Basic Classification System Research Articles

청동기시대 無文土器의 分類에 관하여

This research reviews the purposes and methods of the classification of Mumum pottery discussed in the Korean Bronze Age research until now and argues the need for a basic classification system that considers various features, such as shape, production technology, and function. Mumun pottery has been classified based on the shape of the rim and the decorative patterns engraved at the rim of the pottery to identify the spatial and temporal aspects of the material culture of the Korean Bronze Age. There has been research on the socioeconomic aspects, such as the production and distribution of Mumum pottery, but most of them focused on specific vessels, such as the Red burnished pottery, or vessels with certain sizes that are thought to be utilized for storage purposes. To explain an aspect of a certain society through pottery, information on the total population of the pottery of the group should be assumed. The production and distribution of each pottery should be understood within the basic classification system that covers the vessel types, proportions, usage, and production technology within the production system of the group. Therefore, this research argues for the need for a total and cumulative basic classification system that considers the shape-technology-usage of pottery. This research classifies the vessel shapes of the Mumum pottery complex of the Daepyung-ri site, Jinju, which is a large settlement located in the Nam-river basin, based on the size and shape of the vessels, to establish a basic classification system of Mumun pottery. As a result, it has been observed that Mumun pottery with different shapes was produced and the proportion, the time of use, and the area of usage were different for each period. Finally, this research emphasizes the significance and need of the basic classification system of Mumun pottery by examining research cases based on the basic classification system dealing with issues such as the technological tradition within a group, the spread and expansion of technology between different groups, the estimation of a group’s social boundary, and issues relevant to social change.

GLC_FCS30D: the first global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring product with a fine classification system for the period from 1985 to 2022 generated using dense-time-series Landsat imagery and the continuous change-detection method

Abstract. Land-cover change has been identified as an important cause or driving force of global climate change and is a significant research topic. Over the past few decades, global land-cover mapping has progressed; however, long-time-series global land-cover-change monitoring data are still sparse, especially those at 30 m resolution. In this study, we describe GLC_FCS30D, a novel global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring dataset containing 35 land-cover subcategories and covering the period 1985–2022 in 26 time steps (maps were updated every 5 years before 2000 and annually after 2000). GLC_FCS30D has been developed using continuous change detection and all available Landsat imagery based on the Google Earth Engine platform. Specifically, we first take advantage of the continuous change-detection model and the full time series of Landsat observations to capture the time points of changed pixels and identify the temporally stable areas. Then, we apply a spatiotemporal refinement method to derive the globally distributed and high-confidence training samples from these temporally stable areas. Next, local adaptive classification models are used to update the land-cover information for the changed pixels, and a temporal-consistency optimization algorithm is adopted to improve their temporal stability and suppress some false changes. Further, the GLC_FCS30D product is validated using 84 526 globally distributed validation samples from 2020. It achieves an overall accuracy of 80.88 % (±0.27 %) for the basic classification system (10 major land-cover types) and 73.04 % (±0.30 %) for the LCCS (Land Cover Classification System) level-1 validation system (17 LCCS land-cover types). Meanwhile, two third-party time-series datasets used for validation from the United States and Europe Union are also collected for analyzing accuracy variations, and the results show that GLC_FCS30D offers significant stability in terms of variation across the accuracy time series and achieves mean accuracies of 79.50 % (±0.50 %) and 81.91 % (±0.09 %) over the two regions. Lastly, we draw conclusions about the global land-cover-change information from the GLC_FCS30D dataset; namely, that forest and cropland variations have dominated global land-cover change over past 37 years, the net loss of forests reached about 2.5 million km2, and the net gain in cropland area is approximately 1.3 million km2. Therefore, the novel dataset GLC_FCS30D is an accurate land-cover-dynamics time-series monitoring product that benefits from its diverse classification system, high spatial resolution, and long time span (1985–2022); thus, it will effectively support global climate change research and promote sustainable development analysis. The GLC_FCS30D dataset is available via https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239305 (Liu et al., 2023).

Classification system for partial distal biceps tendon tears: a descriptive 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of tear morphology.

