Bashkir Population Research Articles

СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ И АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИМСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКОГО ЦЕНТРА РАН

The history of complex ethnological research in the Republic of Bashkortostan dates back to the establishment of the Society for the Study of Everyday Life, Culture, and History of Bashkiria, under the leadership of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic People’s Commissariat. In 1922, an ethnographic and geographical department was created within this organization. In 1929, the society had already had seven departments, including a dedicated ethnographic department, as well as an independent anthropological section, which had been formed in 1928. In 1930, the Bashkir Comprehensive Research Institute was established on the basis of the Academic Center. In 1932, the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of National Culture was separated from it. After the formation of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1951, one of its first divisions was the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of History, Language, and Literature. Ethnographic research continued to be actively conducted in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and adjacent territories with a densely populated Bashkir population. The history of the Ethnology Department of the Institute is closely linked to the name of Academician R.G. Kuzeev (1929–2005). He was a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In 1955, he completed postgraduate studies at the Miklukho-Maklay Institute in Moscow and defended his PhD thesis. After that, he headed the historical department at the Institute. With the arrival of Kuzeev, there was a renewed focus on the study of ethnographic issues and the history of the origins of the Bashkir people. Based on both published and unpublished sources, this article highlights the work of the Ethnology Department at the Order of the Badge of Honor Institute of History, Language, and Literature at the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It examines the main achievements and future prospects of this department’s research.

CUSTOMS RELATED TO DOMESTIC GEESE AMONG THE BASHKIRS: TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS

In the modern life of the Bashkir population in the Republic of Bashkortostan, a large number of different beliefs, customs and rituals associated with poultry, including geese, have been preserved. Despite the fact that tyhe Bashkirs started poultry farming relatively late, domestic birds occupy an important place in their daily and ritual practice.
 
 The purpose of the article is to consider the customs associated with geese amongBashkirs, including the custom of collective help – kaҙ omahe and “kaҙ yula” (“Goose Road”), in the middle of the XX – beginning of the XXI century.
 
 Materials and methods. The article uses general scientific methods: scientific description, analysis and systematization of empirical material, as well as the comparative historical method. When conducting field research, traditional ethnographic methods were used: in-depth interview, observation, photo fixation. The article is based on historical and ethnographic studies on the ethnography of the Bashkirs and peoples of the Ural-Volga region, museum collections of Archeology and Ethnography Museum at the Institute of Ethnological Research named after R.G. Kuzeev of Ufa Federal Research Center under the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as field materials collected by the author in 2019, 2023 in southern, south-eastern, western, central regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan and Kuvandyksky district of Orenburg region.
 
 Results. The customs associated with domestic geese among the Bashkirs are analyzed from the point of view of traditionality and innovations, and the problems of preserving the rituals of kaҙ omahe and “kaҙ yula” in modern conditions are also examined. The author examines some parallels in ritualism among the peoples living next door to the Bashkirs (the Tatars, the Udmurts, the Kryashens).
 
 Conclusions. It is revealed that the rituals of kaҙ omahe and “kaҙ yula” with elements of collective help are firmly rooted in the ritual culture of the Bashkirs and have not lost their significance up to the present time. Currently, they are held in the north-western, western regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. According to a long-established custom, neighbors, relatives, unmarried girls are invited. Traditional food is set on the table: porridge cooked in goose fat, pancakes greased with the same fat, in some areas – noodle soup. As before, they give out ulyush (olosh – share). In some areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan in recent decades, the rite is carried out in the form of holidays-festivals.

