Bashkir Language Research Articles

ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ МУЗЫКАЛЬНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ БАШКИРИИ В 1950 - СЕРЕДИНЕ 1980-Х ГГ.

In the 1950s-1980s. the musical culture of Bashkiria was further developed, acquiring specific forms. As a result of the influence of various musical cultures, forms of professional art that were not inherent in traditional national culture were actively developing in the republic. Historically, the artistic and aesthetic experience of Bashkiria was limited to monodic forms of folk music (monophonic songs and instrumental tunes). The problem of overcoming the predominance of traditional monody in professional musical culture was urgent. Having adopted and creatively using the best traditions of classical and Soviet music, Bashkir professional music has gone an accelerated path from traditional monophonic folk music to complex genres of professional art. For several decades, such genres as opera, symphony, ballet were created in Bashkiria. Already in 1950-1970. a national style is formed on the basis of the creative implementation of folklore and the interaction of national and international in musical art. In the 1960s. against the background of the continuous interest of Bashkir composers in chamberinstrumental and chamber-vocal genres, the center of gravity is shifting to the field of musical-theatrical, symphonic music. In the musical life of the republic, great importance was attached to the popularization of musical culture. Bashkir radio paid great attention to the promotion of musical knowledge and works. Back in the early 1960s. musical and educational programs were conducted in the Bashkir and Russian languages, concerts of Bashkir, Chuvash and Russian composers were broadcast. Often, the radio played works by amateur composers with the participation of the authors themselves. At the same time, with the huge genre diversity of the musical culture of Bashkiria, significant and talented works of many authors remained outside the active cultural life, unable to popularize them and bring them to the mass audience. As a result, a serious gap was noticeable between the musical culture itself and its consumer. The low level of culture of perception of music by the population, due to the lack of professional musical education, formed preferences for pop, popular music.

Модели элементарных простых предложений со структурной схемой (S) + NAcc + VF в обобщенно-личных пословицах башкирского языка (на материале фольклорного корпуса)

Introduction. Modern philological science associates with structural-semantic approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena. But so far, the structural-semantic study of Bashkir proverbs based on the entire corpus, as well as the identification of the final types of models has not been undertaken. The purpose of this article is to study models of elementary simple sentences of the structural type (S) + NAcc + VF. This type, with an object in the accusative case, is the most frequent one; the accusative in the Bashkir language is a grammatical means of formalizing the actant as an object of direct immediate impact. Data and methods. Generalized personal proverbs selected from the folklore database of the Machine Corpus of the Bashkir language were used as the research material. The proverb corpus contains 354 proverbial expressions representing generalized personal sentences, i.e., 73.5 percent of the total number of one-part verb proverbs. The research method consisted in isolating an elementary simple sentence, which includes a predicate and obligatory actants; the author draws here on the work of Novosibirsk syntax students. The syntactic model is understood as the content plane of an elementary simple sentence, which is determined by its proposition. The structural diagram represents the expression plane of an elementary simple sentence. At this stage, the study focuses on proverbs with simple finite verbs. Results. The study shows that 8 models are implemented within the structural scheme (S) + NAcc + VF. Of these the model of physical impact on the object [(S) + NPatAcc + VActf] is the most frequent one, 62 proverbial expressions have been identified for this model. Each model of the structure in question is characterized by its inherent set of semantic roles and typical meaning, while in most cases, object actants act in the form of a certain accusative. Conclusions. The syntactic features characteristic of the construction of this type of proverbial expressions are likely to occur in modern literary language and colloquial speech with a more complex syntactic structure.

