Basic Branch Research Articles

Construction and Simulation of Deep Learning Algorithm for Robot Vision Tracking

As one of the indispensable basic branches of computer vision, visual object tracking has very important research value. Therefore, a deep learning based on robot vision tracking is evaluated. Based on the basic principles of target tracking and search principle, a deep learning algorithm for visual tracking is constructed, and finally, evaluated, and simulated. The results showed that the accuracy rate increased from 90.9% to 90.13% after the addition of channel attention mechanism module. Variance was reduced from 3.78% to 1.27%, with better stability. The EAO, accuracy, and robustness of the algorithm are better than those without significant region weighting strategy. The strategy of using the improved residual network SE-ResNet network to extract multiresolution features from the correlation filtering framework is effective and helpful to improve the tracking performance.

Russian mechanical engineering in the mirror of statistics

In modern periodicals, undeservedly little attention is paid to the basic investment branches of mechanical engineering. Meanwhile, statistical analysis shows that these industries are in critical condition. After 1991 they experienced the greatest decline in comparison with other types of mechanical engineering, in many of them the decline continued until 2016, and the number of employees is still declining. The scale of production has almost not recovered, the dependence on imports has increased, and the possibilities of overcoming it have decreased. The scientific base has been largely lost, the costs of technological innovations have frozen at the level of 2010, and investments in fixed assets are declining. The low profitability of investment engineering products blocks the possibility of its recovery. The development strategies of its branches do not promise the expected breakthrough in the next 10–15 years, which is unacceptable in the current geopolitical situation.

TO THE PROBLEM OF NEW INDUSTRIALIZATION AND EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL MODES IN THE URALS. PART 1. PRIMARY PRACTICES

The article studies the practices of regional industrialization, signs of transition to the next technological order and key parameters of its activation based on ideas about energy production cycles and historical analysis of technological shifts in the basic branches of the Ural industry. The factor of spatial approaches to its placement is also investigated. The possibilities of actualization of historical practices in modern conditions are verified. The possibilities of actualization of historical practices in modern conditions are verified. Two platforms for accelerating the transition to higher technological modes are highlighted: (a) the first platform relies on internal capacity; b) The second platform is focused on external extraterritorial technological borrowing and importation. The relationship between the evolution of the administrative formations of the region and industrial complexes with the prevailing technological modes was studied in order to understand the features of the historical territory of the Urals. The influence of changes in the size of the territory has been studied in the formation of branches of the regional economy and industrialization, its relationship with territorial rent and sectoral differentiation has also been studied. It is shown that the size of administrative entities and industrial complexes of the territory is associated with the evolution of production energy cycles. This predetermines the status, as well as the historical perspective of the territory, its readiness for new industrialization.

Monitoring of climate change and its impact on grain production in the Saratov region using remote sensing data

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the increase in the number of adverse climatic phenomena and the strengthening of their influence on the basic branch of agriculture - crop production. The differential manifestation of negative weather factors in the most productive regions leads to fluctuations in yields and agricultural production, disruption of food chains and a decrease in food stocks, thereby jeopardizing sustainable agricultural production and creating risks for ensuring the food security of the Russian Federation. This necessitates the study of regional features of the manifestation of dangerous weather phenomena for the subsequent substantiation of organizational and economic measures to mitigate the consequences and adapt agriculture to global climate change. As an example, we took the Saratov region, as a region with a significant amount of sown (planting) areas and a high share of crop production in the total crop production of the Russian Federation. Using satellite monitoring data, a number of adverse meteorological (weather) phenomena have been established that manifested themselves in the period from 1991 to 2019 in the Saratov region. The tendency to their growth and increase in duration in the territory of the given region is revealed. The dependence of the main indicators of grain production in the Saratov region on the growing influence of negative climatic factors has been studied. The necessity of taking into account the impact of hazardous meteorological (weather) phenomena in the system of strategic priorities, as well as in the preparation of forecasts for the socio-economic development of the region, modeling the impact of negative climatic factors on the structural balance of the agro-industrial complex, is substantiated.

Hemp and Its Derivatives as a Universal Industrial Raw Material (with Particular Emphasis on the Polymer Industry)-A Review.

This review article provides basic information about cannabis, its structure, and its impact on human development at the turn of the century. It also contains a brief description of the cultivation and application of these plants in the basic branches of the economy. This overview is also a comprehensive collection of information on the chemical composition of individual cannabis derivatives. It contains the characteristics of the chemical composition as well as the physicochemical and mechanical properties of hemp fibers, oil, extracts and wax, which is unique compared to other review articles. As one of the few articles, it approaches the topic in a holistic and evolutionary way, moving through the plant’s life cycle. Its important element is examples of the use of hemp derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoplastics, elastomers and duroplasts and the influence of these additives on their properties, which cannot be found in other review articles on this subject. It indicates possible directions for further technological development, with particular emphasis on the pro-ecological aspects of these plants. It indicates the gaps and possible research directions in basic knowledge on the use of hemp in elastomers.