Single nucleotide polymorphism of osteoprotegerin as a possible biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis in Bashkir population of Chelyabinsk region

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic erosive arthritis. The protein osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of bone tissue homeostasis (RANK/RANKL/OPG) which is responsible for the regulation of osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis. The altered binding of RANKL and OPG is one of the causes of many diseases with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including rheumatoid arthritis. Polymorphic variants of the genes that control protective reactions could affect the level of production for encoded proteins and, thus, changing the course of immune response in RA. G1181C SNP in osteoprotegerin gene leads to disruption of its transcriptional activity and conformation of the protein itself, which can lead to an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We analyzed the relationship between the TNFRSF11B gene polymorphism at the 1181 G C position and the risk of developing RA in the Bashkir population. The analysis was based on a molecular genetic study of single nucleotide polymorphism in groups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and conditionally healthy individuals of the Bashkir population of the Chelyabinsk Region. Statistical evaluation was carried out using standard criteria generally accepted in immunogenetics. The 1181*GC polymorphism of the osteoprotegerin gene is characterized by interpopulation differences, which confirms the importance of using an ethnically identical comparison group to assess the association with a predisposition to multifactorial pathology. We showed that the carriage of genotype 1181 G/C was increased in the group of Bashkirs with rheumatoid arthritis. This genotype could be considered a biomarker of susceptibility to RA. No differences in the SNP allelic frequencies and genotypes were found among women with RA. Our research is a part of comprehensive assessment of the interaction of cytokines and their receptors from the TNFαsuperfamily as an immunogenetic component of RA genesis.

Tatar peasantry of the Bashkir ASSR in the 1920s–1950s

The article shows trends, factors of changes in the number, life activity of rural Tatars of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1920s – 1950s. The history of the Tatar peasantry of Bashkortostan in the Soviet period is inseparable from the history of the peasants of Russia as a whole. As a result of complex, ambiguously interpreted ethnogenetic processes, by the beginning of the 20th century, the demographic majority of the north-west and west of modern Bashkortostan were Tatars. According to the census of 1926, were recorded a significant number of Bashkirs, who considered the Tatar language their native language. The 1939 census recorded a very small increase in the Bashkir population, even though the growth rates of the number of Tatars were higher than the average growth rates of the total population in the republic. The quantitative composition of the Tatar peasants of this region during this period decreased at a lower rate relative to the villagers of other nationalities of this region. By the end of the 1950s, the main trend in changing the demographic picture of the Tatar rural population in the Bashkir ASSR was determined by migration and population reduction. They were caused by the high rates of industrialization of the economy of the republic and the secondary attitude of the state to the development of the agricultural sector. According to the degree of urbanization, the Tatars occupied an intermediate position between the Russians and Bashkirs. For citation: Gallyamova A.G. Tatar peasantry of the Bashkir ASSR in the 1920s–1950s. From the History and Culture of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. 2023, vol.13, no.2, pp.83–94. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-2.83-94 (In Russian)

Трутни медоносных пчел башкирской популяции среднерусского подвида на севере ареала

Specialists conducted local molecular and genetic studies of working individuals of honeybees in apiaries of the northern forest-steppe zone, covering the area of the Bashkir population of the Central Russian subspecies of honeybees, during which some reserves of Apis mellifera mellifera were identified. However, there are no detailed studies on the dynamics of the morphotypic and phenotypic structure and taxonomic assessment of drones in this territory. The material for this work is based on field studies conducted in the Askin, Baltachevsky, Burayevsky, Kaltasinsky, Karaidelsky, Krasnokamsky, Mishkinsky, Nurimanovsky, Tatyshlinsky and Yanaulsky districts of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2017–2020. The object of research was the drones of honeybees. In total, more than 17 thousand copies of drones were collected and processed. The paper uses the method of F. Ruttner on the assessment of morphotypes. The studies were carried out on dry samples of bees. To determine the color of the hairs on the abdomen, the color scale of Prf. Goetze was used. As a result of the study of the phenotypes of honeybee drones, based on the analysis of morphotypes and color of the hairs on the abdomen, the distribution of three phenotypes was established (O-dark cuticle (brown – coffee), Is – a wide saddle – shaped stripe (black-smoky), 2R-two yellow rings on the cuticle (brown-coffee)) on apiaries of the northern forest-steppe zone, forming the Bashkir population of the Central Russian subspecies. It was revealed that all morphotypes were characterized by the presence of hair color corresponding to the standard of the Central Russian subspecies. The phenotypic diversity of bees living in the studied apiaries is determined, first of all, by the complex influence of the anthropogenic factor. At the same time, the timely implementation of breeding programs for the conservation and breeding of native bees, a certain geographical isolation of the northern forest-steppe zone, the isolation of apiaries will preserve the subpopulation structure of bees in this territory.