Сихырсы ‘колдуны’ и колдовство в башкирской мифологии

Introduction. The article deals with the mythologized characters of the Bashkir mythology ― sikhyrsy (сихырсы, sorcerers). Its aim is to identify and to interpret the characters and their names, as well as other related vocabulary. Data and methods. The research materials include folklore texts and entries of dictionaries of the Bashkir and of other Turkic languages. The main methods employed for the analysis are descriptive and comparative. Results. The main, most common names of Bashkir sorcerers have been established. These are the terms сихырсы and боҙомсо, which come from lexemes sykhyr (сихыр: magic, witchcraft, sorcery) and bozom (боҙом: damage, witchcraft, harm effected with the help of mythologized objects and means). In addition, the article discusses the terms osokso (осоҡсо), arbausy (арбаусы), iamialliauise (әмәлләүсе), etc., characterizing the methods of Bashkir sorcerers’ malicious actions. There are parallels from other Turkic and non-Turkic languages to the terms associated with sorcerers and witchcraft, which indicate the origin of Bashkir terms. Hence, it has been established that some lexical items, as well as the characters they refer to have pan-Altai roots, some are Turkic, some are inter-Turkic, still others are of Bashkir origin; and a number of words are loans. In particular, the term sikhyrsy (сихырсы) itself goes back to Arabic, while the items bozomso (боҙомсо), arbausy (арбаусы), osokso (осоҡсо), and yelpeui (йелпеү) have parallels in many Turkic languages. Interestingly, йелпеү has phonetic variants not only in the Turkic, but also in the Mongolian languages; and боҙомсо and арбаусы have parallels in the Finno-Ugric languages. Also, the article discusses in some detail methods of Bashkir sorcerers’ malicious actions, illustrating them with examples. According to the author, the most common of these are the use of grave earth, “mortuary water”, needles to sew a shroud, raw eggs, dolls, blood of innocence, menstrual blood, as well as witchcraft based on the use of sweat, knots, and special incantations, which, according to the Bashkir ancestors, enhanced the harmfulness of techniques used. Finally, the article deals with cases of witchcraft of medicine men, positive characters of Bashkir mythology, who performed them to punish evil, namely, thieves of cattle and of goods, and rapists. Conclusions. The mythologized characters of sykhyrsy belong to negative characters and the Bashkir language has numerous items for their designation. The sykhyrsy had at their disposal a variety of means and methods to do harm, as well as antidotes to their harmful action. There is terminology for every magical action, the items often having Turkic or Altaic roots, and sometimes borrowed from other languages.

Некоторые религиозные термины, хадисы и аяты в башкирских мунаджатах

Introduction. In the oral popular art and written literary monuments of the Bashkir people, there is a special musical-poetic genre of the lyric-epic and religious character, which is called munajat. This article aims to analyze some of the ayats, hadiths, and religious terms used in the Bashkir munajats. Materials and methods. Samples of religious poetry borrowed from a thematic volume of the Bashkir folk art compendium were used as the main source of the research data. Over 1,500 examples have been identified, some of which are used in this article. A systematic and comparative analysis and a historical-typological research method were employed for the analysis of the material. Results. Many Bashkir scholars were among the students of the munajats. In their works, they often focused on the main features of the genre, such as religious motifs, plots, and appeals to Allah that they contain. Since early 1990s, the munajats have been experiencing a rebirth: old versions have returned to become popular again; also, new types, composed by our contemporaries, have emerged, and spread in various regions. The study resulted in identifying over one and a half thousand examples containing Muslim terms, ayats, and hadiths; some of them have been included in this article. Conclusions. The present study shows the peculiarities of the use of religious subjects, terms, and motifs in the Bashkir munajats. Some words and phrases were changed to adapt to the popular usage, while preserving the Arabic cliché. In its turn, the use of religious vocabulary enriched the Bashkir language and literature.

Representation of the concept of 'stubbornness' in the Bashkir language

This article analyzes the lexical and phraseological units that represent the concept of ‘stubbornness’ in the Bashkir language and its dialects. The sources of the research were the materials presented in the “Machine Fund of the Bashkir Language” (mfbl2.ru). In the course of the analysis, the semantic connection between the meanings of polysemous lexemes is revealed, the main motives of the nominations are revealed. Special attention is paid to names formed on the basis of transfer of values. The multiplicity of nominations proves the importance of this parameter for native speakers It is established that the main composition of the lexemes of this group has a pejorative assessment. This is due to the fact that the attention of others is attracted by deviations from the norm and cultural speech behavior always goes unnoticed. The images through which the linguistic portrait of a stubborn person is built reflect the peculiarities of the worldview of the Bashkir people. The study of the lexico-semantic group 'stubbornness' allows you to create an idea of one of the fragments of the linguistic picture of the world.

