Bashkortostan Research Articles

Forecasting the key parameters of socio-economic development of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Subject. This article examines the issues related to the adaptation of households and the business sector to changing conditions of the internal and external environment. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the indicators fixed in the basic version of the forecast of socio-economic development of the Republic of Bashkortostan for the coming years. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical analysis. Results. The article finds that the forecast values of the indicator Real Disposable Income of the Population in the event of increased instability in foreign markets and depreciation of the national currency in the medium term may not be achieved. Labor productivity is a key factor in economic growth with low growth rates of the average annual number of employees. Relevance. The results of the study can be used by regional authorities in the formation of key areas of tax and budget policies of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Tectonic structure and stages of geological development of the Sterlitamak shikhans

The article considers the features of the tectonic structure and geological development of the Lower Permian single mountains – shikhans on the left bank of the Belaya River near the city of Sterlitamak (Republic of Bashkortostan). The analysis of published and archival materials, field research, the study of core material, lithological and structural observations allowed us to get an idea of the tectonics of single mountains (shikhans). The Shikhans are part of a single chain of carbonate massifs composed of reef facies and located submeridionally (from south to north) in the western side of the Pre-Uralian Foredeep. In the area of Sterlitamak four massivеs are brought to the surface of the Earth as part of a single Shikhan block. The tectonic structure of the territory is determined by paleotectonic (the period from 3600 to 23 million years) and neotectonic (23 – 5 million years).years and up to the present) events that are combined into periods and are divided into stages. The formation of reef complexes composing the shikhans was controlled by paleotectonic events of the collision stage of development, which led to the formation of the continental shelf margin with conditions favorable for the formation of reef communities on the border of the Pre-Uralian Foredeep during the Asselian and Sakmarian epochs (for 15 million years). Subsequent geological events – in the Artinskian and Kungur time, in the Late Permian-Early Mesozoic stage and in the Middle Jurassic-Miocene platform stage caused the destruction and leveling of the Early Permian relief, erosion of sediments and their overlap with younger sediments. The tectonic impact of the last Pliocene-Quaternary neo-orogenic stage (5 – 0 million years) is most intensively manifested in the rocks of Shikhans. It is expressed in intense fracturing and fragmentation of rocks, their recrystallization with loss of primary structural and textural features. The neotectonic movements of the blocks of the Earth's crust contributed to the removal to the surface of individual sections of the reef complexes distribution zone. The isolation of reef shikhans was a result of presence of an evaporites оver them, which were easily eroded. The tectonic effect on the carbonate rocks of reef nature contributed to the formation of zones of increased fracturing observed in the rocks of the Sterlitamak shikhans and penetration of oil-containing solutions and fluids, which formed areas of rocks with increased reservoir properties. Leaching and karst zones with residual bitumen are observed on almost all shikhans.

The unique natural monuments of the southern part of the Yangan-Tau Geopark (Yakhya and Radio villages, Southern Urals)

The Yakhya and Radio villages are located in the Salavat district in the north-east of the Bashkortostan Republic; now it is part of the UNESCO Yangan-Tau Geopark. The territory is composed of carbonate rocks extending meridionally from east to west – Precambrian, Devonian and Carboniferous, emerging on the surface in the left and right riverside cliffs of the Yuryuzan River valley. Caves, grottoes have formed in carbonate rocks, which have attracted the attention of people since historical times. Pine and birch forests growing on the slopes of the mountains, combined with the Yuryuzan River and its tributaries, create beautiful landscape of the western ranges of the Southern Urals. All of the above was the aim of this paper, which characterizes the area, systematizes the description of geological and geomorphological objects, briefly describes the biological diversity of the territory, and also proposes tourist excursion routes aimed at the scientific and educational development of the territory.

MOTIVES FOR A SOBER LIFESTYLE AND MEASURES TO SPREAD IT: RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

A factor in the health of the population is a sober lifestyle, free from addictive behavior. To assess the scale of addictions, their causes, ways to reduce the problem, a sociological survey of teachers from the Republic of Bashkortostan, who observe and fix the dynamics in the motives, roles and practices of a sober lifestyle. A sober lifestyle has become a social norm. Stressful situations, lack of support, dissatisfaction with life, difficult life situation, heredity and a tendency to addiction contribute to addictions. The main motives for choosing a sober healthy lifestyle are health as a value for a person, family traditions and education, sobriety as a principled position in life. Among the measures to expand the practice of a sober lifestyle, supplement anti-alcohol and anti-drug policies, are conditions for sports and other types of leisure creation, strengthen restrictive measures, promote healthy lifestyles, solve employment problems and improve the welfare of the population.