Ethno-cultural tourism as a promising area for inter-municipal and inter-regional cooperation in the development of rural areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Chelyabinsk region

In the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the introduction of certain restrictions on movement between some countries, there is an increase in demand for domestic tourism in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including in the Republic of Bashkortostan. One of the promising, but still underdeveloped types of domestic tourism in Bashkortostan and the neighboring Chelyabinsk region is ethnocultural tourism, the potential of which is huge in terms of opening new jobs, organising new small and medium-sized enterprises. It can be considered as a promising direction for the diversification of the rural economy and tourism business, which can dramatically increase the income of the villagers and, in general, the quality of life in rural areas. In addition, it contributes to the preservation of tangible and intangible objects of historical memory, in particular, folk crafts and crafts, customs and traditions, and skills in the production of unique national cuisine products. On the example of depressed rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Chelyabinsk region, the author updates the feasibility of enhancing the areas of intermunicipal and interregional cooperation in the field of rural ethnocultural tourism, including through the introduction of additions and changes to federal, regional and municipal programmes for the socio-economic development of the village, small and medium-sized businesses, agricultural cooperation, tourism and the inclusion in them of proposals to support ethnic entrepreneurship and the formation of ethnotourist clusters. The organisation of national (ethno) villages in the Argayashskiy, Kunashakskiy districts of the Chelyabinsk region and in the south-north-eastern regions of Bashkortostan, inter-municipal and inter-regional ethno-tourist clusters can contribute to a more efficient use of the ethno-cultural potential of the indigenous Bashkir population living in them, the preservation of their culture, traditions and customs, activating ethno-tourism and improving the quality of life of the villagers.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ОТДЕЛА ЭТНОЛОГИИ ИИЯЛ УФИЦ РАН

Based on published and unpublished sources, the article highlights the activities of the Department of Ethnology of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first ethnographic studies organized by scientists of the republic date back to the time of the existence of the Institute of National Culture. After the formation in 1951 of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in which the Institute of History became one of the first divisions, research was actively continued in the ethnographic direction in the republic and in adjacent territories, in which the Bashkir population was compact, and the first anthropologist specialist appeared in the mid-1970-s. The article summed up a small summary of scientific research in the Department of Ethnology of the IHLL UFRC RAS over the past 63 years.

Woodworking tools of the Bashkirs in the XVI I– XVIII centuries (based on the data of archaeological and written materials)

The subject of this research is the woodworking tools of the Bashkirs in in the XVII– XVIII centuries. The goal lies in examination of the tools used by the Bashkirs for wood processing during the XVII – XVIII centuries leaning on the archaeological materials obtained in the course of exploration of Aznayevo settlement and Berekovo rural localities. The article also involves the written record of the authors of the late XVIII sources and the data of historical-ethnographic researcher of later periods. The research relies in the comprehensive approach of the available archaeological, written and ethnographic materials; as well as descriptive, historical-comparative methods, and analysis of real sources. This article is first to examine the woodworking tools used by the Bashkirs in XVII – XVIII centuries. The archaeological collections allows establishing that the Bashkirs used axes, knives, scraper, graver and drill for wood processing. For basket weaving from bast and birch bark was used the curved awl. According to the written sources, the woodworking tools also included adzes and chisels. The explored archaeological and written materials allow concluding that the woodworking tools of the XVII – XVIII centuries continued to exist among the Bashkir population until the XIX – early XXI centuries, which is proven by the results of historical-ethnographic research.

