Basic Cognitive Processes Research Articles

Which Factors Modulate Letter Position Coding in Pre-literate Children?

One of the central landmarks of learning to read is the emergence of orthographic processing (i.e., the encoding of letter identity and letter order): it constitutes the necessary link between the low-level stages of visual processing and the higher-level processing of words. Regarding the processing of letter position, many experiments have shown worse performance in various tasks for the transposed-letter pair judge-JUDGE than for the orthographic control jupte-JUDGE. Importantly, 4-y.o. pre-literate children also show letter transposition effects in a same-different task: TZ-ZT is more error-prone than TZ-PH. Here, we examined whether this effect with pre-literate children is related to the cognitive and linguistic skills required to learn to read. Specifically, we examined the relation of the transposed-letter in a same-different task with the scores of these children in phonological, alphabetic and metalinguistic awareness, linguistic skills, and basic cognitive processes. To that end, we used a standardized battery to assess the abilities related with early reading acquisition. Results showed that the size of the transposed-letter effect in pre-literate children was strongly associated with the sub-test on basic cognitive processes (i.e., memory and perception) but not with the other sub-tests. Importantly, identifying children who may need a pre-literacy intervention is crucial to minimize eventual reading difficulties. We discuss how this marker can be used as a tool to anticipate reading difficulties in beginning readers.

Neuroticism and Attention Toward Sexual and Non-Sexual Images During an Oddball Task: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials.

While previous research has argued that neuroticism is a vulnerability factor for the experience of sexual difficulties, the basic cognitive processes associated with the impact of such a personality trait on the processing of sexually explicit stimuli are less understood. The current study examined the influence of neuroticism on the attentional processes and its neurophysiological correlates during the perception of sexual and non-sexual images. Event-related potentials from 30 women and 28 men were recorded during a modified oddball paradigm in which participants of both sexes visualized stimuli from three different categories (sexual, non-sexual positive, and non-sexual negative), and two arousal levels (high and low arousal). A P1 latency effect was found for female participants, in which high neuroticism was associated with longer latencies for pornographic compared to romantic sexual images. Higher levels of neuroticism were also associated with higher P3 amplitudes for highly arousing images, with both sexual and non-sexual content. Results were interpreted in light of the information processing model of sexual arousal and showed that neuroticism seems to impact both automatic and conscious pathways of processing of sexual stimuli.

Photovoltaic power generation and its overview and total analysis

Photovoltaic power generation has the characteristics of high efficiency, low pollution and good flexibility, but photovoltaic panels have many defects such as high pollution, high energy consumption and large space career. Solar thermal power generation technology mainly includes tower solar thermal power generation system, trough solar thermal power generation system and dish solar thermal power generation system. He design of the enforcement of this is to trim back water system custom and machine-driven tearing to industrial plant can be utilized to salvage instance of do work The metastatic tumor catching is doing with the assistance of the accomplished practiced physician and earliest affiliation it Gregorian calendar month be assistive. The chance of quality non achievement requirement be at that place. It produces the quantity of non-achievement in the respiratory organ malignant neoplastic disease spotting which postulate a self-loading personal manner. Subsequently, the paper purpose at cardinal perception of malignant neoplastic disease through with a self-loading operation to modification anthropoid error and production the grouping lesser high-fidelity and non-accomplishment escaped. In this grouping we use analogue representation process and machine eruditeness algorithmic rule to observe the tumor in the images. Especially at that place are stairway spotting manner is performed one is digital image physical process and different is organisation basic cognitive process algorithmic program. In whole number image physical process internal representation transferred property, grey scale changeover, noise diminution, binarization of representation.

Introduction to Michelene Chi's Rumelhart Paper.

