Basic Circuit Parameters Research Articles

A generalized closed‐form analytic design technique for solid‐state Marx generators

SummarySolid‐state Marx generators (SSMGs) are capable of generating high‐voltage pulses, with certain repetition frequency, and have a multitude of applications. Published research work targets more elaborate SSMG circuits without the existence of a specific design procedure. In this paper, basic circuit parameters (stage capacitance, duty cycle and voltage droop) of generic resistive‐loaded SSMG—producing a single/burst of pulses—are precisely modeled. Accordingly, a generalized, closed‐form analytic design algorithm suitable for any resistive‐loaded SSMG is presented; the proposed algorithm guides designers throughout the SSMG design phase and furthermore, produces parametric design curves that provide designers with an in‐depth vision of the individual effect of each design parameter on the circuit performance. To quantify the robustness of the proposed algorithm, it is used to design a simple conventional, load‐dependent SSMG architecture fulfilling specific application requirements (frequency of 10 KHz, peak output voltage of 1.2 KV, and 510‐W average power per burst). Based on the obtained design and using the derived equations, the average power per burst is calculated for different number of pulses in the range of 1–10 pulses for the simulation and the implementation. The resulting relative error between the simulation and the measurement results is found to be in the range of 0.14%–0.37%. Afterward, the proposed algorithm is used to validate the published results of a complex SSMG. The relative error between the published results and those obtained using the proposed algorithm does not exceed 2.5%; this validates the modeling behind the proposed design technique and renders it as a solution approach for any resistive‐loaded SSMG topology irrespective of its complexity.

Mathematical modeling and parameter analysis of quantum antenna for IoT sensor-based biomedical applications

<p class="15" align="justify">In this paper, an equivalent combination of series and parallel R-L-C high-pass filter circuit is derived for a nano (quantum) antenna for the Internet of thing (IoT) based sensors for speedy data or organ image displaying in medical line surgeries. The proposed method utilized the sample frequency behavior of characteristics mode to develop a fundamental building block that superimposes to create the complete response. The resonance frequency, input impedance, and quality factor have been evaluated along with basic and higher-order resonating modes. The relation between quality factor, bandwidth, resonance frequency, and selectivity for higher order, increases the quantum circuits in terms of increased order of a filter, quality factor, and odd and even harmonics factors. Therefore, the basic circuits derivation factor of frequency coefficients are expanded in terms of polynomials and then they are expressed as a simple rational function from which the basic circuit parameters are calculated. In this circuit input impedance of each circuit’s element is complex. The real part of input impedance depends on frequency, depending on the frequency positive or negative value of the resistor, and the imaginary part of impedance modelling an inductor or capacitor due to the value of frequency. At cutoff frequency 511 THz, z11 and VSWR parameters are 34 Ω and 1.11, respectively. The proposed quantum DRA is tested at 5 THz, 10 THz, and 500 THz by calculating the electrical parameters like R, L, C and model performance is quite good as compared to existing ones. The dynamic impedance is dependent on the skin effect and enhances the detailed discussion below. The utilization of optical or quantum DRAs is as optical sensors in biomedical engineering, speedy wireless communication, and optical image solutions. Analyte material has been used for monitoring frequency deviation.</p>

Parameter identification method for the variable order fractional-order equivalent model of lithium-ion battery

The equivalent model structure, fractional order-value, and basic circuit parameters in a fractional-order equivalent circuit model (FECM) of a battery jointly determine the description ability of the FECM. For a certain model structure, the fractional order-value determines the basic form of frequency domain impedance characteristics of the model. However, in practical applications, the determination of the fractional order-value lacks clear guidelines. In this paper, the orders of FECM are taken as parameters to be identified, and the coevolutionary particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to synchronously identify the parameters and order-values of equivalent model from a complete set of load profile test data. Under the same algorithm conditions, the state description capabilities of FECM are compared based on different fractional order-values. Furthermore, the reasonable fractional order-value interval is determined, which provides a reference value for the order-value selection in the fixed-order FECM. Test results show that for the two fractional order-values used in the 2-FRC equivalent model, when one is a fixed value, the other fluctuates in a moderate range in most cases. According to this principle, a fixed-order FECM is used to identify the battery parameters. On the basis of not losing the description accuracy of FECM, it reduces the computational complexity caused by fractional order operation.