ANALYSIS OF FEATURES OF MEDICATION SUPPLY STRUCTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

The changing trade procedures within the healthcare system aim to improve the procurement mechanisms for medical products (MP), means of supplier identification, ways to reduce contract prices, and informational foundation for contracting. Research on the efficiency of MP procurement systems in the federal subjects of the Russian Federation and legislative acts applied to them is especially relevant today. This work aims to compare structural differences in contract-regulated MP procurement systems in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB). The official website www.zakupki.gov.ru provides data on volumes and structure of MP supply in medical and pharmaceutical organizations of the RB. This paper contains the indexes of supplier and consumer rotation in the RB trade in 2013 and 2017 and a comparative analysis of tenders according to the form of order placement. The authors calculated the efficiency gains of signed contracts and conducted a comparative analysis of the examined tenders in the MP procurement system according to federal legislation (federal laws). The work undertaken allowed the authors to determine development tendencies in the competition among MP suppliers, identify the structural specificity of the MP tenders, and demonstrate their efficiency. The authors present conclusions drawn based on the comparative analysis and provide recommendations on the improvement of MP procurement in the RB. They identify the high potential of the republic to implement digital public auctions as a form of an MP procurement mechanism in accordance with Federal Law No. 223-FZ.

Socio-economic aspects of the standard of living of pensioners (On the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The article considers the material provision of citizens of retirement age and their compliance with real needs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the social challenges of modern pension reform, the subject is the standard of living of pensioners of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the study is pensioners of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The author examines in detail such aspects as the standard of living of pensioners, the real pension size in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the average pension size in the subjects of the Volga Federal District, the level and structure of household income, the health status of pensioners, the problems that cause the greatest concern among residents older than working age living in urban areas, the problems that cause the greatest concern among residents over working age living in rural areas, types of households eligible for social services by age. As a methodological basis of the study, the results of a sample observation of the income of the population and participation in social programs in 2021 and the results of a comprehensive survey of the living conditions of the population in 2021 conducted with the participation of the author were used. As a result, the author concludes that in the conditions of the new pension reform, the social challenge is the low standard of living of pensioners, the growth of whose number in the future will cause the expansion of the social localization of poverty. One of the main results of the study was the identification of the main problems of the standard of living and pension provision in the Republic of Bashkortostan. It is necessary to carry out regular monitoring of the purchasing power of pensions and the total incomes of pensioners. The development of state decisions to improve the level.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ БРЕМЯ НОВОЙ КОРОНАВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

Abstract. Introduction. Extent of social losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic is still evaluated incompletely fully assessed despite its declared end. Aim. To study the socioeconomic burden of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Materials and Methods. In this study, we used the method of accounting for the economic burden caused by hospitalizations, sick leaves, and deaths. Four disease severity levels (mild, moderate, severe, and critical) and two treatment options (inpatient or outpatient) were considered. Direct costs were evaluated using the data provided by the Tariff Agreement on Compulsory Medical Insurance in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Indirect losses were evaluated considering the times of the patients’ incapacity to work and assessing the amounts of “underproduced” Gross Regional Product due to their premature deaths. Results and Discussion. The results obtained indicate that total direct medical costs related to the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus infection increase annually, despite the reducing costs of each treatment stage. Based on published data alone, the three-year direct costs amounted to 0.3 billion rubles for outpatient treatment, 7.4 billion rubles in hospitals, and 4.6 billion rubles for PCR tests. In the loss structure, significant are indirect costs associated with incapacity periods (4.7 billion rubles) and mortality (2.3 billion). Conclusions. COVID-19 pandemic has led to large socioeconomic losses.

