Basic Axioms Research Articles

Deconstructing Two Roads: Applying the Psychology of Regret to Resolve the Mystery Surrounding Robert Frost’s Most Beloved Poem

In the lifetime anthology of Robert Frost’s poetry, one poem consistently stands out as the most beloved and recognizable of his works. To the average reader, for over a hundred years “The Road Not Taken” has engendered images of individuality and the need to avoid following the crowd; this despite clear evidence within the verse that contradicts that reading. Most Frost scholars would agree the poem is the most misunderstood poem in Frost’s collection, and the academy has presented several intelligent and deeply introspective alternatives. However, none of these have garnered enough of a consensus to displace the initial misunderstanding. Through an interdisciplinary approach that makes use of the added epistemic approaches of historical research and the psychology of regret, this paper will uncover a hidden creation story for “The Road Not Taken”, and through a fulsome review of the poem’s origination, reveal a more basic axiom as to the purpose behind Frost’s two roads.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Practices of Shariaconsumer Cooperatives for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) Ethical Perspective

Objectives: This study aims to explain (1) Islamic business ethics and corporate responsibility for sustainable development goals, as well as (2) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices in the BTM Mulia Babat KKS in the context of Islamic business ethics. Theoretical Framework: Islamic business ethics, which includes the values of honesty, fairness, and belonging, are considered essential to achieving business success. CSR is a corporate social responsibility that aims to increase corporate value and shareholder welfare. With a commitment to sustainable economic development, CSR integrates social responsibility in business operations. The framework of this research relates the implementation of Islamic business ethics to CSR practices, as well as how this impacts the company's value and stakeholder well-being. Method: This study uses a qualitative approach with a type of field research. Data was collected through observations, interviews, and documentation related to CSR practices at KKS BTM Mulia Babat. Results and Discussion: The results of the study show that: Islamic business ethics has five basic axioms: unity, balance, free will, virtue, and responsibility. The implementation of CSR at KKS BTM Mulia Babat has been carried out by the principles of Islamic business ethics. This includes responsibility to consumers, employees, investors, and the environment. Research Implications: The findings of this study indicate that the application of Islamic business ethics in CSR can increase corporate value and shareholder welfare and contribute to sustainable economic development. In addition, it can be a model for other companies to integrate Islamic business ethics into their CSR practices. Novelty/Originality: The uniqueness of this research lies in the combination of the concept of Islamic business ethics with CSR practices in the context of the BTM Mulia Babat KKS company. This research provides new insights into how Islamic values can be effectively integrated in modern business operations to achieve better social and environmental well-being.

The three axioms of resilience.

This article summarizes the growing literature on resilience in the face of aversive and potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in three basic axioms: (a) resilience is a common outcome, 2) there are no "key" traits to resilience (resilience is not a type), and (c) resilient outcomes occur through flexible self-regulation. The first axiom highlights the limitation of a traditional, binary view of trauma in terms of the presence-absence of posttraumatic stress disorder, emphasizing instead the heterogeneity of trauma outcomes. Four prototypical trajectories are reviewed: chronic symptoms; delayed symptoms; recovery; and the most common trajectory, resilience. The second axiom reviews the paradoxical inability of known correlates of resilience to adequately predict resilient outcomes. Resilience is instead described as a multifaceted phenomenon with no singular set of key traits, as various factors contribute to resilient outcomes in complex ways. The third axiom provides an explanation of how resilience can emerge from this complex array by introducing the concept of flexible self-regulation. The flexibility mindset is described as providing the motivation for flexible responding. The flexibility sequence is described as explaining the mechanisms underlying flexibility in terms of three serial stages: context sensitivity, strategy repertoire, and feedback adjustment. The final section briefly considers clinical implications.

Bivariate scoring rules: Unifying the characterizations of positional scoring rules and Kemeny's rule

This paper studies social preference functions (SPFs), which map the voters' ordinal preferences over a set of alternatives to a non-empty set of strict rankings over the alternatives. Maybe the most prominent SPFs are positional scoring rules and Kemeny's rule. While these two types of rules behave intuitively quite differently, they are axiomatically surprisingly similar and we thus provide a joint axiomatic characterization of these SPFs. To this end, we introduce the class of bivariate scoring rules which generalize Kemeny's rule by weighting comparisons between alternatives depending on their positions in the voters' preference relations. In particular, this class contains both Kemeny's rule and all positional scoring rules. As our main result, we then characterize the set of bivariate scoring rules as the only SPFs that satisfy—aside from some standard axioms—mild consistency conditions for variable electorates and variable agendas. As corollaries of this result, we also derive variants of the well-known characterizations of positional scoring rules by Smith (1973) and of Kemeny's rule by Young (1988). Thus, our result unifies the independent streams of research on positional scoring rules and Kemeny's rule by giving a joint axiomatic basis of these SPFs.