There is minimal literature on the morphology of partial distal biceps tendon (DBT) tears. We sought to investigate tear morphology by retrospectively reviewing 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3T MRI) scans of elbows with partial DBT tears and to propose a basic classification system. 3T MRI scans of elbows with partial DBT tears were retrospectively reviewed by two experienced observers. Basic demographic data were collected. Tear morphology was recorded including type, presence of retraction (>5 mm), and presence of discrete long-head and short-head tendons at the DBT insertion. For analysis, 44 3T MRI scans of 44 elbows with partial DBT tears were included. There were 9 isolated long-head tears (20%), 13 isolated short-head tears (30%), 2 complete long-head tears with a partial short-head tear (5%), 5 complete short-head tears with a partial long-head tear (11%), and 15 peel-off tears (34%). Retraction was seen in 5 or 44 partial tears (11%), and 13 of the 44 DBTs were bifid tendons at the insertion (30%). Partial DBT tears can be classified into five sub-types: long-head isolated tears, short-head isolated tears, complete long-head tears with partial short-head involvement, complete short-head tears with partial long-head involvement, and peel-off tears. Classification of tears may have implications for operative and non-operative management. Level of evidence: III.

Quantified 123I-Thyroid Scan based classification of hyperthyroidism

The original thyroid scan (TS) was widely used to identify typical imaging patterns, suggesting the widely accepted main following clinical diagnoses: Grave's disease, Toxic adenoma, [hetero]-nodular goiters and thyroiditis. With the diffusion of sensitive TSH assays, considerable advances in the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of hormonosynthesis, and new quantification possibilities especially using 123I, the TS is a textbook of molecular imaging. The image can be finely quantified with, not only as regards the Uptake (123IUp) and related parameters but also, the quantification of the spatial targeting leading to a Spatial Target Index (STI). Using this new molecular 123I-TS, TSH values, and when required, correlation to Multiparametric Ultrasounds (MPUS), we generated a basic classification system of hyperthyroidism, with well-defined indexed criteria (C11-1 to C17-3), that allows reporting 24 distinct etiologies. Selected criteria involve TS and contrast patterns, precocious 123IUp (p123IUp), maximal TSH-dependent physiological Uptake, lobar concentration, Uptake and concentration ratios, STI, 99mTc-MIBI TS and correlative MPUS. This approach allows to identify 4 subtypes of Graves’ disease, including hyperplastic, nodular and common GD variants entangled with Hashimoto's struma, 4 subtypes of Thyroid Functional Autonomy, including Disseminated Functional Autonomy, that cannot be diagnosed with other conventional procedures. Criteria C14-1 to C17-3 report on hyperthyroidism and iodine overload, factitia, main thyroiditis presentations and rare central or tumoral etiologies of hyperthyroidism. This classification, based on 123I-TS molecular imaging, leads to unprecedented diagnostic finesse and paves the way for a personalized theranostic approach in thyroid pathology. Further development towards artificial intelligence networks is under study.

Plasminogen and the Plasminogen receptor, Plg‐RKT, regulate efferocytosis and macrophage reprogramming