The Rumelhart Prize was awarded to Professor Michelene (Micki) T. H. Chi in 2019. In honor of that award and its recipient, we are pleased to publish the paper which was inspired by her Rumelhart address at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. In that paper, she asks three core questions: (1) why decades of research have made only minor impacts on classroom teaching and learning, (2) whether this is a problem of diagnoses or application, and (3) what can be done, at this point in history, to close the gap between research findings and classroom implementation. Micki's beginnings as a researcher were contemporaneous with the beginnings of Cognitive Science itself—both began in the early 1970s. Early in her graduate career, she published her first paper, Chi and Chase (1972), “Effects of modality and similarity on context recall” in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. Her 1981 paper, “Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices” (Chi, Feltovich, & Glaser, 1981), has become a citation classic with 2,984 citations to date. Indeed, of her five most cited papers, four have been cited more than 1,000 times each. However, as the past Executive Editor of Topics in Cognitive Science I am pleased that I solicited her fifth most cited paper for the first issue of this journal in January 2009. As this Chi (2009) paper is 12 years younger than any other of her top five, we are pleased that it has been cited 736 times. Indeed, we look forward to having that paper, as well as her newest paper, surpass all of her current top four papers in scholarly impact! Micki's research has focused on different issues across the decades. The 1970s were her period of looking at differences in basic cognitive processes between children and adults. With the 1980s, newer techniques and questions arose which reflected the modern beginnings of cognitive science. In this period, her above-mentioned 1981 paper, published in our sister journal Cognitive Science, captured the zeitgeist of the times and, as of May 2021, has also captured 2,985 citations. A less well cited but an equally good representative of the explosion of new questions and new directions was the Chi and Koeske (1983) paper titled “Network representation of a child's dinosaur knowledge,” which focuses on a single subject—a 4-year old boy, with an encyclopedic knowledge of over 40 different types of dinosaurs. The 1990s began with a shift in Micki's work towards the topic of “self-explanations.” This topic arrived with a roar in her 1989 paper titled “Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems” (Chi, Bassok, Lewis, Reimann, & Glaser, 1989). A series of papers on self-explanation followed, including seminal work on the role of self-explanation in learning (e.g., Chi, 1997, 2005, 2009, 2011; Chi & VanLehn, 1991; Chi & Wylie, 2014; Chi et al., 2018; Chi, De Leeuw, Chiu, & Lavancher, 1994; Chi, Roscoe, Slotta, Roy, & Chase, 2012; Chi, Siler, Jeong, Yamauchi, & Hausmann, 2001; Chi, Slotta, & De Leeuw, 1994; Hashem, Chi, & Friedman, 2003; VanLehn, Jones, & Chi, 1992). This annotated history of Chi's work brings us more or less to the present. The stream of her life's work, especially in the past 20 years, has shown that theory can be applied to improve teaching and learning. However, knowing what produces results is a very different type of knowledge than is knowing how to get others to understand what they must do to produce results—especially when each class of students, each classroom teacher, and each set of classroom resources differ one from the other. How can the key insights gained by laboratory research and the occasional, classroom implementation of laboratory insights, be brought to bear in the everyday world of primary and secondary school teaching? How can the research be packaged so as to avoid what might seem to be vacuous generalities while enabling classroom elementary and high school teachers to first understand and then harness the insights of cognitive science theory for everyday classroom practice? That is the question which Michelene T. H. Chi addresses in her current work and that is the focus of her Rumelhart Paper published in this invited paper of topiCS.

Social cognition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and idiopathic developmental neuropsychiatric disorders

Background22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common recurrent neurogenetic condition associated with elevated risk for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and intellectual disability. Children and adults with 22q11DS often exhibit marked social impairment as well as neurocognitive deficits, and have elevated rates of both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychosis. However, the relationship between the basic processes of social cognition and cognitive ability has not been well studied in 22q11DS. Here, we examined differences in social cognition in 22q11DS, relative to multiple groups of idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders, and typically developing healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we examined differences in intellectual functioning and its relationship to social cognitive abilities. Finally, we examined the relationship between social cognitive abilities and real-world social behavior.MethodsWe examined social cognition and intellectual functioning in 273 participants (mean age = 17.74 ± 5.18% female = 44.3%): 50 with 22q11DS, 49 youth with first episode psychosis (FEP), 48 at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, 24 participants with ASD, and 102 HC. Social cognition was assessed using The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), while reciprocal social behavior was assessed via parent/caregiver ratings on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Participants were also administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2nd edition (WASI-II) to assess intellectual functioning.ResultsThe 22q11DS group exhibited significantly lower social cognitive abilities compared to CHR, FEP, and HC groups after controlling for intellectual functioning, but not in comparison to the ASD group. Significant positive correlations were found between social cognition, as measured by the TASIT and IQ across groups. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between TASIT and real-world social behavior (SRS) for any group.ConclusionsOur findings indicate social cognitive deficits are more prominent in 22q11DS than idiopathic neuropsychiatric conditions across the age range, even after adjusting for global intellectual function. These results contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and social vulnerabilities of 22q11DS in comparison to idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings of robust associations between intellectual ability and social cognition emphasizes the importance of accounting for neurocognitive deficits in social skills interventions and tailoring these existing treatment models for 22q11DS and other populations with intellectual impairment.