A Proposal for method of cold nuclear fusion, based on new Axioms and Laws

It is known that the Classical field theory is based on 1 basic Axiom set by Maxwell (1864). This basic Axiom describes a field with movement along a closed loop and with constant speed. It is an ideal foundation for describing an Electromagnetic Field, but it is not suitable for other more complex fields with variable speed and different accelerations. The author has proposed a more general Theory of Extended Field which consists of 2 Axioms and 8 Laws. New Axiom1 describes a structure of field with movement along open loop or open vortex with variable speed. New Axiom2 describes two mutual orthogonal structures of fields which work in resonance. This new Theory leads to the following results: movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex; evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement (decelerated or accelerated) ; during its movement decelerating vortex emits primary free cross vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in of this same primary free cross vortices; movement in 2D is transformed into the movement in 3D; a transverse vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa - a longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates the cross vortex in 2D. Now the author proposes to use a longitudinal accelerating vortex for cold fusion. With a force proportional to the positive acceleration, it will suck in both vortices and atoms - in this case the isotope of hydrogen (deuterium). The accelerator vortex sucks in and sticks two of all the deuterium, which will form helium in an exothermic reaction with the release of a lot of heat. A longitudinal acceleration vortex can be generated by applying Law 2. A decelerating transverse vortex in plane 2D (moving outside-inward) generates at its center a longitudinal accelerating vortex in 3D perpendicular to the 2D plane. This perpendicular accelerating vortex at the center pulls the transverse decelerating vortex up (against the Gravitational Force) or has quality of Anti-Gravity Force.

Addressing the distributional consequences of spillovers in health economic evaluation: A prioritarian approach.

Health spillovers arise when an individual's serious illness affects those close to them emotionally, psychologically, and/or physically. As a result, healthcare interventions that improve the lives of patients may also confer wider health benefits. However, contrary to widespread calls for health spillovers to be included in health economic evaluation, others have argued this could have adverse distributional consequences and equity implications. This paper presents a novel approach to spillover inclusion in health economic evaluation using a 'prioritarian transformation' of health gains that allows these equity concerns to be addressed. Affording greater weight to the incremental change in patient outcomes when incorporating carer/family health spillovers into resource allocation decisions, the method provides a feasible means of moderating the distributional impact of spillover inclusion. It also introduces a normative, theoretical perspective to a largely empirical extant literature and, as such, its axiomatic basis is examined. Finally, an illustrative example of the approach is presented to demonstrate its application.

An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming on the Relaxed Arm-A Architecture: The AxSL Logic

Very relaxed concurrency memory models, like those of the Arm-A, RISC-V, and IBM Power hardware architectures, underpin much of computing but break a fundamental intuition about programs, namely that syntactic program order and the reads-from relation always both induce order in the execution. Instead, out-of-order execution is allowed except where prevented by certain pairwise dependencies, barriers, or other synchronisation. This means that there is no notion of the 'current' state of the program, making it challenging to design (and prove sound) syntax-directed, modular reasoning methods like Hoare logics, as usable resources cannot implicitly flow from one program point to the next. We present AxSL, a separation logic for the relaxed memory model of Arm-A, that captures the fine-grained reasoning underpinning the low-overhead synchronisation mechanisms used by high-performance systems code. In particular, AxSL allows transferring arbitrary resources using relaxed reads and writes when they induce inter-thread ordering. We mechanise AxSL in the Iris separation logic framework, illustrate it on key examples, and prove it sound with respect to the axiomatic memory model of Arm-A. Our approach is largely generic in the axiomatic model and in the instruction-set semantics, offering a potential way forward for compositional reasoning for other similar models, and for the combination of production concurrency models and full-scale ISAs.