The items of Islam and pre-Islamic beliefs of the Bashkirs in collection of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnological Research of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The subject of this research is museum sources on the religion of Bashkir people. The goal lies in examination of the items of Islam and pre-Islamic beliefs from the ethnographic collections of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is determined that the Museum stores over 50 items related to religion that were collected in the late XX century in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Kurgan Oblast, and Orenburg Oblast. These Islamic (Sunni Muslims) items are rather associated with the traditions and lifestyle of the Bashkir people: prayer rugs – namazlik, Quran, tasbih, tagiyah, ablution items – kumgan, dress of the Mullah. Prayer rugs are decorated with floral embroidery, with images of mosque, kumgan, crescent moon, and Arabic inscription. The collections also feature the items related to Shia Muslims – a stone used in prayer. Islam first infiltrated Bashkir culture in the X – XI centuries; by the XIII – XIV century it spread significantly; strengthening its positions with each century, it has fully integrated into life of Bashkir population by the end of the XIX century. Despite this fact, certain items pre-Islamic beliefs have retained in everyday life of the Bashkir people: amulets (amulet stones, juniper, feathers of wood grouse, goose down, etc.). Bashkirs were able to synthesize the pre-Islamic and Islamic tradition, which remain existing harmoniously in the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Ethnodemography of Bashkirs in Regions of Russia (1970—2010)

The issues of ethno-demographic and ethno-linguistic development of the Bashkir population in the regions of the Russian Federation are considered. It is noted that the tendencies of demographic processes among the Bashkirs in the regions and in the republic of the same name are very different. The features of the ethnodemographic development of the Bashkirs in the regions of their historical settlement are shown, in which general trends coincide with the demographic processes in the country as a whole. It cannot be said about the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is characterized by sharp fluctuations in the size of the titular ethnic group. The dynamics of the ethnic and linguistic identity of the Bashkir population in the regions of historical settlement is revealed in a comparative aspect with the subjects to which the Bashkirs moved at a later time and in which their number is a small proportion. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was the first to analyze the ethno-demographic and ethno-linguistic aspects of the development of the Bashkirs in the Russian Federation, including in the regions of their historical settlement. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the issue of the demographic development of the Bashkir population at the present stage, especially in the republic of the same name, has acquired an ethnopolitical discourse. It has been proven that, despite the policy of reviving ethnicity and the native language, the Bashkirs, like other peoples, are gradually losing it in favor of being recognized as a native Russian.

Ethnobranding and its role in increasing the investment and tourist attractiveness of rural areas in the context of the coronavirus pandemic (on the example of the Bashkir TRANS-Urals)

This article uses the example of the Bashkir TRANS – Urals-South-Eastern regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan to describe the prospects for using ethno-branding tools in regional and municipal management of rural development in terms of increasing their investment and tourist attractiveness in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. From the authors' point of view, the regions of the Bashkir TRANS-Urals have a number of competitive advantages, including a rich history, unique tourist and recreational resources, and preserved traditions and customs of the indigenous Bashkir population. But in order for these advantages to contribute to the growth of investment and tourist attractiveness of these rural areas, it is necessary to create recognizable and most attractive images, ethnobrands through the active use of tools of territorial marketing and branding, in particular, ethnobranding. To increase the effectiveness of territorial ethnobranding, the authors justify the need to consolidate the efforts of Federal, regional and local authorities, the business community, research and educational institutions, and private firms professionally engaged in marketing, branding, advertising, and promotion of goods and services. City and district Administrations, business incubators in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Oktyabrsky, information and consulting centers of municipalities, Universities, Colleges, institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and well-known consulting firms can act as coordinators and consultants in matters of territorial marketing and branding. The authors concluded that the active use of regional and municipal management tools tobringing should contribute to more effective promotion of products and services from local producers to national and international markets, increase their investment and tourist attractiveness, growth of the tourist flow in South-Eastern Bashkortostan, increase employment and quality of life of the villagers.