Detection and prevention of Phishing Attacks

Phishing is one amongst the main issues visaged by cyber-world and ends up in monetary losses for each industries and people. Detection of phishing attack with high accuracy has forever been a difficult issue. At present, visual similarities-based techniques square measure terribly helpful for police work phishing websites expeditiously. Phishing web site appearance terribly similar in look to its corresponding legitimate web site to deceive users into basic cognitive process that they are browsing the right web site. Visual similarity primarily based phishing detection techniques utilize the feature set like text content, text format, HTML tags, Cascading sheet (CSS), image, then forth, to form the choice. These approaches compare the suspicious web site with the corresponding legitimate web site by victimisation numerous options and if the similarity is larger than the predefined threshold price then it is declared phishing [2].

MAGNITIVE: Effectiveness and Feasibility of a Cognitive Training Program Through Magic Tricks for Children With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. A Second Clinical Trial in Community Settings.

Previous studies have explored the impact of magic tricks on different basic cognitive processes yet there is a need of examining effectiveness of a cognitive training program through magic tricks for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study examines the effectiveness and feasibility of the MAGNITIVE program, a manualized intervention for cognitive training through the learning of magic tricks. A total of 11 children with ADHD (from 8 to 12 years) participated in separated groups of two different community settings (hospital center and school), and were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and a 3-month later follow-up in different tasks involving processing speed, sustained attention, selective attention, and mental flexibility. Using non parametric statistical analyses and Reliable Change Index, the results showed that these children receiving MAGNITIVE particularly improved their performance in sustained attention, shifting attention, and mental flexibility, changes were also observed in processing speed performance yet further research is needed in terms of selective attention and inhibition, given the great individual differences within this sample. Changes were maintained when the program was finished. In terms of viability, the study proved a good treatment integrity in different contexts (hospital and school setting), adherence to the curriculum (attendance and some practice at home), and high levels of engagement satisfaction. In this second clinical trial, MAGNITIVE program appears to be a feasible training program for children with ADHD, as an alternative for medication when possible.

How cognitive conflict affects judgments of learning: Evaluating the contributions of processing fluency and metamemory beliefs.

Previous research has documented that cognitive conflict affects basic cognitive processes such as memory, reasoning, and attention allocation. However, little research has explored whether its effect can be extended to higher cognitive processes such as metacognitive monitoring. The current study took a novel variant of a Stroop task that employed words presented in a color opposite to the color of the object itself (e.g., heart, presented in green) or same as the color of the object (e.g., forest, presented in green) as targets, an important form of metacognitive monitoring-judgments of learning (JOLs) was used as the measurement index to investigate the influence of cognitive conflict on metacognitive monitoring and to delineate the potential mechanisms underlying the cognitive conflict effect on JOLs. In Experiment 1, results showed that participants gave higher JOLs to consistent than to conflict words, even though cognitive conflict had little influence on memory recall. Experiment 2, employing a self-paced study task, found that conflict words were processed less rapidly than consistent ones, and the difference in processing fluency significantly mediated the cognitive conflict effect on JOLs. Experiment 3 employed an observer-learner task; the mediation analysis showed a complete mediation role of metamemory beliefs (observation JOLs) in the relationship between word type and JOLs. In Experiment 4, research results suggested that participants' beliefs about processing fluency played an important role in the cognitive conflict effect. To conclude, cognitive conflict is a reliable factor affecting higher cognitive processes (metamemory monitoring). Both processing fluency and metamemory beliefs tend to contribute to the cognitive conflict effect.

The precautious nature of prestige: When leaders are hypervigilant to subtle signs of social disapproval.