Machine Learning in the Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Flow on a Site with Heterogeneous Vegetation

The article presents the results of studies of carbon dioxide flow in the territory of section No. 5 of the Eurasian Carbon Polygon (Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan). The gas analyzer Sniffer4D V2.0 (manufactured in Shenzhen, China) with an installed CO2 sensor, quadrocopter DJI MATRICE 300 RTK (manufactured in Shenzhen, China) were used as control devices. The studies were carried out on a clear autumn day in conditions of green vegetation and on a frosty November day with snow cover. Statistical characteristics of experimental data arrays are calculated. Studies of the influence of temperature, humidity of atmospheric air on the current value of CO2 have been carried out. Graphs of the distribution of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric air of section No. 5 on autumn and winter days were obtained. It has been established that when building a model of CO2 in the air, the parameters of the process of deposition by green vegetation should be considered. It was found that in winter, an increase in air humidity contributes to a decrease in gas concentration. At an ambient temperature of 21 °C, an increase in humidity leads to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide.

Historical and cultural heritage of Ukrainians of the Republic of Bashkortostan: according to the funds of the Yumatov Ethnographic Museum

The subject of this study is the exhibits of the main fund of the museum collection of the Yumatov Ethnographic Museum of the Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia) related to the traditional culture of Ukrainians. The object of the study is the traditional material culture of Ukrainians in a multiethnic environment. The purpose of the study is to study the historical and cultural heritage of Ukrainians of the Republic of Bashkortostan, their interaction with representatives of Turkic, Finnovolgian, as well as other Slavic peoples. The proposed publication presents an analysis of traditional subjects that are an important component of the identity and characteristics of an ethnic group. Tools and devices for performing certain types of work are considered; interior and household items, kitchen utensils; samples of decorative and applied art and materials for their production; clothing and shoes. The time frame for their use in everyday life is indicated by the end of the XIX – the middle of the XX century. The area of distribution of exhibits is shown. Based on the subject and object of the study, general scientific and special methods were used as a methodological basis. The research was based on the comparative historical method and the method of typologization. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to analyze the museum collection in order to study the historical and cultural heritage of Ukrainians, one of the Slavic peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main conclusion of the study is that even in a multinational environment, Ukrainians continue to preserve their culture. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the introduction into scientific circulation of new information on the traditional material culture of Ukrainians in the region. In the course of the study, data on the number of Ukrainian exhibits and the area of their origin were clarified. Classification of savings units has been made. The regularity in the periodization of the existence of museum objects is revealed. The results obtained by the author can be used in various types and forms of research and cultural and educational activities, in particular: in the preparation of candidate and doctoral dissertations, generalizing works on the history, ethnography and culture of the peoples inhabiting the Republic of Bashkortostan; design of thematic exhibitions in rural, district and republican museums.

Models of quality of life management in the region: National Social Initiative (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The work is devoted to the study of the issue of quality of life management in the region on the basis of a new model presented by the National Social Initiative (NSI), as most consistent with the principle of human-centricity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvement of the quality of life of the population in the regions of Russia. The subject of the study is the models of quality of life management of the population in the regions of Russia. The actual basis of the study was made up of data from the Agency for Strategic Initiatives, data from the Quality of Life Rating in the regions of the Russian Federation, materials from the Smarteca digital platform, as well as official materials and data from the Employment Service of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main constructs and a fragment of parametrization are given. Using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the tools for analyzing and evaluating the quality of life within the framework of the designated model are described, and the results of content analysis of management decisions in the social sphere assigned to the region as the author on the Smarteca platform are also presented. Taking into account the identified problematic points, the current directions of development in the region are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the content of practices already replicated in the region, as well as the analysis of top projects presented on Smartec, some social management practices that are relevant in order to resolve the problems identified in the region are identified.

Information on the Taxonomical Diversity of the Melittophilian Flora of the Toratau Geopark (Republic of Bashkortostan)

In the modern world, human activity has a significant impact on vegetation and landscapes, which creates problems in preserving the natural functions of ecosystems that provide human living conditions. One of the ways to solve this problem is to study key species that determine the composition and structure of ecosystems, as well as rare species, whose diversity is important for maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance and ensuring vital conditions for humans. The results of an assessment of the species composition of the melittophilous flora of the Toratau Geopark, located on the territory of the Ishimbay, Gafuriysky, Meleuzovsky and Sterlitamak districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan, are presented. During the research, the species composition was determined, including 127 species of nectar-bearing plants from 29 families, of which 23 species from the Asteracea family, 20 species from the Fabaceae family and 14 species from the Rosaceae family are predominant.