Alcohol in the Bashkirs’ value system

The paper touches upon such a relevant topic as alcohol in the Bashkirs value system. The history of alcohol in the life of a traditional Bashkir society shows that they were previously uncharacteristic of drinking strong alcoholic beverages; in addition, it was condemned by the public, elders, representatives of a religious cult, etc. Traditional Bashkir drinks were koumiss, buza, ayran, katyk, less commonly mead. The study conducted in 1913 on the spread of alcoholism among the rural population of the Ufa province showed that the population of the Mohammedan, including Bashkir, villages had practically no alcoholism. However, with the decomposition of the traditional social system of the Bashkirs, strengthening of commodity-money relations, development of capitalism and urban culture, the alcoholization of the Bashkir population intensified. This process also continued under the secular system; in the middle of the twentieth century alcohol abuse in certain circles was a legacy of the front-line subculture, as well as the introduction of Soviet civilian rituals into the life of the Bashkirs. The paper presents the results of an ethno sociological study conducted by us in 20182019 among the Bashkir population. It turned out that almost half of the respondents drink alcohol from time to time or during the holidays; more than 35% indicated that they did not drink at all. These data are almost identical to those obtained in a similar study conducted among the Bashkirs in the mid-1980s. The comparison of the materials obtained on the subject of this study in other Russian regions and in the whole country is also consistent with the data on the Bashkirs and shows that the problem of alcoholization of the Russian population is currently very acute. The materials that we received can be used for further research of the transformation processes of Bashkir society, for the preparation of practical recommendations for state authorities, scientific, educational institutions, public organizations, etc.

Realities of bilingualism in the context of language policy in modern Bashkortostan

The subject of this research is bilingualism in the context of language policy in modern Bashkortostan. Special attention is given to actualization of the ethno-lingual identity of non-Russian population in the republic. Leaning on the ethnosociological studies, the author examine the scale of proliferation of national-Russian bilingualism in Bashkortostan, analyze the key markers in selection of the native language among some ethnic groups, as well as determine the role of Russian language as a language of interethnic communication. The novelty of this work lies in the attempt to determine the intensity of usage of national languages of non-Russian peoples and their interaction with the Russian language based on the wide-scale ethnosociological studies. The acquired results demonstrate that among Bashkir population, the native language still prevails over Russian by the level of language competence; while among urban Tatars, the Russian language has noticeably exceeded the native language of communication. At the same time, the results of ethnosociological research, confirming the results of the All-Russia Population Census of 2010 on the language competence of the residents of Bashkortostan, testify to the fact that their speech activity is oriented mostly towards learning Russian than the language of their ethnicity.

Башкирская тема в работах оренбургского краеведа начала ХХ века П.Л. Юдина

The article presents data on the studies by P.L. Yudin, a Russian historian-archivist of the beginning of the 20th century, local historian, a member of several scholarly archival commissions, who being a native of the Orenburg Region, dedicated his scientific activity to the study of multinational South Ural. For the first time, the Bashkir theme – research about the culture, history and people of Bashkiria – stands out in the scientist's legacy. Methods of research: analysis of the works of the scientist about Bashkir history, its culture and people, published in the magazines, newspapers. Based on the analysis of scientist’s works the following aspects of the study of Bashkiria by P.L. Yudin are distinguished: the historical past of the region – the settlement of Bashkir lands, a description of the Bashkir cities, the lives and mode of life of their inhabitants, archival data on the participation of the Bashkirs in the Pugachev uprising, the personality of V.A. Perovsky, Orenburg military governor general of the early 19th century, his military campaigns and citations about him in Bashkir history, historical visits to the Ufa Governorate by historical figures, including Emperor Alexander I, preparation for such visits, religious beliefs of the Bashkir population. Conclusion. The importance of studies by P.L. Yudin and the relevance of his archival finds for ethnography, ethnology and modern historical science is denoted as well.

The Bashkirs in Turkmenistan: Experience of Intercultural Communications in the Soviet Period

The article is devoted to the history of the formation, reasons and stages of the resettlement of the ethnic group of the Bashkirs in Turkmenistan, which in the conditions of modern geopolitical realities can be attributed to the "external diaspora" of the Bashkir people. On the territory of the republic, it began to take shape in the first years of Soviet power, during a fierce struggle for the implementation of new ideological principles. In this struggle, the Bashkirs played an ambiguous role. Analysis of ethno-statistical materials shows that the postwar period was a time of growth in the percentage of the Bashkir population. Population migration from densely populated areas of Bashkiria to industrial centers, to mining sites, to the newly irrigated lands of Turkmenistan under the conditions of the socialist mode of production was predominantly planned. Most of them preferred to live in large cities and urban settlements. In the Turkmen SSR, as throughout the USSR, the main language of interethnic communication and the means of familiarization with socialist culture was the Russian language. Therefore, many of the Bashkirs living there were fluent in Russian, and some also spoke Turkmen. The names of famous personalities from among the Bashkirs are associated with Turkmenistan; among them: scientist and politician A. Validov, composer T. Karimov, general T. Kusimov, Hero of Socialist Labor N. Fazliakhmetov and others.