The ecosystem approach as a methodological reference point for the innovative development of higher pedagogical education

The article presents a theoretical analysis of the ecosystem approach as a methodological basis for innovative transformations in higher pedagogical education. The essence of the ecosystem approach in education is to direct the researcher to a systematic vision of the relationships and processes necessary to maintain ecological (healthy, sustainable, productive, diverse, coordinated) human relationships within and outside the educational system, its integrity, elements and structures, functions, values and qualitative parameters of life through self-regulated management, protection and preservation of educational ecosystems over time. The author of the article analyzes the scientific thesaurus of the problem, the essence and origins of the ecosystem approach, its conceptual basis and basic axioms, the main aspects, basic principles and ways of implementing the ecosystem approach in higher education. Particular attention is paid to educational ecosystems as a key driver of innovative development of higher pedagogical education. In particular, the article examines the nature, features, characteristics and basic approaches to the development of educational ecosystems (ecosystem as belonging and ecosystem as structure), considers the peculiarities of their formation and development depending on the structure. A scientific thesaurus of the problem of developing an ecosystem of higher pedagogical education is presented. It is represented by such concepts as: «ecosystem approach», «ecosystem structure», «ecosystem actors», «ecosystem constellation», «ecosystem life cycle». The stages of development of educational ecosystems are summarized and the advantages of implementing the ideas of the ecosystem approach in a modern university (improving the efficiency of the educational process, increasing the accessibility of education, improving the quality of education) are considered. The materials of the article can be used to develop effective tools for the support and innovative development of educational ecosystems in higher education institutions

Similarity and entropy measures for circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets

A recent extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) is the circular intuitionistic fuzzy set (C-IFS), where the performance of each alternative is described by a circle with a fixed radius rather than a specific orthopair. This article presents the similarity and dissimilarity measures for C-IFSs. Their basic axioms are proven, and some of their characteristics are brought to light. The axiomatic definition of entropy measures for C-IFSs is given. Several mathematical expressions are provided to measure the entropy of C-IFSs. The conversions of entropy into similarity measures and from similarity into entropy are given. The inferior ratio method, which relies on similarity measures, is extended for the C-IFS framework. The method is illustrated through a case study of site selection for an epidemic hospital. The solutions of the given approach are compared with the existing decision-making techniques.

To the project of architectural theory

The existence of a general architectural theory is seriously doubted by most researchers. Based on the assumption that the modern stage of architecture development requires the construction of a workable theory, the article considers the process of creating a theory similar to the creation of an architectural project. It is shown that the axiomatic basis of the theory is similar to the foundation of a building. The complex of specific methods of analysis and synthesis in the theory is considered as an analogue of building materials and details in an architectural project. The connection of the building to infrastructure networks is analogous to the harmonisation of the approaches of the designed theory with modern general scientific concepts and paradigms. Shaping of the theory in the form of vivid visual images is similar to the design of facades with cladding and building cosmetics. It is shown that the foundation of architectural theory was laid in the late Middle Ages and retains its relevance and topicality. The other elements of the designed architectural theory need to be developed.

Cold Nuclear Fusion, Based on the Theory of New Axioms and Laws

It is known that the Classical field theory is based on 1 basic Axiom set by Maxwell (1864) (Landau & Lifshitz, 1980). This basic Axiom describes a field with movement along a closed loop and with constant speed. It is an ideal foundation for describing an Electromagnetic Field, but it is not suitable for other more complex fields with variable speed and different accelerations. The author has proposed a more general Theory of Extended Field which consists of 2 Axioms and 8 Laws. New Axiom1 describes a structure of field with movement along open loop or open vortex with variable speed. New Axiom2 describes two mutual orthogonal structures of fields which work in resonance. This new Theory leads to the following results: movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex; evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement (decelerated or accelerated ); during its movement decelerating vortex emits primary free cross vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in of this same primary free cross vortices; movement in 2D is transformed into the movement in 3D; a transverse vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa - a longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates the cross vortex in 2D (Markova, 2003; 2005; 2015). Now the author proposes to use a longitudinal accelerating vortex for cold fusion. With a force proportional to the positive acceleration, it will suck in both vortices and atoms - in this case the isotope of hydrogen (deuterium). The accelerator vortex sucks in and sticks two of all the deuterium, which will form helium in an exothermic reaction with the release of a lot of heat. A longitudinal acceleration vortex can be generated by applying Law 2. A decelerating transverse vortex in plane 2D (moving outside-inward) generates at its center a longitudinal accelerating vortex in 3D perpendicular to the 2D plane. This perpendicular accelerating vortex at the center pulls the transverse decelerating vortex up (against the Gravitational Force) or has quality of Anti-Gravity Force (Markova, 2018a; 2018b; 2020a).