Heavy Metals in Urban Soils of the Volga Federal District: a Conjugate Analysis of Official Data

Based on a conjugated analysis of the official data of Roshydromet on the content of priority heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) in the soils of 23 cities of the Volga Federal District, as well as Rosstat data on the socio-economic indicators of these settlements, the ecological and geochemical characteristics of urbanozems (Urbic Technosols) and with the help of multivariate statistical analyzes (cluster and factorial), possible relationships between soil pollution parameters and urban features of cities were revealed. For the soils of most cities in the region with average socioeconomic indicators, admissible levels of accumulation of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu have been established, which, in terms of concentrations, are close to the average abundance of urban soils in Russia. In small and medium-sized cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan, exceedances of APC Ni in soils are recorded, which reflects the presence of a regional geochemical anomaly of natural and anthropogenic nature in the eastern part of the Volga Federal District, but no correlations between nickel pollution and socio-economic indicators of settlements are revealed. The moderately hazardous level of complex pollution in urbanozems with dominant accumulation of Cd and significantly lower concentration ratios of other heavy metals (Belebey, Davlekanovo, Dzerzhinsk) shows no correlation with the demographic indicators of settlements. The more complex profile of soil pollution (Cd–Zn in Penza or Cu–Cd–Zn in Mednogorsk) shows lower values of the total fertility rate and higher values of the mortality rate (compared with the average regional indicators). In general, using the example of the cities of the Volga Federal District, it is shown that the gradients of increasing concentrations in soils of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and the total pollution index Zc are codirectional with an increase in the general mortality rate of the population.

PATTERNS OF THE REGIONAL URANIUM STATUS FORMATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

Link for citation: Zlobina A.N., Farkhutdinova L.M., Farkhutdinov I.M., Belyanovskaya N.V., Baranovskaya N.V., Chesalova E.I., Farkhutdinov A.M., Khayrulina L.A., Krestyannikova E.V. Patterns of the regional uranium status formation on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 153-168. In Rus. The relevance of the research. Uranium is a radioactive, carcinogenic, toxic element that can be accumulated in human body and cause various pathologies (the risk of kidney dysfunction, the development of leukemia, colorectal cancer etc.). This determines the relevance of studying the patterns of distribution of this chemical element in the living environment. Drinking water is the main source of uranium for the human body. This fact can be confirmed by calculating the accumulation coefficient and correlation analysis, which showed a high dependence of the concentration of uranium in hair on its content in the scale of drinking water. The method for assessing the uranium status of a territory, including geochemical, lithological, hydrogeological, tectonic analyses, and the study of technogenic factors, makes it possible to fairly accurately determine the main sources of uranium feeding of drinking water. The main aim: to assess the significance of geoecological factors on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the formation of the regional uranium status based on the study of the uranium content in drinking water and hair of residents. Methods. Uranium concentration in the scale of drinking water and the hair of children was studied using instrumental neutron activation analysis applying the research nuclear reactor IRT-T TPU. For data processing, the Statistica 10 and Microsoft Excel 2013 software packages were used. A map of uranium spatial distribution was built using the ArcGIS 10.2 software in the Geostatistical Analyst module applying the inverse distance weighting method. Results. On the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, there is a wide range of uranium values both in the scale of drinking water (range from 0,01 to 61,0 mg/kg) and in hair of residents (range from 0,001 to 0,411 mg/kg). The average content of uranium in the scale of drinking water (515 samples) was 5,4 mg/kg and in hair (182 samples) was 0,04 mg/kg. Uranium spatial distribution is in clear agreement with the geoecological conditions of the area. Zones of increased uranium concentration in scale and hair are distinguished, where the uranium content is higher than the background value in the republic: the western platform and southern mountain zones. Along with positive anomalies, there are negative ones, where the level of the element is below the average: the northern platform and northern mountain zones. Uneven uranium distribution is explained by both natural (a wide variety of rocks, hydrogeological and tectonic factors) and technogenic factors (development of oil and ore deposits). The conducted correlation analysis showed a direct dependence of U content in children's hair on its concentration in the scale of drinking water (R2=0,8), which indicates the leading role of drinking water in uranium intake into human body. Considering the revealed higher level of uranium in hair of the inhabitants of Bashkortostan compared to a number of other regions of the Russian Federation and the world, as well as the ability of this chemical element to be accumulated in the body, the study of the uranium status influence on health of the population is of particular relevance. The results obtained can serve as a theoretical basis for elucidating the biological role of uranium and solving the fundamental problem of the relationship between geoecology and human health.