Recent effective population size in Eastern European plain Russians correlates with the key historical events

Effective population size reflects the history of population growth, contraction, and structuring. When the effect of structuring is negligible, the inferred trajectory of the effective population size can be informative about the key events in the history of a population. We used the IBDNe and DoRIS approaches, which exploit the data on IBD sharing between genomes, to reconstruct the recent effective population size in two population datasets of Russians from Eastern European plain: (1) ethnic Russians sampled from the westernmost part of Russia; (2) ethnic Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars sampled from the Volga-Ural region. In this way, we examined changes in effective population size among ethnic Russians that reside in their historical area at the West of the plain, and that expanded eastward to come into contact with the indigenous peoples at the East of the plain. We compared the inferred demographic trajectories of each ethnic group to written historical data related to demographic events such as migration, war, colonization, famine, establishment, and collapse of empires. According to IBDNe estimations, 200 generations (~6000 years) ago, the effective size of the ancestral populations of Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars hovered around 3,000, 30,000, and 8,000 respectively. Then, the ethnic Russians exponentially grew with increasing rates for the last 115 generations and become the largest ethnic group of the plain. Russians do not show any drop in effective population size after the key historical conflicts, including the Mongol invasion. The only exception is a moderate drop in the 17th century, which is well known in Russian history as The Smuta. Our analyses suggest a more eventful recent population history for the two small ethnic groups that came into contact with ethnic Russians in the Volga-Ural region. We found that the effective population size of Bashkirs and Tatars started to decrease during the time of the Mongol invasion. Interestingly, there is an even stronger drop in the effective population size that coincides with the expansion of Russians to the East. Thus, 15–20 generations ago, i.e. in the 16–18th centuries in the trajectories of Bashkirs and Tatars, we observe the bottlenecks of four and twenty thousand, respectively. Our results on the recent effective population size correlate with the key events in the history of populations of the Eastern European plain and have importance for designing biomedical studies in the region.

Aznayevo settlement in the XVII – XIX centuries based on the results of archaeological research

The subject of this article is the Aznayevo settlement – dwelling site of Bashkirs of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age located in the territory of Ishimbaysky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main goal of this work consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of general information on the monument, as well as materials acquired in the course of archaeological research conducted in 1998 and 2016. Special attention given to the analysis of findings that characterize the economy and way of living of its inhabitants. For clarification of the chronological framework and establishment of relation of Aznayevo settlement with the Bashkir neighboring villages Aznayevo and Khazinovo, the author attracts archival and cartographic material. The article also employs historical-comparative and descriptive methods of analysis of the artefact. The conducted archeological research show that Aznayevo settlement, which supposedly was the winter encampment for the local Bashkir population in the XVII – XIX centuries has existed for a long period of time. In the course of its expiration, were acquires new materials that characterize the economic activity, spiritual and material culture of Bashkirs in the past, including certain aspects that were poorly covered in the ethnographic and historical literature. At the same time, they contribute to examination and reconstruction of ethnogenetic and ethnocultural processes that unfolded in Southern Ural in the late Middle Ages and Modern Age, as well as in the preceding time.

