GLC_FCS30D: the first global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring product with a fine classification system for the period from 1985 to 2022 generated using dense-time-series Landsat imagery and the continuous change-detection method

Abstract

Abstract. Land-cover change has been identified as an important cause or driving force of global climate change and is a significant research topic. Over the past few decades, global land-cover mapping has progressed; however, long-time-series global land-cover-change monitoring data are still sparse, especially those at 30 m resolution. In this study, we describe GLC_FCS30D, a novel global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring dataset containing 35 land-cover subcategories and covering the period 1985–2022 in 26 time steps (maps were updated every 5 years before 2000 and annually after 2000). GLC_FCS30D has been developed using continuous change detection and all available Landsat imagery based on the Google Earth Engine platform. Specifically, we first take advantage of the continuous change-detection model and the full time series of Landsat observations to capture the time points of changed pixels and identify the temporally stable areas. Then, we apply a spatiotemporal refinement method to derive the globally distributed and high-confidence training samples from these temporally stable areas. Next, local adaptive classification models are used to update the land-cover information for the changed pixels, and a temporal-consistency optimization algorithm is adopted to improve their temporal stability and suppress some false changes. Further, the GLC_FCS30D product is validated using 84 526 globally distributed validation samples from 2020. It achieves an overall accuracy of 80.88 % (±0.27 %) for the basic classification system (10 major land-cover types) and 73.04 % (±0.30 %) for the LCCS (Land Cover Classification System) level-1 validation system (17 LCCS land-cover types). Meanwhile, two third-party time-series datasets used for validation from the United States and Europe Union are also collected for analyzing accuracy variations, and the results show that GLC_FCS30D offers significant stability in terms of variation across the accuracy time series and achieves mean accuracies of 79.50 % (±0.50 %) and 81.91 % (±0.09 %) over the two regions. Lastly, we draw conclusions about the global land-cover-change information from the GLC_FCS30D dataset; namely, that forest and cropland variations have dominated global land-cover change over past 37 years, the net loss of forests reached about 2.5 million km2, and the net gain in cropland area is approximately 1.3 million km2. Therefore, the novel dataset GLC_FCS30D is an accurate land-cover-dynamics time-series monitoring product that benefits from its diverse classification system, high spatial resolution, and long time span (1985–2022); thus, it will effectively support global climate change research and promote sustainable development analysis. The GLC_FCS30D dataset is available via https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239305 (Liu et al., 2023).