State Regulation of Trade in Bashkortostan from 1945 to 1953

The article examines the regulation of trade in the territory of Bashkortostan during the post-war reconstruction of the national economy. An attempt is made to determine the effectiveness of state mechanisms for regulating trade in the conditions of a planned economy in the Soviet Union. The ability of a planned economy to ensure an increase in the volume of trade turnover through financial and economic activities of trade enterprises on a non-competitive basis and without using the mechanism of free demand and supply formation is one of the controversial issues. The source base of the article was documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. As a result of the study, it was established that the Republican Ministry of Trade paid primary attention to increasing trade turnover and consistently eliminating deficits. It was revealed that the nationalization of consumer cooperatives sharply reduced the opportunities for cooperative democracy and led to violations of the legitimate interests of shareholders. The actions of the State Arbitration in conflict situations between trade enterprises in Bashkortostan and suppliers are shown. The results of regulatory actions by Gosbank in reducing accounts receivable and increasing the solvency of trade enterprises are determined. It is concluded that despite all the shortcomings of the existing economic system, trade organizations in Bashkortostan have achieved significant success.

Evaluation of alfalfa varieties by economically valuable characteristics in the southern foreststeppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The purpose of the research (2019–2022) is to identify promising alfalfa samples based on a complex of economically valuable traits that are resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental stress factors for the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The novelty of the research is that for the first time in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, new promising hybrid populations with ecological plasticity and increased yield potential were studied. Records and observations were carried out according to the VIR method. As a result of the research, promising cultivars were identified that combine high feed and seed productivity. Samples of Emerald (variegated hybrid) High-protein (variegated hybrid population), Precocious (variegated hybrid population), Tatar pasture differ in the earliest flowering. The largest excess of the green mass yield was noted by samples: From 3-8 (blue hybrid, created by individual — family selection) exceeding the standard by 37.4%; Population 25 (mixture) by 33.2%; P 85044 (blue hybrid, created by individual and family selection) by 29.3%; Population 8 (synthetic population, belongs to the yellow–variegated hybrid variety type) by 27.7%. A positive correlation was established between the seed yield, the amount of precipitation (r = 0.481) and GTC (r = 0.470). The presence of a weak negative correlation between the seed yield and the average daily temperature regime (r = -0.276) was revealed. The results of the research can be used in the selection of alfalfa in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia and is of interest to researchers-breeders of the world community.

Industrial hydrocarbon production and the new opportunities for green energy

Subject. This article discusses the issues of development of the petrochemical and oil refining industry of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Objectives. The article aims to assess the prospects for the use of renewable energy sources and the modernization of traditional manufacturing industries. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of graphic and statistical analyses. Results. The article finds that with the depletion of proven oil reserves in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the fuel balance can be restored through oil supplies from the Arctic areas and that the development of green energy in the region is primarily associated with the production of composite fuel. Relevance. The results of the study can be used when designing plans for the production of innovative products by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.

The way for improvement and use of slope hayfields and pastures in the republic of Bashkortostan

The article gives a brief description of slopes used for grazing, the composition and quality of which are different in the various agricultural zones of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The technology of improvement and use of these slopes in the conditions of the republic is considered here as well.