Повышение экологической безопасности в свете климатической повестки при производстве цемента

Cement production is associated with the multi-stage mechanical and high-temperature processing of the raw materials. It is characterized by the high energy consumption and, along with the thermal power plants, significant emissions of the main greenhouse gas CO2 into the environment. Cement industry is the basic branch of the construction complex, which significantly effects on the environmental safety and economic development of the country. Environmental safety of the cement industry can be ensured based on the integrated approach which allows organizing the production process in such a way that it becomes possible to prevent or significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This will predetermine high competitiveness of the enterprises in the environmentally sensitive markets. Undoubtedly, the technological modernization of the cement industry is one of the main priorities of its development. Results of the research allowed to identify two main directions for reducing the carbon level of environmental hazard in the cement production: reducing CO2 emissions during decarbonization by reducing the carbonate component in the raw mix; reducing fuel consumption by switching to a dry cement production method. The prospect of transferring cement production technology to the dry method has the number of problems associated mainly with large financial, material and time costs. Considering high natural moisture content of the feedstock, it is possible to switch to a combined production method, in which more than half of the water contained in the sludge is removed by mechanical squeezing. Thus, it is possible to reduce the costs of water removal by 10 times, and the volume of investments, compared with the construction of a dry line, by 5–8 times.

A Multi-Objective Task Offloading Optimization for Vehicular Fog Computing

Internet of Vehicle (IoV) is one of the most basic branches of the Internet of Things (IoT), which provides many advantages for drivers and passengers to ensure safety and traffic efficiency. Most IoV applications are delay-sensitive and require resources for data storage and computation that cannot be afforded by vehicles. Thus, such tasks are always offloaded to more powerful nodes, like cloud or fog. Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC), which extends cloud computing and brings resources closer to the edge of the network, has the potential to reduce both traffic congestion and load on the cloud. Resources management and allocation process is very critical for satisfying both user and provider needs. However, the strategy of task offloading to fog node in constraints of energy and latency is still an open issue. Several research works have tackled the resource scheduling problem in the field of VFC; however, the recent studies have not carefully addressed the transmission path to the destination node, nor has it considered the energy consumption of vehicles. This paper aims to optimize the task offloading process in the VFC system in terms of latency and energy objectives while taking the deadline constraint into considerations by adopting a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA). Four different execution/transmission models are proposed where vehicle resources are utilized for tasks execution and transmission, and the well-known Dijkstra's algorithm is adopted to find the minimum path between each two nodes. The simulation results show that the models which involve the vehicles in the transmission process have reduced the latency and the total energy for the VFC system significantly in comparison with other models and the current state of the art methods.

On Understanding of Tawhid in Isma‘ilism

The article raises the question of understanding the principle of tawhid in the Isma‘ili philosophical discourse. Isma‘ili philosophers defended the absolute transcendence of God and His indescribability. The article describes the understanding of the one and only God in Isma‘ilism, analyzes the problem of the relationship between the One and the multiple within the paradigmatic pairs of Arab-Muslim philosophy ‒ “explicit‒hidden” and “basic‒branch”. It is impossible to call God the Original, otherwise it will be necessary to recognize that He is dependent and conditioned by His consequence, and this detracts from Him. God, according to the ideas of Ismailism, has only one “true” attribute — huwiyya, which forms the required nominal multiplicity and “transition” from the transcendent God to the cognizable plural world. It is the huwiyya of God that gives the impetus for the appearance of the First Cause — the command of God “Be!”, which is also its own consequence. Combining cause and eff ect, the command of God has absolute completeness. The reader is also off ered for the fi rst time in Russian a commented translation of an excerpt from the treatise of the Ismaili philosopher of the 11th century Nasir Khusraw “Six chapters” (Shish fasl) — Chapter “On the knowledge of tawhid”.