ASSOCIATION PECULIARITIES IN TURKIC LANGUAGES

The article analyzes some results of free associative experiments conducted by the author on the material of cognate languages and languages of different systems. The dynamics of the word meaning development in the Russian, Tatar and Bashkir languages in different age groups are considered in the article. The analysis of the quantitative parameters, such as the degree of relevance of the same word meaning, the number of values that were updated in the process of recognizing the word, the level of stereotyped responses is given. The interlingual analysis of the experimental data revealed constant changing and developing of child’s vocabulary in all studied languages but there is a difference between the Tatar and Bashkir examinees in the ways of word meaning identification and development. In the Tatar language the so-called "horizontal development of the child's vocabulary" is observed, when most of the polysemantic stimulus words’ meanings were not actualized and there is an extension within one and the same meaning. In the Bashkir language, on the contrary, many meanings of the polysemantic stimulus words were actualized, therefore we observe the so-called "vertical filling of the child's vocabulary", when new words enter the child's vocabulary with all the semantic features which adults already have.

К вопросу о создании образа героя башкирской волшебной сказки

Introduction. The language of the folk magic tale is characterized by a wide use of artistic means, including epithets; this may be explained by the worldview, aesthetic ideas, certain concepts that developed in the course of the people’s history, as well as with folk philosophy and the specific features of the language. So far there has been no special study devoted to imaginative-expressive means of Bashkir magic tales; hence, to fill in the gap, the present article undertakes the study of epithets of the stock of artistic means characteristic of the Bashkir folk magic tale that add to the expressiveness of the language in magic tales. Thus, the study aims at identifying and analyzing epithets that characterize the main character of the magic tale from different sides; A. I. Aliyeva’s method has proved useful for this part of the research, while the examination of their structural types draws on the method elaborated by the Altai researcher M. A. Demchinova. Data and research methods. The sources for the research data were the texts of magic tales published in the Bashkir language in the two books of the scholarly collection Bashkir Folk Art; the analysis of the data was carried out with the help of textual and analytical methods. Results. The texts of the tales were examined first to identify epithets; then, the analysis focused on the epithets that characterize the main character: their appearance, marital status, social status, clothing, housing, etc. It appears that the epithets that characterize the protagonists in Bashkir magic tales have a systemic character. There is a certain sequence in the complex portrayals of personages that help to create the image of an ideal hero who may be poor but, also, kind, generous, and always ready to help those in need. The second part of the article focuses on the structural types of the items, including simple and complex epithets. Each of the type is illustrated with examples.

Folk Terminology of Mythologized Characters of the Group “Masters-professionals” in the Kipchak Languages of the Ural-Volga Region (based on the material of the Bashkir language)

The article describes the terms of the mythologized characters of the group “masters-professionals” in the Kipchak languages of the Ural-Volga region (based on the material of the Bashkir language). Based on dictionaries, folklore and artistic works, the main, widespread and local terms are established. In the folk culture of the Turkic peoples, a group of “knowledgeable people” is recorded, which represents specialists in a certain field of knowledge. Such specialistscraftsmen Bashkirs call “оҫта”, “оҫталар” – craftsman, craftsmen, masters’; “khonarse”, “khonarselar”, “khonarman”, “khonarmendar” – ‘specialist, specialists, artisan, artisans, master, masters’; “kasepse”, “kasepselar” – ‘a person engaged in some kind of craft, business, people engaged in some kind of craft, craft’. Of the listed terms with a broader meaning that characterizes any master, specialist, is the word oтаta, which can be used not only as a term, but also as a definition of other names. Cf.: “oтаta” – ‘master, craftsman’, “oтаta honarse” – ‘master craftsman’, “oтаta kasepse” – ‘skilled craftsman, craftsman, specialist engaged in some kind of craft’. The article deals with the folk terminology of the mythological characters of the group “masters-professionals” in the Ural-Volga Kipchak language based on the material of the Bashkir language. In the process of considering the terminology associated with mythological characters, a conclusion is made. It is concluded that these words and their origin are registered in most modern Turkic languages, and that this term is valid in Turkic, including Bashkir.

Галимә Хәкимова Рабига Афзаловна: тормыш юлы һәм эшчәнлеге

The article highlights the life and scientific and pedagogical work of the outstanding Tatar linguist, associate professor, founder of the department of the Tatar Language and Literature of Kazan State University, Khakimova Rabiga Afzalovna. R.A. Khakimova worked her way up from a rural teacher to an associate professor at university. For many years of work she was awarded with medals and signs of honour. She knew German, Russian, Bashkir and Tatar languages well, as well as she could also communicate in Kazakh and Kyrgyz. R.A. Khakimova completed her postgraduate studies at the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow and defended her Ph.D. thesis. The article provides a list of some of the published academic works of the scholar. Khakimova Rabiga Afzalovna was actively involved in the political work, due to which she had to receive reprimands. All of that became an obstacle to a happy family life. The article also analyzes the work of the Tatar Language and Literature Department in the period from 1944 to 1951. An excerpt from the work of Professor Khatip Guzman “Formation of a new specialty”, which has been kept in the N.I. Lobachevsky library of Kazan University, provides information about the teachers who worked during those years, as well as about the students. On May 9, 1951 R.A. Khakimova was dismissed for health grounds. Unfortunately, the obstacles that arose in the scholar’s life left their mark: Rabiga Afzalovna’s health deteriorated dramatically, which caused her sudden death.

