Base Station Controller Research Articles

Hybrid Control Strategy for 5G Base Station Virtual Battery-Assisted Power Grid Peak Shaving

With the rapid development of the digital new infrastructure industry, the energy demand for communication base stations in smart grid systems is escalating daily. The country is vigorously promoting the communication energy storage industry. However, the energy storage capacity of base stations is limited and widely distributed, making it difficult to effectively participate in power grid auxiliary services by only implementing the centralized control of base stations. Aiming at this issue, an interactive hybrid control mode between energy storage and the power system under the base station sleep control strategy is delved into in this paper. Grounded in the spatiotemporal traits of chemical energy storage and thermal energy storage, a virtual battery model for base stations is established and the scheduling potential of battery clusters in multiple scenarios is explored. Then, based on the time of use electricity price and user fitness indicators, with the maximum transmission signal and minimum operating cost as objective functions, a decentralized control device is used to locally and quickly regulate the communication system. Furthermore, a multi-objective joint peak shaving model for base stations is established, centrally controlling the energy storage system of the base station through a virtual battery management system. Finally, a simulation analysis was conducted on data from different types of base stations in the region, designing two distinct scheduling schemes for four regional categories. The analysis results demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively reduce the power consumption of base stations while mitigating the fluctuation of the power grid load.

Directional Power Control of 5G Radio Base Stations for EMF Compliance – Part I: Design Principles and Feature Validation

Directional Power Control of 5G Radio Base Stations for EMF Compliance – Part I: Design Principles and Feature Validation

Directional Power Control of 5G Radio Base Stations for EMF Compliance – Part II: Comparisons with Cell-Wide Power Control in a Live Network in Germany

Directional Power Control of 5G Radio Base Stations for EMF Compliance – Part II: Comparisons with Cell-Wide Power Control in a Live Network in Germany

Modeling and aggregated control of large-scale 5G base stations and backup energy storage systems towards secondary frequency support

A significant number of 5G base stations (gNBs) and their backup energy storage systems (BESSs) are redundantly configured, possessing surplus capacity during non-peak traffic hours. Moreover, traffic load profiles exhibit spatial variations across different areas. Proper scheduling of surplus capacity from gNBs and BESSs in different areas can provide sustainable frequency support for the power system without compromising the operation of 5G network. In this paper, a comprehensive strategy is proposed to safely incorporate gNBs and their BESSs (called “gNB systems”) into the secondary frequency control procedure. Initially, an aggregated model is developed using a state space method to capture the state of a cluster of heterogeneous gNB systems (gNBs-cluster). Subsequently, a utility function is defined to evaluate the quality of 5G network operation in a normalized manner. Based on this utility function, an aggregated control method is proposed, including real-time available power estimation and model predictive control (MPC) for the gNBs-cluster, which ensures the 5G network operation within the security constraint during demand response processes. Simulations, utilizing actual device data, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving power system frequency performance while guaranteeing the safety and reliability of the 5G network.

RIS-Assisted Grant-Free NOMA: User Pairing, RIS Assignment, and Phase Shift Alignment

This paper introduces a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access (GF-NOMA) scheme. We propose a joint user equipment (UE) clustering and RIS assignment/alignment approach that jointly ensures the power reception disparity required by the power domain NOMA (PD-NOMA). The proposed approach maximizes the network sum rate by judiciously pairing UE with distinct channel gains and assigning RISs to proper clusters. To alleviate the computational complexity of the joint approach, we decouple UE clustering and RIS assignment/alignment subproblems, which reduces run times 80 times while attaining almost the same performance. Once the proposed approaches acknowledge UEs with the cluster index, UEs are allowed to access corresponding resource blocks (RBs) at any time requiring neither further grant acquisitions from the base station (BS) nor power control as all UEs are requested to transmit at the same power. In addition to passive RISs containing only passive elements and giving an 18% better performance, an active RIS structure that enhances the performance by 37% is also used to overcome the double path loss problem. The numerical results also investigate the impact of UE density, RIS deployment, RIS hardware specifications, and the fairness among the UEs in terms of bit-per-joule energy efficiency.

Optical MIMO Communication Based on Joint Control of Base Station and OPA-Type OIRS

As a new type of optical communication device, the optical intelligent reflecting surface (OIRS) can reflect, shape and split optical signals in real time, and is expected to expand the application scenarios of optical wireless communication. However, in the existing research, a single OIRS cannot support optical multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication since OIRS performs the same modulation on all incident light. In this paper, we propose an optical MIMO communication system based on joint control of base station and optical phased array (OPA)-type OIRS. The communication system utilizes the OPA -type OIRS's characteristic of superimposing the input optical phase and the OIRS's phase to implement a joint beam control scheme of the base station and the OIRS, thereby realizing optical MIMO communication with a single OIRS. Considering the OIRS's physical model, pointing error, atmospheric turbulence and attenuation, our work establishes the mathematical model of the optical MIMO communication system, and derives the closed-form expression of the probability density function (PDF) of the channel fading, asymptotic outage probability and bit error rate (BER) for the first time. Experiments and simulations are built to verify the feasibility and accuracy of our system model and theoretical derivation, which proves that our results are consistent with the actual system.

Design of AUVs based on 3D coils positioning and distributed base station control for nuclear spent fuel pools

An underwater magnetic induction positioning and communication system and an energy-efficient distributed control algorithm for underwater base stations are proposed in this paper. The positioning and communication system consists of a number of base stations and an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) equipped with three-axis source coils respectively. The AUV receives this signal and based on its amplitude and phase information is able to locate the AUV and communicate with the base station. Due to the short positioning distance of magnetic induction positioning technology, a large number of base stations need to be installed underwater, which puts high demands on the control of the base stations. In this paper, an energy-efficient distributed control algorithm for underwater base stations is proposed to enable the AUV to meet the operational requirements while minimizing the total energy consumption of the base station. According to the simulation results, the design solves the problem that traditional underwater positioning and communication equipment cannot work stably for long periods of time in a high radiated environment, with a positioning error of no more than 10 cm within a preset operating range, and the algorithm proposed in this paper is able to reduce energy wastage by about 20%.