Inflammation resolution is an active process that functions to restore tissue homeostasis. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic leukocytes (efferocytosis) at sites of inflammation plays an important role in inflammation resolution by inducing remarkable macrophage phenotypic plasticity. The M1/M2 nomenclature provides a basic classification system to distinguish proinflammatory (M1) from anti‐inflammatory/resolving macrophages (M2/Mres). Plasminogen (Plg) is synthesized by the liver and is the proenzyme of the broad‐spectrum serine protease, plasmin (Pla), which is the major enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis. The participation of the Plg system in the productive phase of inflammation is well known, but the involvement of the Plg system in the resolving phase of inflammation is just emerging. Here we investigated the effects of deletion of Plg and the Plg receptor, Plg‐RKT, separately, in the context of resolution of inflammation in vivo. Plg−/− and Plg‐RKT −/− mice and their respective wild type littermates were challenged by intrapleural injection of LPS (250ng/mouse, i.pl.) or PBS and cells present in the pleural cavity were harvested at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hr and processed for total and differential leukocyte counts and flow cytometric analyses. In this model of pleurisy there is a time‐dependent influx of leukocytes into the pleural cavity. The number of neutrophils and M1 macrophages peaks at 8 hr, and decreases at 48 hr. There is a significant increase in mononuclear cell recruitment into the pleural cavity that coincides with the resolution phase of inflammation and with prevalence of M2 and Mres macrophages at 48hr. In the current study, in the setting of LPS‐induced inflammation, increased numbers of M1 macrophages were present in Plg−/− mice 8h after LPS challenge without changes in number of M2 or Mres macrophages, as compared to Plg+/+ littermates [Plg+/+ = 155 ± 39 and Plg−/− = 301 ± 57 × 103 M1 macrophages/cavity (P < 0.05, n=6)]. There were no genotype‐dependent effects on the number of neutrophils recruited to the pleural cavity at all time points evaluated. At 48 hr the total number of mononuclear cells recruited to the pleural cavity was significantly decreased in both Plg−/− and Plg‐RKT −/− mice, relative to their respective wild type littermate controls [Plg+/+ = 3,432 ± 335 and Plg−/− = 2,377 ± 242 (P < 0.01, n=5); Plg‐RKT +/+ = 2,780 ± 341 and Plg‐RKT −/− = 1,725 ± 95 × 103 mononuclear cells/cavity (P < 0.05, n=6)]. Additionally, the frequency of the M2 marker, CD206, and Annexin A1 (both important for clearance of apoptotic cells) was decreased in Plg−/− macrophages 48 hr after LPS injection. To explore the roles of Plg and Plg‐RKT in efferocytosis, mice were injected with zymosan intraperitoneally, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of apoptotic human neutrophils labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Significantly decreased efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by Plg−/− macrophages and by Plg‐RKT−/− macrophages, compared with their wild type littermate controls was observed [Plg+/+ = 20.16 ± 3.57 and Plg−/− = 9.04 ± 3.50 (P < 0.05, n=5); Plg‐RKT +/+ = 18.11 ± 4.57 and Plg‐RKT−/− = 5.80 ± 2.90 frequency of total cells/cavity (P < 0.05, n=6)]. These results suggest that Plg regulates macrophage polarization and efferocytosis of apoptotic cells, thereby contributing to the resolution of inflammation and that these effects are mediated by the Plg receptor, Plg‐RKT.Support or Funding InformationCAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil), National Institutes of Health (grant HL 081046 to L.A.M.) and by Merit Review Award #5I01BX002026 from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (to R.J.P.).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Unionization and Monetary Compensation at America’s Access Institutions: Assessing the Impact of Frames That Do or Do Not Consider Geography

This article categorizes institutions under both the 2015 Carnegie Basic Classification system and the mission-driven classification system, and further analyzes both by the presence of a collective bargaining agreement. The goal of this article was to use the presentation of data on revenue, employment numbers, salary outlays, and the presence or lack of collective bargaining agreements to identify any differences between the new “Mission-Driven” classification system in direct comparison with the 2015 Carnegie Basic Classification system in recognizing the results of unionization on monetary compensation for higher education employees.

Utilizing student activity patterns to predict performance

Apart from being able to support the bulk of student activity in suitable disciplines such as computer programming, Web-based educational systems have the potential to yield valuable insights into student behavior. Through the use of educational analytics, we can dispense with preconceptions of how students consume and reuse course material. In this paper, we examine the speed at which students employ concepts which they are being taught during a semester. To show the wider utility of this data, we present a basic classification system for early detection of poor performers and show how it can be improved by including data on when students use a concept for the first time. Using our improved classifier, we can achieve an accuracy of 85% in predicting poor performers prior to the completion of the course.

Problem Archetypes as Common Ground for Water Resources Management Education

As a broad field, water resources management can have a blurry focus without a mechanism to coordinate the perspectives of its disciplines and sectors. If these can be harmonized, the result might be clearer explanations and improved outcomes. The paper probes whether identification of common problem archetypes can help to harmonize perspectives and improve education through more consistent treatment of recurring issues in case studies. An analysis of variables is presented to create a classification system to describe the architecture of water resources management problems, with emphasis on scale and management functions. The feasibility of using them is explored by an analysis of six sources of case studies, with a focus on those posted by the Global Water Partnership. From the analysis, it was evident that more emphasis was on policy and management than on technical tools. Most policy-level cases had a development focus and addressed multiple issues. Management–level cases addressed efficiency, productivity, reforms, and problem-solving. Technical discussions involved analysis methods partitioned by disciplines. The results show that cases can be identified primarily by management functions, with secondary classifiers such as scale, sectors, and number of authorities involved. A set of problem archetypes was assembled from the basic classification system and are available for educational experimentation to address cross-sector problems by explaining the big picture while keeping the field of analysis uncluttered. Their use is expected to be limited in the fragmented field of water resources management education due to the focus on disciplinary tools and most use may be capacity-building programs with a focus on problem-solving.