The Sure-Thing Principle

The Sure-Thing Principle famously appears in Savage’s axiomatization of Subjective Expected Utility. Yet Savage introduces it only as an informal, overarching dominance condition motivating his separability postulate P2 and his state-independence postulate P3. Once these axioms are introduced, by and large, he does not discuss the principle any more. In this note, we pick up the analysis of the Sure-Thing Principle where Savage left it. In particular, we show that each of P2 and P3 is equivalent to a dominance condition; that they strengthen in different directions a common, basic dominance axiom; and that they can be explicitly combined in a unified dominance condition that is a candidate formal statement for the Sure-Thing Principle. Based on elementary proofs, our results shed light on some of the most fundamental properties of rational choice under uncertainty. In particular they imply, as corollaries, potential simplifications for Savage’s and the Anscombe-Aumann axiomatizations of Subjective Expected Utility. Most surprisingly perhaps, they reveal that in Savage’s axiomatization, P3 can be weakened to a natural strengthening of so-called Obvious Dominance.

Teoria racjonalnego wyboru w świetle biopolityki

Both rational choice theory and biopolitics are extremely important paradigms in the social sciences - including political science. It would seem that their basic axioms contradict each other because the influence of biopolitical power microstructures excludes sovereign and autonomous decision-making processes. Thus, the paper adopts the hypothesis that the assumptions of biopolitics falsify the basic axioms of rational choice theory, and therefore we can consider it as the antithesis of rational choice theory. In order to verify the hypothesis, the method of content analysis was applied - with particular emphasis on studies concerning both paradigms and primary sources supported by elements of comparative studies. On the basis of the analyses carried out, it was proved that the assumptions of both paradigms do not have to contradict each other - they may even be complementary. Human actions based on the principle of rationality and self-interest can be justified by the actions of biopolitics, and therefore the hypothesis has been falsified.

A post-quantum associative memory

Associative memories are devices storing information that can be fully retrieved given partial disclosure of it. We examine a toy model of associative memory and the ultimate limitations to which it is subjected within the framework of general probabilistic theories (GPTs), which represent the most general class of physical theories satisfying some basic operational axioms. We ask ourselves how large the dimension of a GPT should be so that it can accommodate 2 m states with the property that any N of them are perfectly distinguishable. Call the minimal such dimension. Invoking an old result by Danzer and Grünbaum, we prove that , to be compared with when the GPT is required to be either classical or quantum. This yields an example of a task where GPTs outperform both classical and quantum theory exponentially. More generally, we resolve the case of fixed N and asymptotically large m, proving that (as ) for every , which yields again an exponential improvement over classical and quantum theories. Finally, we develop a numerical approach to the general problem of finding the largest N-wise mutually distinguishable set for a given GPT, which can be seen as an instance of the maximum clique problem on N-regular hypergraphs.

EVALUATION OF LATTICE BASED XAI

With multiple methods to extract explanations from a black box model, it becomes significant to evaluate the correctness of these Explainable AI (XAI) techniques themselves. While there are many XAI evaluation methods that need manual intervention, in order to be objective, we use computable XAI evaluation methods to test the basic nature and sanity of an XAI technique. We pick four basic axioms and three sanity tests from existing literature that the XAI techniques are expected to satisfy. Axioms like Feature Sensitivity, Implementation Invariance, Symmetry preservation and sanity tests like Model parameter randomization, Model-Outcome relationship, Input transformation invariance are used. After reviewing the axioms and sanity tests, we apply it on existing XAI techniques to check if they satisfy them or not. Thereafter, we evaluate our lattice based XAI technique with these axioms and sanity tests using a mathematical approach. This work proves these axioms and sanity tests to establish the correctness of explanations extracted from our Lattice based XAI technique.

Insular giant leporid matured later than predicted by scaling

The island syndrome describes morphological, behavioral, and life history traits that evolve in parallel in endemic insular organisms. A basic axiom of the island syndrome is that insular endemics slow down their pace of life. Although this is already confirmed for insular dwarfs, a slow life history in giants may not be adaptive, but merely a consequence of increasing body size. We tested this question in the fossil insular giant leporid Nuralagus rex. Using bone histology, we constructed both a continental extant taxon model derived from experimentally fluorochrome-labeled Lepus europaeus to calibrate life history events, and a growth model for the insular taxon. N.rex grew extremely slowly and delayed maturity well beyond predictions from continental phylogenetically corrected scaling models. Our results support the life history axiom of the island syndrome as generality for insular mammals, regardless of whether they have evolved into dwarfs or giants.