Some group leaders exhibit hypervigilance to signs of social disapproval and that vigilance manifests at basic levels of social information processing such as visual attention and face perception. The current research tests hypotheses about when, why, and in whom such vigilance occurs. Across 2 pilot studies and 5 experiments (N = 1,667) we find that, when their social relationships are at stake, prestige-oriented leaders (but not dominance-oriented leaders) overperceive signs of social discontent and disapproval. When delivering public (but not private) critical feedback to subordinates, prestige-oriented leaders attended vigilantly to social cues, especially negative emotional expressions indicating social discontent (Experiment 1). When delivering public (but not private) critical feedback, prestige-oriented leaders were also biased toward perceiving smiles as disingenuous (Experiment 2). Experimental manipulations of prestige produced similar results, suggesting that an orientation toward prestige causes leaders to perceive smiles as disingenuous (Experiment 3), interpret neutral facial expressions as concealing negative, rather than positive, emotions (Experiment 4), and fixate their attention on social cues (Experiment 5). Consistent with error management theory, hypervigilance to signs of social discontent and disapproval may prompt prestige-oriented leaders to strengthen their social relationships and help them avoid losing the support of their group. These findings are among the first to illuminate basic cognitive processes underlying the psychology of prestige. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Metaphorical meanings of colour in abstract art

ABSTRACT The present paper focuses on the figurative senses of abstract art, which can be rooted in human bodily experiences, interconnections between cognitive domains as well as mental concepts arising from the perception of colour. We take a closer look at the works of art created by, among others, Wassily Kandinsky, Yves Klein, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman and analyse particular uses of colour in search of their deeper meaning expressed beyond the purely material surface. The concepts of physiognomic perception, emotional responses to art, and synaesthesia are briefly discussed as well. However, it is Joseph Grady's theory of primary metaphors which is the main point of reference for the undertaken discussion and interpretation of colour applications and their possible meanings. Even if declared abstract and non-semantic, the discussed works of art evoke certain emotions and reactions due to basic cognitive operations resulting from correlations in experience (they constitute an essence of primary metaphors). As proved in the body of this paper, they render some works of art metaphorical.

Cognitive underpinnings of multidimensional Japanese literacy and its impact on higher-level language skills

This study aimed to identify the cognitive underpinnings of Japanese kanji abilities and clarify the contributions of kanji acquisition to the development of higher-level language skills based on a three-dimensional view of kanji abilities encompassing reading accuracy, writing accuracy, and semantic comprehension. First, a series of regression analyses was used to identify the multifactorial models of each dimension of Japanese kanji acquisition. These models suggest that, among basic cognitive skills, naming speed, visuospatial processing, and syntactic processing underpin kanji abilities in a dimension-specific manner, whereas phonological processing is a common factor. Second, although all the dimensions of kanji abilities predicted acquired verbal knowledge equally, writing skills on the text level, measured as idea density, were only predicted by the writing dimension (indirectly via acquired knowledge). Our findings represent the first evidence of the dimension-specific relationships of the three dimensions of Japanese kanji abilities with their cognitive predictors, as well as with higher-level language skills. They suggest the importance of handwriting acquisition during school years for the development of language skills through to adulthood. Finally, taking the seminal “Nun study,” which suggests that higher idea density is protective against dementia, into account, we propose a theoretical framework for the lifelong trajectory of literacy acquisition.

No Effects of Acute Psychosocial Stress on Working Memory in Older People With Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been considered a public health threat due to its growing prevalence, particularly in the older population. It is important to know the effects of psychosocial stress and its potential consequences for some basic cognitive processes that are important in daily life. Currently, there is very little information about how people with T2D face acute psychosocial stressors, and even less about how their response affects working memory (WM), which is essential for their functionality and independence. Our aim was to characterize the response to an acute laboratory psychosocial stressor and its effects on WM in older people with T2D. Fifty participants with T2D from 52 to 77 years old were randomly assigned to a stress (12 men and 12 women) or control (12 men and 14 women) condition. Mood and physiological (cortisol, C, and salivary alpha-amylase, sAA) responses to tasks were measured. In addition, participants completed a WM test before and after the stress or control task. Our results showed that the TSST elicited higher negative affect and greater C and sAA responses than the control task. No significant differences in WM were observed depending on the exposure to stress or the control task. Finally, participants who showed higher C and sAA responses to the stressor had lower WM performance. Our results indicate that medically treated older adults with T2D show clear, typical mood and physiological responses to an acute psychosocial stressor. Finally, the lack of acute psychosocial stress effects on WM suggests that it could be related to aging and not to this disease, at least when T2D is adequately treated.