Analytical prediction of initiation of ferroresonance modes

This research focuses on the impact of basic circuit parameters to the initiation of characteristic ferroresonance modes, which is a non-linear phenomenon, in single-phase power transformers. This non-linear phenomenon is investigated using an equivalent circuit of the transformer together with a circuit simulation. The basic circuit parameters investigated were iron core loss, circuit capacitance, and the source voltage. A mathematical method is used to calculate the critical boundary values of each parameter to avoid the occurrence of ferroresonance in the system. In this paper, an analytical method was used to predict the occurrence of ferroresonance while Matlab/Simulink simulation was used to determine the different ferroresonance modes in the power transformers. By varying the circuit parameters, different ferroresonance modes are observed and discussed.

Initiation of Characteristic Ferroresonance States Based on Flux Reflection Model

This brief focuses on the impact of basic circuit parameters to the initiation of characteristic ferroresonance states. Basic circuit parameters analyzed in this brief are the coil nominal voltage (which results to a range of inductance values and knee points for the coil characteristics), circuit capacitance, and the rms source voltage. It is shown that experimental results could be recreated by way of flux-reflection model, which is of particular interest due to its advantages, such as the possibility of primarily utilizing an analytical solution and the possibility it creates in using elementary data about the coil and circuit in general. Based on measurements and simulation results, it is shown that ferroresonant steady-state responses occur at higher values of rms source voltage as the coil nominal voltage is increased. Furthermore, increasing circuit capacitance increases the impact of initial conditions on the initiation of ferroresonance.

A Polynomial Based Approach to Wakeup Time and Energy Estimation in Power-Gated Logic Clusters

Power gating has emerged as a promising technique for reduction of leakage current in sub-100 nm CMOS circuits. To identify power gating opportunities within a system, logic circuits must be charac- terized for design overheads they present when power gating structures are inserted. In this paper, models are developed to quantify two mode transition overheads: wakeup time and wakeup energy using basic circuit parameters. First, a method to determine steady-state virtual-supply voltage in active mode is described and hence a model for virtual-supply voltage is presented based on certain heuristic approximations. Further, analytical expressions are derived for estimation of wakeup time and wakeup energy for a power-gated logic cluster using the proposed model. A key contribution of this paper is a study of nonlinear resistance based view of leakage current profiles of logic circuits. Finally, the application of proposed models to ISCAS85 benchmark circuits is demonstrated while also analyzing the accuracy of approximations used.

Theory of circuit block switch-off

Abstract. Switching-off unused circuit blocks is a promising approach to supress static leakage currents in ultra deep sub-micron CMOS digital systems. Basic performance parameters of Circuit Block Switch-Off (CBSO) schemes are defined and their dependence on basic circuit parameters is estimated. Therefore the design trade-off between strong leakage suppression in idle mode and adequate dynamic performance in active mode can be supported by simple analytic investigations. Additionally, a guideline for the estimation of the minimum time for which a block deactivation is useful is derived.

Synchronization of oscillators coupled through narrow-band networks

The ability of two coupled oscillators to synchronize depends critically on the coupling network. Previous analyses have accurately predicted the performance of quasi-optical microwave oscillator arrays for both weak and strong coupling, but have been limited to coupling networks with bandwidths considerably larger than the locking bandwidths of the oscillators. In this paper, the authors develop a method for deriving a suitable system of nonlinear differential equations describing the oscillator amplitude and phase dynamics using a generalization of Kurokawa's method. The method is applied to the case of two Van der Pol oscillators coupled through a resonant network for a wide range of coupling strengths and bandwidths. Simple approximate formulas are developed for the size of the frequency locking region as functions of the basic circuit parameters.

Step-recovery-diode frequency multiplier

The use of a step-recovery diode as a frequency multiplier is described. The diode is used in a shunt configuration rather than the more usual series circuit, and the result of a simplified analysis relating the basic circuit parameters is given.