Комплексная оценка продовольственного обеспечения населения Республики Башкортостан в условиях новых системных вызовов

Abstract. The aim of the study is to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the food supply of the population of the federal subject (on the example of Bashkortostan) in the context of external and internal systemic challenges and restrictions. The article updates that the observed conditions for the development of the agro-food system at the national level and at the level of federal subjects are accompanied by unprecedented changes that are directly related to the emergence of new challenges, trends and threats, the active introduction of innovative and digital technologies in food of animal origin. The conceptual and theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the fundamental provisions of modern theories of the development of the agro-food market and food supply for the population, human capital, economic growth and sustainable functioning of rural territorial entities. Methods. As a means of instrumental and methodological apparatus of research, a systematic approach was used in combination with the following methods: monographic, abstraction, graphic visualization, generalization and systematization, comparative analysis. A comprehensive study of food supply for rural and urban residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan is based on the results of a content analysis of current trends, problems and strategic prospects for the development of agriculture and the agro-food market in the region. Results. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of the provision of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan with food of animal origin (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products) was carried out. The key problems hindering the development of the livestock and poultry complex of the republic are identified. The dynamics of indicators reflecting the number of livestock, the productivity of livestock and poultry in the agro-formations of the region is considered. An assessment of individual social indicators of the functioning of rural territorial entities at the regional level is given. A detailed analysis of the balance of resources (production, imports and exports) of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, formed on a republican scale, was carried out. Practical proposals have been developed aimed at improving the criteria and parameters of self-sufficiency of the population of the federal subjects of our country with certain types of agro-food products. The scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of new provisions aimed at the effective assessment of the food supply of the population of the federal subject with food of animal origin in the face of modern challenges, threats and restrictions.

Topical issues in pediatric ophthalmogenetics: diversity and prevalence of hereditary eye pathology

According to the World Health Organization, hereditary eye pathologies (HEP) constitute a significant proportion of ophthalmologic diseases (at least 35% in total and up to 40%in children), resulting in substantial disability (65-70%). However, there is a lack of data on the prevalence and diversity of HEP in the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is crucial to study the prevalence and etiological nature of these diseases using modern genome technologies, in order to identify frequent forms, enable early detection in children, and develop effective therapeutic and preventive measures. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HEP in children, both as isolated conditions and as part of hereditary diseases and syndromes, in seven regions of the Russian Federation, while identifying frequently occurring nosological forms. Materials and methods: An epidemiological and clinical genetic study was conducted in 60 districts across the regions of Rostov, Kirov, Republics of Chuvashia, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Karachay-Cherkessia, encompassing a total population of 2,434,460 individuals, including 480,575 children. The study encompassed the entire population of the selected areas, regardless of age, and followed an original protocol for genetic and epidemiological research established at the Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology. The methods employed included clinical-genetic, genealogical, clinical-laboratory, and molecular-genetic techniques, such as full-exome sequencing. The prevalence of visual organ diseases was calculated. Results: The results revealed a total of 449 patients with 56 different forms of isolated hereditary eye pathology (IHEP), indicating a prevalence of 1:1070 children. Additionally, 507 pediatric patients were identified with eye involvement as a symptom of 50 hereditary diseases and syndromes (SHEP), resulting in a prevalence of 1:954 children. Overall, hereditary eye lesions affecting various eye structures were identified in 956 pediatric patients, yielding a prevalence of 1:504 children. Frequent nosological forms were identified for both disease groups: 17 in IHEP and 14 in SHEP. Notably, these frequent hereditary eye diseases accounted for more than 80% of all identified patients with hereditary pathology (83.30% and 88.10% for IHEP and SHEP, respectively). Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the epidemiology of hereditary eye pathologies in the Russian Federation and describes frequent diseases within this population. These findings will contribute to improving research and clinical practices, expanding the range of treatable conditions, and informing targeted programs and measures in the field of children’s healthcare.

Genome-Wide Association Study: Analysis of Association of Polymorphic Loci in 4p15.2 and 20q13.31 Regions with Paranoid Schizophrenia

Over fifteen years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several million polymorphic risk markers for schizophrenia, significantly advancing our understanding of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to study genetic risk factors for the development of schizophrenia in a genome-wide association analysis in Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs from the Republic of Bashkortostan. The studied sample consisted of 816 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 989 healthy individuals. GWAS genotyping of DNA samples was carried out on the PsychChip, which included 610 000 single nucleotide polymorphic variants (SNPs). As a result of the study, for the first time, an association of SNPs rs73254185 (4p15.2) and rs587778384 of the GNAS gene (20q13.31) with the risk of paranoid schizophrenia in individuals of different ethnicity, Russians, Tatars and Bashkirs living in the Republic of Bashkortostan, was established, which probably may indicate involvement of PI4K2B and GNAS genes localized in these chromosomal regions in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.