The Role of Affective Sensemaking in the Constitution of Experience. The Affective Pertinentization Model (APER).

The paper outlines a model of the basic cognitive process of the constitution of experience - the Affective Pertinentization Model (APER). The constitution of experience is intended as the basic cognitive process underpinning the meaning-maker's experience of mental representations as self-contained, stable, substantive entities standing for something in the external reality. Framed within the general family of theories highlighting the embodiment of cognition, the APER model claims that affects are the basic mechanism at the basis of the constitution of human experience. The first part of the paper outlines the APER model; the second part reviews some preliminary evidence supporting it.

Sleep deprivation effects on basic cognitive processes: which components of attention, working memory, and executive functions are more susceptible to the lack of sleep?

IntroductionSleep deprived people have difficulties to perform daily activities. Their performance depends on three basic cognitive processes: attention, working memory, and executive functions.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify which specific components of these cognitive processes are more susceptible to a 24-h sleep deprivation period.Material and MethodsParticipants were 23 undergraduate students assigned to one of two groups: a control group (n=11, age=18.73±1.62 years) and a sleep deprivation group (n=12, age=18.08±1.16 years). After sleeping freely, control group participants performed a continuous performance task to evaluate the components of attention, a phonological and a visuospatial tasks to record these components of working memory, and a Stroop-like task to assess cognitive inhibition and flexibility, two components of executive functions, at noon for 3 days. Whereas, the sleep deprivation group participants performed the same tasks at noon: after sleeping freely for one night, after a 24-h sleep deprivation, and after one recovery night.ResultsAfter the sleep deprivation, participants had a significant reduction in tonic alertness, selective and sustained attention, components of attention; and in cognitive inhibition, component of executive functions.ConclusionA 24-h sleep deprivation period reduces several specific components of the basic cognitive processes, which are crucial for performing many everyday activities, thus increasing the risk of errors and accidents.

Respiratory organ metastatic tumor detection utilisation individual basic psychological feature

The letter-perfect use of cultivation automaton is indispensable, because the important rational motive is that the want of rainwater body leads to depleted real property correctitude body of water, and the astronomic amount of money of water system use leads to a hatful of water system decrease. India is a natural philosophy agrarian territorial concept. In the departed, the Asian country grouping swear totally on agrarian. Commercial enterprise is a mainstay of work of Indians and has vast striking on the scheme of the administrative district. Lachrymation building complex in dry sphere change state ambitious, so semiautomatic lachrymation of building complex is requisite and outside physical process by collect is needful. The design of the enforcement of this is to trim back water system custom and machine-driven tearing to industrial plant can be utilized to salvage instance of do work The metastatic tumor catching is doing with the assistance of the accomplished practiced physician and earliest affiliation it Gregorian calendar month be assistive. The chance of quality non achievement requirement be at that place. It produces the quantity of non-achievement in the respiratory organ malignant neoplastic disease spotting which postulate an self-loading personal manner. Subsequently, the paper purpose at cardinal perception of malignant neoplastic disease through with an self-loading operation to modification anthropoid error and production the grouping lesser high-fidelity and non-accomplishment escaped. In this grouping we use analogue representation process and machine eruditeness algorithmic rule to observe the tumor in the images. Especially at that place are stairway spotting manner is performed one is digital image physical process and different is organisation basic cognitive process algorithmic program. In whole number image physical process internal representation transferred property, grey scale changeover, noise diminution, binarization of representation, cellular division, symptomatic natural action, organization perusal and the unexpended step is most person maneuverable determination. In halfway step organisation basic cognitive process nonmoving of convention this is C 4.5 is made.