Concept as a Linguacultural Unit in Cognitive Linguistics: Conceptual Framework Ғailә (Family) in the Bashkir Language

This article considers the concept as a linguacultural unit in cognitive linguistics. The research objective was to identify cultural and linguistic universals in the Bashkir language, as well as to reveal its national specificity. The paper gives a review of Russian and Bashkir publications about concepts in the language: definitions, classification, keywords as mental symbols, etc. Bashkir cognitive linguistics studies concepts on the basis of their linguistic and cultural features. The author used the methods of analysis and description in their linguistic and cultural aspects. Studies of the Bashkir national linguistic world view can reveal the national character and ancient linguistic values that are passed from generation to generation. The Bashkir linguistic world view is diverse and rich: the legends, traditions, proverbs, tales, epics, songs, poetry, and fiction reflect the moral, aesthetic, and national features that remain relevant to this day. The research featured the conceptual framework of Ғailә (Family) in works by Mustai Karim. It included such concepts as Әсә (Mother), Inәy (Aunt), Өlәsәy (Grandmother), Atai (Father), Ul (Son), Olatai (Uncle), Aғai (Brother), etc. They reflect such concepts as loyalty, love, mutual respect, mutual understanding and care, kindness, and spiritual kinship, which reveals the versatility and complexity of this content.

Функционирование вербального хезитатива ни / ней ‘это самое’ в устной монологической речи башкир (на материале диалектных текстов башкирского языка)

The article studies the functioning of the verbal hesitation marker ni / nei ‘whatchamacallit’ in Bashkir spontaneous speech. Goals. The research aims to analyze and identify the main functions of the investigated hesitation marker in the process of organizing spontaneous discourse. Materials and Methods. The study explores dialectal materials included in the text database of the dialectological cluster within the Digital Corpus (lit. ‘Machine Fund’) of the Bashkir Language (https://mfbl2.ru). The total of the studied materials is 209 dialectal texts. The database contains 718 tokens of the investigated hesitation marker. The selection of examples for analysis was carried out through the method of continuous sampling. The employed research methods are those of discourse and contextual analysis, as well as the statistical method. Results. Asemantization of the basic meaning of the interrogative pronoun in spontaneous speech results in the emergence of a pragmatic meaning, and the lexeme begins to function as a filler for hesitational pauses. The multifunctionality of this hesitation marker is confirmed by numerous examples of its use. In spontaneous speech, the verbal hesitation marker performs the hesitative (fills in pauses in speech production), discursive (as a means to organize speech) and search (temporary substitutions in search for a speech unit corresponding to the original intention) functions. The uniqueness of this hesitation marker is that in spontaneous speech it can replace any notional word that one has ‘on the tip of the tongue’ and, thus, help avoid the occurrence of long pauses or interruptions in utterances. The analysis of materials reveals the main methods of correcting problem areas in speech production. Being a characteristic attribute of spontaneous speech, the lexemes can also be stylistically used in fiction works as instruments to reveal the author’s intention — depicting a psychological portrait of the character through the latter’s speech features.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПЫ КАУЗАТИВНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ В ТЕКСТАХ ХАКАССКИХ ГЕРОИЧЕСКИХ СКАЗАНИЙ