Land use management: problems of protection of basic national wealth

The Ukrainian people, with the votes of 90.3% of those who took part in the All-Ukrainian referendum on December 1, 1991 in support of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, confirmed their right to land established by the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, land is recognized as the main national wealth, which is under special protection of the state. The State Committee of Ukraine for Land Resources was established in 1992 of , which was directly subordinated to the Cabinet of Ministers and implemented the state policy in the field of land relations was carried out by the said central executive body.Beginning in 2000, the State Committee was transformed into the State Agency, which in 2008 was reorganized into the State Committee, then returned to its previous name, and in 2014 was transformed into the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre (State Geocadastre). For the latter body, the powers to implement state policy in the field of geospatial data infrastructure, topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities instead of implementing state policy in the field of land relations became decisive. Land relations are public relations concerning the possession, use and disposal of land. They are represented by a separate branch of law - land, which belongs to its profiling branches. This branch exists in direct connection with the basic (fundamental) branches of law that regulate primary social relations. Topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities, the sphere of national infrastructure of geospatial data do not belong to land relations. The activities of the State Agency have been directed and coordinated by five Ministries for 17 years. The implementation of state policy in the field of land relations has become a secondary task for the second body. The purpose of the studyis to analyze the process of transformation of public authorities on the formation and implementation of state land policy, its impact on land use in the state and justification of directions and ways to preserve the main national wealth. It is established that imperfection in the field of land use and protection management and the lease model of agricultural land use have deprived the economic motivation to introduce soil protection technologies in production, due to which most of the soil cover is in pre-crisis condition. A stable negative balance of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has been formed in agroecosystems. That was recognized as an urgent comprehensive program to neutralize challenges and threats in the environmental sphere, the National Security and Defense Council adopted a decision on this issue in March 2021.The paper focuses on the reference to state control of land use, supports the idea of improving the content of land monitoring and the procedure for its conduct, suggests ways to increase the role of state bodies in improving the land management system

Сутність і методичні підходи до оцінки економічного потенціалу країн світу як основи формування їх воєнної могутності

The purpose of the article is to define the essence of the concept of «economic potential» and analyze the existing methodical approaches to its assessment, also to determine the features of the use of the economic potential of the world countries during the formation of their military power. The article considers the approaches of various authors to the definition of the concept of «economic potential». Using the comparison method, similar and distinctive features between the above interpretations are determined. The authors’ own interpretation of the concept of «economic potential» is proposed, which is considered as the available resources of the country, ensuring the achievement of the maximum possible volume of production of military products and products of the defense-industrial complex, which can be used to support and develop the armed forces of the country, to comprehensively ensure the training, prevention and participation in various types of military conflicts. The approaches to determining the structural components of economic potential and methodical approaches to its assessment are analyzed. The carried out analysis proved the lack of a clear methodical approach to assessing the economic potential, which can be used to develop the military power of the countries of the world. It is defined that the methodical approach to assessing the economic potential of the world countries, which is aimed at determining the country’s ability to resist and prevent possible wars or military conflicts, should take into account the resource-based, scientific and innovative readiness of the country. In addition, the main attention should be paid to the possibility of financial support for the country to resist and prevent possible wars or military conflicts, as well as to form the potential of the armed forces capable of withstanding a strong enemy in the conditions of war. It is substantiated that the economic potential of the country should form the following: production capabilities of enterprises producing final products for military purposes; basic branches of military production, supplying in the mode of cooperation components, raw materials, fuel; infrastructure engaged in maintenance of the defense industry (transport, finance, communications, management); export-import potential and the system of foreign economic relations for the supply of military products, in particular weapons, military equipment; conditions for the scientific activity of the country, which is associated with the production of innovative products for military purposes.

ПОСЕССИОННЫЕ ГОРНЫЕ ЗАВОДЫ УРАЛА И ЗАМОСКОВЬЯ В XIX — НАЧАЛЕ XX В.: ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СТАТУСА

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of possession law in Russia’s mining industry considered in the context of two major reforms of the organizational foundations of this basic branch of the economy. On the basis of legislation and departmental office work, it examines the problem of determining the legal status (possessory or ownership) of private plants in the Urals and the Zamoskovny region, which the authorities faced after the introduction of mining accession in 1782. It also considers the circumstances of the primary distribution of plants by status groups at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries; the motives and course of the campaigns “to analyze the rights” of factory owners in the 1830s‒1850s, designed to clarify the composition of these groups; reasons and results of removing the burdensome possession status from plants in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. It is concluded, that these operations were the result of changes in the list of state benefits, or possessions, introduced in the course of the reform and leading either to an expansion or to a reduction in the possessory sector of industry both in the Urals and in the Zamoskovny region. It is determined that the status composition of plants was, on the whole, a reflection of the contradictory interaction between the state and factory owners regarding state property that was at the disposal of factory owners and was the object of exclusive for Russia possession rights.

