmodes , which have been separated from creation methods. Five Chinese traditional colors were selected as basic and major colors, whereas leather, which is the basic material for shadow puppets, was used as the basis for using multiple materials, such as transparent fabric and PVC . Moreover, patterns were created through the inspiration obtained from figures in the shadow puppets. In other words, the fashion design considered various elements and characteristics of shadow puppets. Four sets of works with unique artistic characteristics was produced. This thesis highlights shadow puppets, which is a Chinese traditional culture, as the basis of design and analyzes the segmented bodies, costumes, and ornaments of figures in shadow puppets and produced modern form features. On this basis, the study designed shadow puppet works that reflect contemporaneity and originality. Therefore, this research integrated the forms of the traditional esthetic sense of Chinese traditional shadow puppetry with modern fashion design and puts forward new design possibilities. In addition, the study hopes that the Chinese traditional culture will inspire fashion design and will continue to explore new designs that combine traditional and modern beauty.

Structural variations on the surface of metallic products at laser marking

Laser marking of products and details is used more and more wide in different production areas, because it has undisputable advantages in comparison with other marking methods. Action of laser beam on the surface of marking product is the principal feature of laser marking. It is accompanied with local heating of this surface and its partial melting together with material evaporation from the surface contact point. Influence of laser impulse action on efficiency of marking on the surface of machine-building details is examined in this work. The samples of 08Kh18N10 steel were used as material. Marking was conducted by the system &ldquo;MiniMarker 2-20A4&rdquo;, QR code was used as a marker. The marking parameters were optimized via the method of experimental design. The optimal marking procedure for getting maximal contrast of QR code was calculated and experimentally confirmed. Steel surface roughness was analyzed using profilograms. Contrasting effect and roughness of code were determined and relationship between these parameters was revealed. Contrast effect of marking increases with elevation of roughness. However, roughness has less input in increase of contrast effect comparing with colour hue of the surface of an information block and substrate. The link between surface roughness and contrast effect of marking is shown. Possibility of contrast effect assessment of QR code using profilometer is suggested. The reported study was financially supported by the&nbsp;Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian&nbsp;Federation, research agreement No. 075-11-2019-066 of&nbsp;22.11.2019, project title &ldquo;Development of high-tech production&nbsp;of equipment and technologies for laser coding of&nbsp;transported goods and their optical identification for the&nbsp;implementation in modern material flow management systems&rdquo;&nbsp;(within the framework of decree of the Government&nbsp;of the Russian Federation, No. 218 of 09.04.2010).

COLOUR TERMS IN BAHDINI KURDISH PROVERBS

Colour is a strong communication method which, despite their denotative meanings, conveys different positive and negative messages since their meanings and connotations are language and culture based. The present study aims at investigating the meanings and the frequency of colour terms used in Bahdini Kurdish proverbs. To conduct the present study, data have been collected from different Kurdish proverb books. The results arrived at in the present study showed that the shades and hues of the basic colour terms are used a little in Kurdish proverbs compared with the basic colour terms. The colours are not occurred equally in Kurdish proverbs. Each colour term gives a different meaning, and sometimes the same connotation is interpreted by more than one colour term. Moreover, they have both positive and negative connotations.