Рассматриваются семантические типы каузативных глаголов хакасского языка, нашедшие отражение в текстах хакасских героических сказаний «Алтын Арыг» и «Ах Чибек Арыг», записанных от популярного народного сказителя Хакасии С. П. Кадышева (1885–1977), «Ай Хуучын» и «Айдолай», записанных от сказителя П. В. Курбижекова (1910–1966), «Хара Хусхун», записанного от сказителя П. В. Тоданова. Актуальность данного исследования связана с тем, что каузативные глаголы активны в употреблении и представляют большой интерес для исследователей-лингвистов. Необходимость изучения семантических типов каузативных глаголов в текстах хакасских героических сказаний вызвана неразработанностью данного вопроса на сегодняшний день, чем и определяется новизна исследования. Целью статьи является выявление семантики и функционирования каузативных глаголов в текстах хакасских героических сказаний. В задачи исследования входит выявление всех каузативных глаголов, встречающихся в текстах героических сказаний; определение и анализ каузативных аффиксов, участвующих в образовании каузативных глаголов; выявление словообразовательных моделей каузативных глаголов, представленных в текстах героических сказаний. Анализ фактического материала проводился с использованием комплекса лингвистических методов и приемов. Наиболее перспективным при решении поставленных задач были признаны метод сплошной выборки примеров, предусматривающий подбор примеров для анализа и выписывание из текстов героических сказаний подряд всех встречающихся в нём примеров анализируемого типа, описательный метод для выявления каузативных глаголов и их последовательного описания с точки зрения их структуры и функционирования. Метод дистрибутивного анализа позволил выявить валентность каузативного глагола. В результате исследования выявлены и проанализированы семантические типы каузативных глаголов, а именно, фактитивный, пермиссивный и фактитивно-рефлексивный, пермиссивно-рефлексивный типы; определены актуальные для языка героического эпоса словообразовательные модели каузативных глаголов. Для глаголов с фактитивной семантикой выявлено пять словообразовательных моделей; для пермиссивной – три модели; фактитивно-рефлексивный и пермиссивно-рефлексивный по одной модели. Исследование также показало, что в текстах хакасских героических сказаний часто используется двойной каузатив, который выражает как фактитивное, так и пермиссивное значение. Полученные результаты могут найти применение при чтении лекционных курсов по хакасскому языку на филологических факультетах вузов, при составлении учебных и учебно-методических пособий, словарей. В перспективе интересные результаты могут дать исследования каузативных конструкций, характерных для текстов героических сказаний, в сопоставительном и сравнительно-типологическом освещении.

Генезис, эволюция и семантика цветообозначений kük ‘синий’, zäŋgär ‘голубой’, jäšel ‘зеленый’ в башкирском языке

The paper aims at studying the genesis, evolution, and development of the color terms kük (blue), zäŋgär (sky blue), jäšel (green) in the Bashkir language. The semantics of the terms under study reveals the interesting shifts both in the dialects of the Bashkir language and Turkic languages in general. Bashkir language dictionaries and corpus data of Bashkir prose and folklore have served as sources of examples for identifying the meanings of words. In the literary Bashkir language, the lexeme kük is used to denote “blue,” zäŋgär – “sky blue,” jäšel – “green.” However, there are discrepancies in the meanings of these tokens in the dialects: kük can denote all three colors; zäŋgär – indicates in some dialects only “sky blue,” while in others – “blue”; jäšel means “green” in some dialects and “blue” in others. The lexemes of kük and jäšel go back to the Pre-Turkic words, the word zäŋgär – to Persian. The lexeme kük in the Bashkir language also has retained the pre-Turkic meaning of “grey, gray,” and at the same time, it has a connotative meaning “western” in this language, different from other Turkic languages. Most of the additional meanings of the word jäšel are connected with the fact that originally it was the name of the color of young fresh vegetation, greenery: fresh, young, covered with greenery, not ripe, unripe. Only the word zäŋgär is used to designate only a color – “sky blue” or “blue.”

Древнетюркское könül, башкирское күңел ‘сердце’: этимологические связи одного соматизма

The article is devoted to showing various etymological connections of the Turkic names of the heart (somatism) as part of the anatomical vocabulary of the Turkic and Altaic languages in the context of the nostratic macrofamily. Somatisms as a lexico-semantic group belongs to the oldest layer of vocabulary, in which, on the one hand, the features of categorization and conceptualization of the world in the human mind are manifested clearly, on the other hand, the historical stability of the semantics of words and their phonomorphological appearance is demonstrated. Based on the methodology of comparative reconstruction of proto-forms, the article reveals the etymology of the word köηül, gives its direct and figurative meanings in the Proto-Turkic language. The root proto- form of somatism, according to the author, goes back not to the substantive, but to the verbal basis of көң – “wait”. Also significant in the article is the identification of semantic parallels of somatism in the ancient Turkic and Bashkir languages, the definition of direct and figurative meanings of köηül from syntagmatic connections in phraseological combinations and derived words. In addition, the author establishes historical links between könül and other Turkic somatisms, as well as with lexemes denoting kinship relations. It is important in the article to identify on the basis of this somatism the semantic connections of the Turkic languages, in particular, the Altai family of languages, as a whole with other languages of the world, which confirms the verification of the nostratic theory of languages. A more thorough examination and search for probable isoglosses gives a picture of a very wide distribution of single-root words with the base *QVN / KVN also within the (hypothetical) superfamilies of Indo-European, Sino-Caucasian, Austric and Amerindian languages.