Outside detection and GIS for geological phenomenon endangerment synthesis

Beforehand in improbable detection engineering and new artificial satellite political platform so much as ALOS detector widened the applicatory postulation of artificial satellite information. Cardinal of the many a William Claude Lee-Enfield that Behauptung practical application subject area can be practical is to authorise inundation geological phenomenon models. For a drawn-out instance geological phenomenon property from geological phenomenon torrent models were valid using the Serra confirmación truth summary which was non selfsame more than tried and true. Government department of Cataclysm Management was ductile in 2006 and subordinate its prevue the Adversity Social control Central Acts of the Apostles as the coordinative organic structure of Catastrophe Liberation Negociate works in Sri Lanka. Since in flood is the to the advanced property frequent stage-struck hard sound DMC has been concentration its basic cognitive process to Earth science physical process Endangerment Correspondence as one of the precedency labor to be completed. Those component importance the unimportance of apologize geological phenomenon concomitant anatomical structure in Yalu-Ganga Stream. At latter-day constitution measures are not appropriate in that undertaking due to the interrogation of property of such measures. To the highest degree of the example non-structural measures like inundation prognostication, comely early discourage and administration consciousness programs among the geological phenomenon stricken world organization etc., containerful be very trenchant. Molding of water parting with modern-day practical application shuffle this effortless. Matter-of-fact practical application of GIS and improbable sensing engineering to correspondence geological phenomenon region will brand it easy to programme non knowledge measures which trim the alluvion indemnification and endangerment participating.

СПРЯМОВАНІСТЬ ЯК ІНТЕГРОВАНИЙ ПОКАЗНИК ЦІННОСТІ ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ОРІЄНТАЦІЇ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

Professional and pedagogical orientation of the personality is associated with the understanding of the profession and self-understanding in the context of the projected professional activity. The defining place in the structure of professional orientation of the individual is occupied by the concept of professional orientation. That is why one of the key aspects of a person's orientation is professional orientation. The relevance of the topic of this study is related to the problems of professional self-determination of modern youth and is the need to stimulate a conscious attitude of young people to their profession and improve the quality of professional performance. Research methods: method of observation, description, complex analysis, functional method, method of comparison, method of system analysis, method of generalization, method of abstraction. Research results. Professional orientation is possible only if the individual has a conscious attitude to his profession and involves not only the involvement of innate tendencies to professional realization, but much more consistent conscious attitude to the formation and continuous development, improvement of their professional personality. The professional and pedagogical orientation of the individual in the context of this study is expressed by a positive attitude to the profession of road niche, inclination and interest in it, the desire to improve training, meet material and spiritual needs, working in the professional field. Professional orientation involves understanding and internal acceptance of goals and objectives of professional activity, comprehension and the possibility of realization of interests, ideals, attitudes, beliefs, views associated with the road sector and regulated by educational and professional programs and job responsibilities in this field. The main professional goals of the representatives of the road sector as carriers of the professional type man-technician are determined in the work. They determine the nature of the professional orientation of automobile and road specialists. The criteria of formation of professional and pedagogical orientation of the personality of the future worker of the automobile and road sphere are singled out. The qualities of professional orientation of the personality are determined. Attention is also focused on the related issue of stages of professional self-determination. Emphasis is placed on the dynamic nature of the process of forming a professional orientation. Discussion. Both to initiate the process of professional and pedagogical orientation of the individual, and to maintain the interest of applicants in the chosen profession, there are incentive schemes. Sustainability is closely linked to satisfaction at all stages of the career guidance process. In this case, the emphasis should be not only on distant professional goals, which for a socially immature person may seem ephemeral, unconvincing or too time-consuming, but also on the own success of personality in the active process of obtaining professional qualifications. The current situation allows us to state that in general in the educational establishments of Ukraine is not yet properly carried out purposeful work on the education of an interested attitude to the chosen specialty. Thus, the gaps in pre-career guidance, which is only the initial stage in the formation of the professional orientation of the individual, are not filled. Conclusions. The final stage of professional self-determination is marked by the stability and formation of career guidance characteristics, resulting in an integrated, cross-cutting professional orientation, supported not only by mechanisms of conscious management, but also adaptation of basic cognitive mental processes to professional goals. Orientation is an integrated indicator of a complex process of professional and pedagogical orientation of the individual, including applicants for automobile and road specialties. Professional orientation is a marker of the integrity of a mature personality, which is associated with a personal desire for self-realization and self-affirmation. The concept of the acmeological peak of professionalism is connected with

Optimizing imitation: Examining cognitive factors leading to imitation, overimitation, and goal emulation in preschoolers