Ensuring food security in Kazakhstan in modern economic conditions

Food security occupies a special place in the system of national security of Kazakhstan, since the availability of food serves as a basic indicator of human activity. The country’s maximum participation in the international division of labor in the agro­industrial complex depends on solving the problem of food security. The choice of directions is determined by economic opportunities of the country, its role in the world, conducting of domestic agro­food policy, determination of advanced development strategy of agroindustrial complex, its basic branch – agriculture. Kazakhstan is the largest exporter of grain and takes leading place in the world in flour export. Thanks to good harvests in recent years, Kazakhstan was able to strengthen its ability to stabilize prices in the markets of Central Asia, Russian Federation, the Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus and improve its own prospects in terms of food security in the adjacent regions. The agriculture of Kazakhstan is in urgent need of modernization of its material and technical base, more advanced technologies and more effective and targeted state support, without which its dynamic development observed in recent years will be at risk.

PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE USA IN THE HIGH-TECH SPHERE

Ukraine’s international economic cooperation with other countries is becoming a determining factor in providing national security, in particular, in the political, military and economic spheres. This is manifested in such areas as the equipping of the Armed Forces and other components, the implementation of national weapons production projects and the export of Ukrainian weapons.
 The Russian Federation's aggression against Ukraine in 2014 led not only to the cessation of Ukrainian-Russian high-technical cooperation, but also transformed Russia from a competitor in the market of weapons of mass destruction into an overt enemy of the Ukrainian state, which compelled Ukraine to start looking for a new model of behavior in the market.
 Given that both Ukraine and the Russian Federation operate largely in the same segment the weapons market, Ukraine would be able to move from this segment dominated by our main competitor only with the support of our strategic partners and international sanctions policy against the RF because of its aggression against Ukraine.
 The possibility of using high-technical cooperation between Ukraine and the USA as an instrument of displacement of the Russian Federation from the world market of weapons-equipped vehicles is substantiated. It is proved that US interest in the implementation of sanctions imposed by the Russian Federation and the prevention of Russian weapons in the zone of conflict through third countries can be a powerful impetus for the development of Ukrainian-American cooperation in the high-tech sphere.
 Cooperation in traditional industries such as transport aircraft building, marine shipbuilding and turbine construction, rocket engineering, which are predominantly state-owned and not traded on stock markets, requires additional attention from the state to attract US investment and assistance. Variants of development of these basic branches industries have been addressed in numerous research papers.
 At the same time, other areas of cooperation deserve a greater attention. Priority, in our opinion, should be given to strategic materials for manufacturing and energy sector; electronics and communications industry.
 The article discusses ways to enhance military technology cooperation in a manner that would better reflect both parties’ strategic interests and argues that a deeper understanding of these interests will help attract investment into the domestic industrial sector.

Izazovi "nepotpunog zakonodavstva" / Challenges of "Incomplete Legislation"

The employment status of police officers in BiH is regulated by the Law on Police Officers of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Labour Law in Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which the basic texts were adopted in 2004 with a number of amendments that followed in later years. In the context of the relationship between these two laws, the Law on Police Officers is a lex specialis in relation to the Labour Law in Institutions of BiH. Unlike the employment status of police officers of BiH, which is insufficiently but still regulated, the segment of social security of these officers, specifically social insurance, whose basic branches are pension and disability insurance, health insurance and unemployment insurance, is regulated exclusively at the entity level. Which legislation will apply in each case depends solely on the residence of the police officer. In exercising their health insurance rights, specifically the right to a salary, police officers exercise this right to varying degrees, and in certain cases with additional restrictions on exercising their rights depending on their place of residence and consequently the entity legislation applicable to them. Regarding to pension and disability insurance, which is largely harmonized at the entities level, there have been some dilemmas regarding the interpretation of the institute of retirement by some police authorities at the level of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Termination of the employement of police officers is related to the length of pensionable service. Two key questions are related to the institute of special seniority and interpretation of the institute of seniority insurance.

Genesis of sociology of media space

Sociology of media space is a new and still developing branch of sociology, just like sociology of space - a basic branch of sociological knowledge. Sociology of space focuses on natural space as a framework for the development of social connections and relations; while sociology of media space considers this space as a part of social space, not as its measurement but as a metaphor. Some natural space turns into a social space only if people use it and live in it. Social boundaries and meanings are added to natural space, which transforms it into a social phenomenon. Although sociology of media space is still developing, there is no doubt that the mass media have made a significant contribution to the development of social relations and sociology by filling social space with messages of all kinds. Media space is a platform that serves as a basis for social communications, a key to the social development, and a means of positive impact on the life of individuals, groups and organizations. Everything social is located in a space-time continuum, and the sociological approach to the theory of network media space is based on the assumption that there is a strong connection between network media communications and social changes. Sociology of media space does not emerge from sociology of space: the developing media space, which is studied with sociological methods, manifests itself in its social coordinates - this is how sociological knowledge expands to consider not only various spatial aspects of social life, but also the features of different contents and information chains created by the convergence of various media and ways of disseminating information.