НАЗВАНИЯ СМЕШАННЫХ МАСТЕЙ ЛОШАДИ В БАШКИРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ: ГЕНЕЗИС, РАЗВИТИЕ И СЕМАНТИКА

The names of mixed horse coat colors in the Bashkir language were analyzed in etymological, comparative-historical, and lexical-semantic aspects. Based on the results of the analysis, the following color names were identified as the most common ones: qola ‘dun’, saptar ‘skewbald’, burtä ‘dark bay’, turï ‘bay’, burїl ‘roan’, kir ‘bay with yellowish markings’, buð/kük ‘gray’, ala ‘piebald’, sïbar ‘motley’. The above color names are mainly independent lexemes meaning exclusively the colors of horse coats (except for buð, kük, ala, sïbar). The lexemes qola, turï, buð, kük, ala, and sїbar go back to the Proto-Turkic language. The color names burïl, saptar, and kir are the Mongolian borrowings. The word bürtӓ is confined to a particular geographic area. The names qola, turï, buð, ala, and sїbar were detected in the ancient Turkic written monuments, which confirms their long history of active use in the language of the Turks.

Табу и эвфемизмы, связанные с рождением ребенка, в башкирском языке

Introduction. This article examines the use of taboos and euphemisms in birth-related vocabulary of the Bashkir language. Goals. The paper reveals both linguistic facts and those of traditional ritual culture, ethnic worldviews. The Bashkir birth-related taboo vocabulary has not been a subject of special research yet. Materials and Methods. Actual meanings of lexemes were identified through the use of author’s field materials collected during comprehensive expeditions (2004 to 2008), lexical and phraseological data from dictionaries of the Bashkir and other Turkic languages, dialectal materials stored by the Institute of History, Language and Literature (Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS). The work employs a number of linguistic research methods, such as the ethnolinguistic and comparative-descriptive ones, component analysis method, and that of lexicographic selection. Results. As is known, this group of words is mainly tabooed in the Bashkir language. The vocabulary associated with birth rites is sacred and reflects a complex set of ideas about a pregnant woman. Ritual actions, magical prohibitions are aimed at protecting the health of women and at the birth of a healthy offspring. In this case, the vocabulary denoting a childless woman, a pregnant woman and the concepts of ‘childbirth’ and ‘obstetric aid’ were tabooed. The paper clarifies that the concepts associated with birth rites in the Bashkir language are expressed by euphemisms to protect the mother and child from evil spirits and the evil eye. The author has recorded a large number of euphemisms denoting a pregnant woman (auyrly, auyrғakalyu, auyrayҡly, auyry bar, auyrkүtүreә, auyrlau, yөklө, etc), a childless woman (balakүrmәgәn, biҙәү, tүlһeҙ, ҡyҫır, irғoraҡ and others), and those denoting the concept of ‘childbirth’ (bala tabyu, kureneү, bәpeslәү, bәpәilәү, ҡotolou, bushanyu, donyaғa keileү, etc.). Taboos and euphemisms of birth rites play an important role in the development of the vocabulary of the Bashkir language. The available materials on this topic require further systematization with the involvement of linguistic analysis. Over time, many archaisms disappeared from the modern vocabulary, while others have been used only in certain dialects of the Bashkirs. Almost all euphemistic vocabulary is represented by word combinations from common Turkic lexemes used in figurative meanings. The latter reflect the ethnic ritual traditions, good manners, politeness, observance of the rules of decency ― rules of ethics. They represent the speech etiquette and identity of the Bashkir people, being a valuable linguistic and cultural source for the study of the traditional folk beliefs of the Bashkirs.