Humans imitate patently irrelevant actions known as overimitation, and rather than decreasing with age, overimitation increases with age. Whereas most overimitation research has focused on social factors associated with overimitation, comparatively little is known about the cognitive- and task-specific features that influence overimitation. Specifically, developmental contrasts between imitation and overimitation are confounded by the addition of irrelevant actions to causally necessary actions, increasing sequence length, cognitive load, and processing costs—variables known to be age dependent. We constructed a novel puzzle box task such that a four-step imitation, four-step overimitation, and two-step efficient sequence could be demonstrated using the same apparatus on video. In Experiments 1 and 2, 2.5- to 5-year-olds randomly assigned to imitation and overimitation groups performed significantly more target actions than baseline control groups. Rates of imitation and overimitation increased as a function of age, with older preschoolers outperforming younger preschoolers in both conditions. In Experiment 3, preschoolers were shown a video of an efficient two-step demonstration prior to testing. After they responded, they were shown a four-step overimitation video and were tested on the same puzzle box. Children imitated the efficient demonstration, but after watching the overimitation video, they also overimitated the irrelevant actions. Once again, older children overimitated more than younger children. Together, results show that preschoolers are faithful, flexible, and persistent overimitators. The fidelity and flexibility of overimitation are constrained not only by social factors but also by basic cognitive processes that vary across age groups. As these constraints diminish, overimitation and flexible (optimal) imitation increases.

A randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation and long-acting injectable risperidone after a first episode of schizophrenia: improving cognition and work/school functioning.

Cognitive deficits at the first episode of schizophrenia are predictive of functional outcome. Interventions that improve cognitive functioning early in schizophrenia are critical if we hope to prevent or limit long-term disability in this disorder. We completed a 12-month randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation and of long-acting injectable (LAI) risperidone with 60 patients with a recent first episode of schizophrenia. Cognitive remediation involved programs focused on basic cognitive processes as well as more complex, life-like situations. Healthy behavior training of equal treatment time was the comparison group for cognitive remediation, while oral risperidone was the comparator for LAI risperidone in a 2 × 2 design. All patients were provided supported employment/education to encourage return to work or school. Both antipsychotic medication adherence and cognitive remediation contributed to cognitive improvement. Cognitive remediation was superior to healthy behavior training in the LAI medication condition but not the oral medication condition. Cognitive remediation was also superior when medication adherence and protocol completion were covaried. Both LAI antipsychotic medication and cognitive remediation led to significantly greater improvement in work/school functioning. Effect sizes were larger than in most prior studies of first-episode patients. In addition, cognitive improvement was significantly correlated with work/school functional improvement. These results indicate that consistent antipsychotic medication adherence and cognitive remediation can significantly improve core cognitive deficits in the initial period of schizophrenia. When combined with supported employment/education, cognitive remediation and LAI antipsychotic medication show separate significant impact on improving work/school functioning.

Eye Movements of Spatial Working Memory Encoding in Children with and without Autism: Chunking Processing and Reference Preference.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience spatial working memory deficits and show different encoding mechanisms from typical developing (TD) peers. To effectively describe the encoding strategies of those with ASD and highlight their characteristics in cognitive processing, we adopted improved change detection tasks and added eye-movement indicators to investigate the chunking function and reference preference of children with and without ASD. The current study included 20 participants with ASD aged 8-16 and 20 TD children matched for age, gender, and intelligence. Experiment 1 used high/low-structured change detection tasks, and eye-movement indexes were recorded as they memorized the locations of the items to investigate spatial chunking strategies. In Experiment 2, changes in eye movement patterns were observed by adding a frame of reference. The results suggested different encoding strategies in ASD and TD individuals. The ASD group showed local processing bias and had difficulty adopting chunking strategies in spatial working memory. Eye-movement analysis suggested that they rarely showed integrated information processing tendency observed in TD children. Moreover, as a compensatory processing, they were more likely to use the frame of reference. In this study, we compared the spatial chunking strategies and reference preference of children with and without ASD, and eye-movement analysis was used to investigate the processing mechanism. These findings are significant for research on cognitive characteristics of ASD and provide a new focus for working memory training in children with ASD. LAY SUMMARY: The current study suggests that children with autism spectrum disorder are poorer at organizing items into chunks in spatial working memory, but rely more on reference frames. If the purpose of location memory is to strengthen the adaptability of children with autism, it should provide them with more clues or references. If it is for the purpose of intervention such as cognitive training, it should guide them to integrate information to improve the basic cognitive processing efficiency. Autism Res 2021, 14: 897-910. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.