Stages of the formation of treaty law in the history of international law

Problem setting. An international treaty is an agreement between two or more subjects of international relations concerning the establishment, modification or termination of mutual rights and obligations. In modern time an international treaty is the universal and primary source of international law and, at the same time, the law of treaties as a branch of international law occupies a central place in this system. The role of the treaty is constantly increasing, so it is important to study how treaty law was formed in order to understand how it has changed over history, and what factors have influenced the formation of the main branch of international law. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The law of international treaties causes increased attention of lawyers to the study, research and analysis of its main aspects. Among the domestic and foreign scholars who have made a significant contribution to the study of the law of treaties can be distinguished such as V. Butkevich, Y. Brownlie, A. Talalaev, O. Merezhko, O. Nazarenko, F. Martens, V. Shurshalov, I. Lukashuk, O. Zadorozhniy and others. Target of research. Study of international treaty at different stages of formation of international law, analysis and comparison of forms, content, functions and significance of the treaty in different historical periods. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the development and formation of the basic branch of international law – treaty law. It studies the stages of formation of the institute of treaty law during different periods of history, identifies the features of the treaty at each stage of formation. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The agreement is an important and necessary instrument of interaction and communication between people, it establishes ties between peoples and states, helps to resolve conflicts, that is why the signing of treaties is a significant mechanism for the regulation of human relations since ancient times. In this article we have traced how different historical periods influenced the formation of international treaty law, which events were of key importance for the development of international law in general. Throughout the history of international law, the treaty has undergone a number of transformations of its forms, types and procedures of conclusion. The treaty form of consolidation of international relations is the basis of stability and efficiency of the legal order in international law. At the present time, the law of international treaties is a self-sufficient, developed branch and system of international law. It is the key branch of international law with its institutions, low basic principles, and continues to develop rapidly and irreversibly.

Transport progress as a pledge of national economy development

Purpose. To determine the influence of transport branch development through the state order implementation for rolling stock and infrastructure projects in the basic economic branches. Methodology. On the basis of situation and content analyses the impact of particular science branches development on improvement of transport modes is analyzed. The role of engineering approach for both the problem solving of the stagnant technologies negotiation and new designs creation as well as solving the economic problems at a national level is observed. Findings. The impact of transport development on the national economy improvement is analyzed; during this the active role of scientific and technical progress of transport branch is investigated. The efficient means to increase the effectiveness of national economy are analyzed; one of these means is the state order for production of the basic industry branches. All the components of the production process while launching the innovational rolling stock manufacture, including the results of scientific, project and production organizations researches are taken into account. Practical value. It is proved that, provision of the state order for domestic enterprise production is the main way of national economics strengthening and the basic direction of the life quality improvement in the country. The state order for transport branch production will solve a number of social problems of regional and state level.

Globalization impact on the world travel market development

The paper deals with the research of the theoretical and methodological bases of the world travel market functioning, taking into account the new trends influence on it and gives the characteristic of the forms of these trends. We provide the globalization processes dynamics assessment and their impact on the world travel market development. It enables the determination of the main features of Ukraine’s participation at the world travel market and results in the indication of the Ukrainian tourist product development prospects at it. The development of tourism, as one of the basic branches of national economy, is an important factor of the social development and cultural growth of Ukraine. Tourism is the source of foreign currency income in the state treasury and also the center of new jobs creation.

Законодательные инициативы о регламентации в Уголовном кодексе РФ уголовного проступка: критический анализ

The article analyzes legislative initiatives of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on introduction of the criminal offense concept in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Supporting the striving of the supreme judicial authority for humanization of criminal laws, the author notes that the proposed criminal law mechanisms and means of reaching this goal contradict the conceptual origins of Russian criminal laws, deform the basic branch institutions

Food Security of the Russian Federation: Concept, Indicators, Levels, Measures of State Support, Problematic Legislative Aspects

The article considers the concept and system of food security indicators, analyzes the levels and measures of state support for agriculture as a basic branch of the economy, aimed at providing citizens with high-quality and affordable food products in sufficient quantities. The authors pay special attention to the study of state support measures for agricultural producers after Russia’s accession to the WTO. It also analyzes certain problematic legislative aspects of the topic under study and suggests appropriate legal ways to solve them, namely, to make certain additions and establish legal norms in a separate Chapter of the Federal law "On agricultural development", as well as to develop a draft and adopt a Federal law "On ensuring food security of the Russian Federation" in the near future.