Why the Basic Axioms of Risk Assessment Can Be Problematic to Identify Risk? – The Development of the VUCA Meter

The VUCA world is the epitome of the challenges linked with some of the undercurrents currently shaping businesses in the projectified society. The terms Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA) are used as descriptive for the continuous flux project managers and project planners are forced to keep at bay. In this article, the authors present an idea to connect the VUCA concept as a risk identification platform to access, identify and isolate low-probability but high-impact events often called black swans or fat tail events. It is argued that the assumptions of conventional risk assessment in the domain of project management can lead to skewed general outcomes due to limitations of the intellect to assess probability. The outline of the VUCA meter is drafted and argued that the meter can augment the conventional risk assessment approach.

Value equilibrium analysis based on the New Theory of Value. I

The (traditional) labor theory of value, founded by Smith with the basic axiom that labor determines value, and supplemented and improved by Marx with the axiom that labor creates surplus-value. Neoclassical economics newly studied the utility theory of value, but it abandoned the traditional labor theory of value and theory of surplus-value. Under the basic axiomatic system analogous to theoretical mechanics, the above three theories of value has been included and developed by the new theory of value, which established the value complex variable function including three basic quantities of quantity, quality and time, as well as labor value, use-value and surplus-value. Starting from the value complex variable function, with the mathematical methods of Euler equation and Euler formula, this paper conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis on the theory of value, under satisfactions of Marx’s first and second laws, focusing on value equilibrium by giving the mathematical explicit expressions of both value equilibrium function and price equilibrium function in various forms applicable to the general commodity economic movement process, so as to prove the existence and stability of the extremum solutions to the corresponding functions.

The structure of accounting theory. Part 2

Subject. This article examines the main approaches to the construction of the theory of accounting, namely the inductive and deductive ones. Objectives. The article aims to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each of the approaches, analyze the structure of the theory of accounting in detail, and identify it at the present stage of development of accounting as a science discipline. Methods. For the study, I used combinations of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and historical and logical research methods. Results. The article defines the structure of the theory of accounting that includes the objectives of financial reporting, postulates and theoretical concepts of accounting, as well as the principles and techniques of accounting. Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes that of the two existing approaches to the construction of the theory of accounting, the inductive approach has a number of significant drawbacks that do not allow building a full-fledged theory of accounting. The deductive approach also has a number of drawbacks associated with understanding the axiomatic basis and the inference rules, but it helps lay the scientific foundations for building a complete and consistent theory of accounting. The results obtained can be used to create the theory of accounting.

Ambiguity, Contingency, and Dominance: Decolonizing Theories of Modernity

Abstract Focusing on the work of Johann P. Arnason and Peter Wagner, this article examines in its first part recent sociological, non-linear and contingency-sensitive ways of engagement with modernity, which refer to different levels of socio-historical configuration (civilization analysis vs. world sociology) and attribute different significance to normative questions. While both authors acknowledge the entanglement of European and non-European cultural worlds as well as its power dynamics, they still fail to fully grasp and theorize the devastating role of colonialism, which today is still felt in the marginalisation and even erasure of knowledge, perspectives, ideas and experiences from the ‘non-West’. Their approaches also lack a serious engagement with post- and decolonial scholarship. The second part of this contribution presents decolonial thinking as a theoretical and normative-political project. Theorising modernity from ‘beyond’ invites us to ‘break the Western code’ (Mignolo) and engage with modernity from a perspective that is grounded in different epistemologies, philosophies and social imaginaries, ultimately questioning autonomy and mastery (over humans and nature) as basic premises or axioms of Western modernity. As a normative-political project decoloniality is future-oriented and, focusing on the temporally, spatially and socially contextualized acting subjects and collectives, aims to rebuild a polycentric world and establishes ‘pluriversality as a universal project’ (Mignolo). The Zapatista movement in Chiapas (Mexico), representing a new understanding of the revolutionary subject and the revolutionary praxis, illustrates how indigenous groups and (urban) Marxists can come together as equals, learn from each other and negotiate how to change the world in discourse and practice.