Молекулярно-генетическое исследование рассеянного склероза

Рассеянный склероз - это хроническое воспалительное демиелинизирующее заболевание центральной нервной системы многофакторной природы. Цель настоящего исследования состояла в проведении анализа ассоциаций с заболеванием полиморфных маркеров в генах, продукты которых предположительно участвуют в патогенезе заболевания, а также идентифицированных в результате проведения полногеномных исследований, в популяциях башкир, русских и татар, проживающих в Республике Башкортостан. В результате проведенного исследования нами получены данные, подтверждающие ассоциацию с рассеянным склерозом генов, продукты которых участвуют в развитии аутоиммунного воспаления центральной нервной системы. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of central nervous system of multifactorial origin. Genome-wide association studies identified 700 polymorphic genetic variants associated with multiple sclerosis. The aim of the current study was to analyse associations of the polymorphic markers in genes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and those identified by genome-wide association studies in the populations of Bashkirs, Russians, and Tatars from the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). The study group was comprised of 644 patients with multiple sclerosis and 1408 control group individuals. Genotyping of 35 polymorphic genetic markers was performed using allele-specific PCR and PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The data obtained in our study confirm the association with multiple sclerosis of the genes involved in the development of autoimmune inflammation in central nervous system.

ИСТОКИ РЕСТОРАННОГО БИЗНЕСА В ПЕТРОВСКУЮ ЭПОХУ: ИСТОРИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР МАТЕРИАЛОВ УФИМСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ

This article examines the specifics of the distribution of the drinking industry in the Ufa province during the reign of Peter 1. Difficulties in the development of distilling and alcohol business in this territory are associated with the religious traditions of the local population, the Bashkirs, as well as with the patrimonial right to own land of the indigenous population and the predominance of nomadic lifestyle. As a result, on the one hand, the Bashkirs as Muslims in every possible way opposed the emergence of drinking establishments and the spread of alcoholic beverages in the Ufa province, on the other hand, poorly developed agriculture did not contribute to the procurement of a sufficient volume of raw materials for the production of bread wine in this territory. Under Peter I, an attempt was made to influence the patrimonial right of the Bashkirs by increasing the list of fees and duties from the Bashkir population, as a result of which the Bashkir uprising of 1704–1711 was provoked. The result of the suppression of this uprising was to abolish the tax privileges of the Bashkirs, active agricultural development and large-scale peasant colonization of the territory. However, as a result of the clashes, the estates of the Ufa nobles began to decline, more than a third of the landowners’ villages were deserted, the number of peasants in the region was almost halved. Separately, the article discusses drinking fees, the infrastructure for managing government fees and duties in the Ufa province. Thus, in the course of the study, it was found that the basis of the region’s drinking profit was «honey collection from wine sales», that is, the most affordable alcoholic drink in Bashkiria was honey. At the same time, the grain raw materials necessary for distilling remained in short supply, which is why distilling continued to develop at a slow pace. It was also found that, despite the emergence of new categories of establishments in St. Petersburg, there were no changes in the outlying provinces, including in the Ufa province, and the number of taverns in the region remained the same.

Bashkirs of Samara Transvolga Region: Inclusion into Russian Imperial Space in the 18th–19th Centuries

This article focuses on the participation Bashkirs took in the development of Transvolga Region. The lands in Samara Province were the most western ones in Russia where the Bashkir population lived compactly. Historical studies of the region and the population living there between the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries refer to documents of central and local archives, manuscripts of the Russian National Library, etc. Critical analysis of sources and historiography and the application of modern techniques of local and ethnic history allows the author not only to solve research problems, but also look at the past while constructing historical and cultural memory. In the “imperial period”, the problem of correlating the ethnic and local history was complicated by the resettlement of peoples in different territories over considerable distances. The transformation of Volga Region into an internal Samara province of the empire, on the one hand, was due to the mobilisation of part of the estates of Bashkir lands, which occurred both forcibly and voluntarily. On the other hand, the loss by the Bashkirs of mostly remote and underutilised Transvolga estates was compensated for by receiving the status of a military service class, the presence of self-government, and the possibility of modernising the economy, culture, and life. As a result, the territories of the ethnos’s settlement were preserved and expanded, its undoubted numerical growth took place, amounting to more than a tenfold increase over two centuries nationwide. In the middle of the nineteenth century, about 50 thousand Bashkirs lived in Transvolga Region. The author provides a definition of the “imperial people” on the basis of active participation in the genesis of the empire, especially in the process of including “peripheral lands”. The Bashkirs are certainly an “imperial people” and Samara Transvolga Region is one of the “peripheral lands” included in the economic, political, and multicultural space of the Russian Empire, which was important for the further development of the entire multi-ethnic country.