What's yours is mine and what's mine's my own

Many online services assume that they each account will only be accessed by one person, ever. This is even enshrined in the terms and conditions for some. However, our identities are bound up with others in various ways, in both life and death, legally and socially. A basic classification system for multiple ownership of accounts is proposed, based on fictionalised accounts of real world problems encountered by the authors and their acquaintances.

La Cuestión Criminal. Ensayo de (re)definición

This paper seeks to formulate a definition of the criminal question in terms of genus and specific difference. This objective will be accomplished trough the articulation of diverse results of social theory and social research regarding two essential dimensions of this issue: the first, mythological and the second, sociological. The results of this will be the conceptualization of the fundamental prohibitions as founding myths of the ultimate limits of the societal order, crime as a transgression of such interdictions, and criminal punishment as a mechanism of (re)construction of the basic classification system of that order and the affective economy that correspond to it.

Focussed classification of scapula fractures: Failure of the lateral scapula suspension system

IntroductionFollowing an increase in the incidence of scapular fractures and interest in the outcome of their treatment, a basic classification system was developed for ease of use in the emergency setting. It has been expanded to a comprehensive system to allow for more in-depth classification of scapular fractures for clinical research and surgical decision making. It focusses on three specific regions of the scapula: the scapular body, the glenoid fossa and the lateral scapular suspension system (LSSS). This article presents a classification of the LSSS involvement to better characterise the injuries of this region and to emphasise its relevance to evaluation of the position of the scapula, hence the glenoid fossa, and so the centre of rotation of the shoulder joint. MethodsAn iterative consensus and evaluation process comprising an international group of seven experienced shoulder specialist and orthopaedic trauma surgeons was used to specify and evaluate the failure of the LSSS associated with scapula fractures. This was supported by a series of agreement studies. The system considered lack of involvement (S0), incomplete (S1) and complete (S2) failure of the LSSS. The last evaluation was conducted on a consecutive collection of 120 scapula fractures documented by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) reconstruction videos. ResultsSurgeons agreed on the involvement/failure of the LSSS in 47% of the 120 cases with an overall Kappa of 0.54. The sample most likely included 70 S0, 29 S1 and 21 S2 cases, where surgeons showed median classification accuracies of 93%, 71% and 80% for these categories, respectively. While two surgeons showed some uncertainty about their classification, the remaining surgeons only failed to identify LSSS failure in <20% of the cases. Kappa coefficients of reliability for classification of incomplete and complete LSSS involvement according to subcategories were 0.85 and 0.82, respectively. ConclusionWhile LSSS involvement can be reliably identified, its characterisation regarding complexity is problematic even with 3D CT images. The proposed LSSS system is considered clinically relevant and sufficient to further assess its role in treatment-decision processes and outcome prognosis.

Predicting podcast preference: An analysis framework and its application

AbstractFinding worthwhile podcasts can be difficult for listeners since podcasts are published in large numbers and vary widely with respect to quality and repute. Independently of their informational content, certain podcasts provide satisfying listening material while other podcasts have little or no appeal. In this paper we present PodCred, a framework for analyzing listener appeal, and we demonstrate its application to the task of automatically predicting the listening preferences of users. First, we describe the PodCred framework, which consists of an inventory of factors contributing to user perceptions of the credibility and quality of podcasts. The framework is designed to support automatic prediction of whether or not a particular podcast will enjoy listener preference. It consists of four categories of indicators related to the Podcast Content, the Podcaster, the Podcast Context, and the Technical Execution of the podcast. Three studies contributed to the development of the PodCred framework: a review of the literature on credibility for other media, a survey of prescriptive guidelines for podcasting, and a detailed data analysis. Next, we report on a validation exercise in which the PodCred framework is applied to a real‐world podcast preference prediction task. Our validation focuses on select framework indicators that show promise of being both discriminative and readily accessible. We translate these indicators into a set of easily extractable “surface” features and use them to implement a basic classification system. The experiments carried out to evaluate system use popularity levels in iTunes as ground truth and demonstrate that simple surface features derived from the PodCred framework are indeed useful for classifying podcasts.