Лексико-семантический анализ лексемы балтырған (с использованием материалов корпуса башкирского языка)

Identification of names of plant curatives and substances in folk and fiction texts shows close interactions between man and the world, attitudes of people towards nature. Research in phytonyms and medicinal plant names proper is most essential for the understanding of a nation’s cultural heritage. The paper examines the lexeme балтырған in Bashkir discourse. Materials. The analyzed materials include linguistic dictionaries, folklore and fiction texts of the Machine Fund of the Bashkir Language, and etymological dictionaries of Altaic languages. Goals. The study aims at a comparative investigation of the lexeme балтырған ‘hogweed’. Results. The term proves a widespread phytonym in Bashkir discourse, which is attested by that it denotes a wide range of plant species in Bashkir and has parallels in other Turkic and Mongolic languages. The lexeme is included in academic, explanatory, dialectal, phrasal, and mythological dictionaries of the Bashkir language. The comparative analysis shows that baltyrγan ‘hogweed’ usually denotes a plant of the order Apiales, a medicinal herb. Baltyrγan~ baltirγana contains the initial bal / baltïr / baldïr with the meaning ‘green, young, fresh’.

Transpositional features of the word ala «potty, spotted, piebald» (about the color of animals); «motley, multi-colored; spotted»; «light» in the Turkic languages (based on Bashkir and Karachay-Balkarian languages)

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the lexico-semantic, derivational, word-composition, inflectional features of the attributive component of descriptive phrases, the indicator of variegated color designation, the term-forming unit of the word ala «potty, spotted, piebald» (about the color of animals) (Bashkir); «motley, multicolored, spotted; light» (Karachay-Balkarian) in Bashkir and Karachay-Balkarian languages, participating in the categorization of mixed segments of the lingua-color space. It examines the features of free and lexicalized phrases, idioms of a phraseological type, paired-repeated constructions formed as a result of combining the word «ala» with denotative and abstract nouns, with asemantic analogues that repeat the second syllable of the reference word and are its phonetically modified version without lexical meaning. It examines the distinctive and integrating features of the noted syntactic structures from the point of view of functioning in various language levels and lexicographic interpretation. The article analyzes the features of a selective combination of «double names» with inventory units of morphology in the process of further morphologization of two-syllable attributive-nominal bases, which, depending on the contextual environment, express an adverbial feature and belong to the category of «rolling» words.

Репрезентация гендера в лексической системе башкирского языка

Introduction. The Bashkir language ― like other Turkic languages ― contains no category of grammatical gender explicitly associated with the gender of animate nouns. There are only lexical means of gender designation. Goals. In this regard, the article attempts to study features of the lexical means employed to represent sex (gender) in the Bashkir language. Materials and Methods. The insight into specifics of gender in the Bashkir language includes the use of certain research methods, such as the method of continuous sampling, the comparative one, and that of statistical analysis. Results. The linguistic analysis reveals that the meaning of sex (gender) in the Bashkir language is manifested by lexical-semantic (gender-marked lexemes, with qualifier words) and derivational means. Semantics of male and female gender in Bashkir discourse is to be traced in such lexical and semantic groups as terms of kinship, family relations, names of professions, anthroponyms. Basically, gender in the Bashkir language is represented by separate multi-root lexemes. However, there are also some kinship terms and anthroponyms denoting females which are derived from masculine names. The same phenomenon is observed in borrowed names of professions when a female specialty term derives from a masculine form with the aid of the affix -ә. In the original vocabulary, there is no gender differentiation according to professional affiliation. Here, to concretize a person’s gender qualifier words that contain gender semantics ― qatyn ‘woman’, ir ‘man’, apaj ‘sister, aunt’, qyδ ‘girl’, and others ― are used. The study emphasizes there are obvious gender asymmetries in the Bashkir language since resulting from the prevalence of words to express the concepts ‘man’ and ‘masculine’, and the lack of lexemes representing the concepts ‘woman’ and ‘feminine’. This attests to androcentricity of the Bashkir language.

Семантические типы однократности действия и аналитические средства их репрезентации в башкирском языке

The article aims to determine semantic types of momentaneousness of action, to identify analytic means and auxiliary verbs in the sphere of their representation in the Bashkir language. The research is novel in that it is the first in the Bashkir linguistics to identify semantic types of momentaneousness of action and to shed light on the modern approach to the means of their representation in the Bashkir language from the standpoint of functional grammar. The research findings have shown that the means representing momentaneousness of action in the Bashkir language are of overlapping nature and form functional-semantic fields of momentaneousness / short duration and momentaneousness / prolonged duration, interpenetrating each other’s spheres.