Molecular data reveal convergence in fruit characters used in the classification ofThlaspi s. l.(Brassicaceae)

Phylogenetic relationships of 18Thlaspi s. l.species were inferred from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data. These species represent all sections of the basic classification system of Schulz primarily based on fruit characters. The molecular phylogeny supported six clades that are largely congruent with species groups recognized by Meyer on the basis of differences in seed coat anatomy, i.e.Thlaspi s. s.,Thlaspiceras,Noccaea(Rapariaincluded),Microthlaspi,VaniaandNeurotropis.Some of these lineages include species which are morphologically diverse in fruit shape (e.g.Thlaspi s. s.:T. arvense– fruits broadly winged,T. ceratocarpum– fruits with prominent horns at apex,T. alliaceum– fruits very narrowly winged). Furthermore, the same fruit shape type is distributed among different clades. For instance, fruits with prominent horns at apex are found inThlaspi s. s.(T. ceratocarpum) andThlaspiceras(T. oxyceras). These results clearly indicate convergence in fruit characters previously used for sectional classification inThlaspi s. l.

Molecular data reveal convergence in fruit characters used in the classification of Thlaspi s. l. (Brassicaceae)

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships of 18 Thlaspi s. l. species were inferred from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data. These species represent all sections of the basic classification system of Schulz primarily based on fruit characters. The molecular phylogeny supported six clades that are largely congruent with species groups recognized by Meyer on the basis of differences in seed coat anatomy, i.e. Thlaspi s. s ., Thlaspiceras , Noccaea ( Raparia included), Microthlaspi , Vania and Neurotropis. Some of these lineages include species which are morphologically diverse in fruit shape (e.g. Thlaspi s. s. : T. arvense – fruits broadly winged, T. ceratocarpum – fruits with prominent horns at apex, T. alliaceum – fruits very narrowly winged). Furthermore, the same fruit shape type is distributed among different clades. For instance, fruits with prominent horns at apex are found in Thlaspi s. s. ( T. ceratocarpum ) and Thlaspiceras ( T. oxyceras ). These results clearly indicate convergence in fruit characters previously used for sectional classification in Thlaspi s. l .

Background to a proposal by the Japanese Patent Office (JPO) concerning IPC revision

This paper analyses current use of the IPC by major offices, sets out the problems facing an office like the JPO in using the IPC as it stands as a search tool, and proposes less revision of the IPC and longer revision periods so that the IPC will become a basic classification system which offices can supplement with their own additional systems meeting their particular search needs.

An agenda for cost modelling research

There is little order or formal direction to current cost modelling research. This paper proposes a basic classification system with which both to set out the overall topology of cost modelling as a distinct subject, and to provide the much needed points of reference on which individual research contributions can be located. The taxonomy is used to review over 50 reported cost models. The analysis of this review highlights that current emphasis lies with non-specific, macro, price models which use abstract units of measurement, and are intended to be used at the sketch design stage. These models generally use simulation techniques based on functional dependencies, with implicit assumptions and a deterministic outcome. On current trends, the preferred models of the future will use as-built units of measurement, and make considerably more use of stochastic techniques. One criteria for which there appears far too little concern, is in making the assumptions within the model more explicit.

A SIMPLIFIED BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF SPATIAL ALIGNMENTS OF THE HEART, ITS CHAMBERS, AND THE GREAT VESSELS.

The problems resulting from a lack of accepted terminology and a basic classification system for the various spatial alignments of the heart, its chambers and great vessels are reviewed. A basic simplified classification system founded on fundamental embryologic, clinical, and roentgenologic considerations is proposed. Terminology employed is precisely defined. The clinical studies needed to place patients in their category are enumerated and discussed. It is recognized that some forms of spatial derangement defy classification within this system. Nevertheless, this classification system with the suggested terminology, however inadequate, is offered as a means to promote clinical definition of these entities and to encourage clear discussion and a better understanding of these conditions. It is hoped that future study will add to our knowledge of the embryologic mechanisms involved and eventually lead to a more comprehensive classification embracing a larger number of congenital cardiac anomalies.