Base Station Energy Management in 5G Networks Using Wide Range Control Optimization

The traffic activity of fifth generation (5G) networks demand for new energy management techniques that is dynamic deep and longer duration of sleep as compared to the fourth generation (4G) network technologies that demand always for varied control and data signalling based on control base station (CBS) and data base station (DBS). Hence, this paper discusses the energy management in wireless cellular networks using wide range of control for twice the reduction in energy conservation in non-standalone deployment of 5G network. As the new radio (NR) based 5G network is configured to transmit signal blocks for every 20 ms, the proposed algorithm implements withstanding capacity of on or off based energy switching, which in-turn operates in wide range control by carrying out reduced computational complexity. The proposed Wide range of control for base station in green cellular network using sleep mode for switch (WGCNS) algorithm toon and off the base station will work in heavy load with neighbouring base station. For reducing the overhead duration in air, heuristic versions of the algorithm are proposed at the base station. The algorithm operates based on the specification with suggested protocol-level to give best amount of energy savings. The proposed algorithm reduces 40% to 83% of residual energy based on the traffic pattern of the urban scenario.

Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted Wireless Communications With Energy Harvesting

In this paper, we investigate a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted wireless communication system with energy harvesting. In the single information user (IU) scenario, we consider the power control of base station (BS) and the random deployment of energy users (EUs). To this end, we first characterize the statistical features of the channel gains over BS-RIS-IU and BS-RIS-EU cascaded links. Then, we derive a closed-form expression of the information outage probability (IOP) of the IU and show an upper bound of the energy outage probability (EOP) of EUs by invoking the Jensen's inequality. Furthermore, we consider two more general extensions, namely, the existence of imperfect phase alignment and multiple IUs. Finally, the correctness of the analysis results is verified by Monte-Carlo simulation.

Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Optimization for End-to-End Network Slicing With Control- and User-Plane Separation

Control- and user-plane separation (CUPS) and network slicing are two key technologies to support increasing network traffic and diverse wireless services. However, the benefit of CUPS in decoupling the network coverage and data service functions has not been fully utilized to facilitate network slicing. In this paper, we present a novel CUPS-based end-to-end (CUPS-E2E) network slicing scheme. First, the base stations (BS) are classified into control BSs (CBS) that provide control plane (CP) coverage and traffic BSs (TBS) that deliver user plane (UP) traffic. Next, upon CBSs and TBSs being virtualized, we define four typical end-to-end (E2E) network slices: one for CP coverage, one for high-throughput services, one for computation-intensive services, and the other for delay-sensitive services. The utilities of the four E2E network slices are defined based on their coverage, throughput, computing capability and delay requirements, respectively. Then, a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based algorithm is employed to maximize the long-term sum-utility of the four E2E network slices by jointly optimizing the allocation of communication and computing resources to the four network slices and the activation of virtual TBSs, while meeting the service requirements of all users. Simulation results show that our proposed CUPS-E2E network slicing scheme in conjunction with a DDPG-based sum-utility maximization algorithm can support the CP wide-coverage and massive access requirements as well as the UP high-throughput, computation-intensive and delay-sensitive services simultaneously, and outperforms the existing E2E network slicing schemes in terms of the sum-utility, coverage percentage, throughput and delay.

Online Probabilistic Activation Control of Base Stations Utilizing Temporal System Throughput and Activation States of Neighbor Cells for Heterogeneous Networks

In this paper, we propose an online probabilistic activation/deactivation control method for base stations (BSs) in heterogeneous networks based on the temporal system throughput and activation states of neighbor BSs (cells). The conventional method iteratively updates the activation/deactivation states in a probabilistic manner at each BS based on the change in the observed system throughput and activation/deactivation states of that BS between past multiple consecutive discrete times. Since BS activation control increases the system throughput by improving the tradeoff between the reduction in inter-cell interference and the traffic off-loading effect, the activation of a BS whose neighbor BSs are deactivated is likely to result in improved system performance and vice versa. The proposed method newly introduces a metric, which represents the effective ratio of the activated neighbor BSs considering their transmission power and distance to the BS of interest, to the update control of the activation probability. This improves both the convergence rate of the iterative algorithm and throughput performance after convergence. Computer simulation results, in which the mobility of the user terminals is taken into account, show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Performance Analysis of Stratosphere Cellular Network Relying on Control- and User-Plane Separation

In stratosphere cellular networks (SCNs) relying on control-and user-plane separation (CUPS), control base stations (CBSs) located on high altitude platforms (HAPs) form the control plane (CP) and provide control coverage for a large area on the ground. In contrast, traffic base stations (TBSs) on the ground forming the user plane (UP) are used for transmitting high-speed data under the blanket of the CP. To study the performance of SCN based on CUPS, especially CP’s coverage, we present an analytical model in this paper. Based on stochastic geometry, we derive the CP’s coverage probability under Rician fading, and UP’s energy efficiency (UP-EE) under Rayleigh fading. Moreover, the letter is dependent on the successful coverage of CP. Numerical results show that when the traffic load is high, the CP’s coverage probability increases with the increasing density of the CBSs. We also found that the maximal CP’s coverage probability can be achieved by optimizing the height of the CBSs while achieving a high UP-EE within CP’s coverage.

The prospects for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields control approaches improvement under 5G wireless communication technologies introduction

5G mobile communication system networks improvement leads to scenarios for the use of electromagnetic energy in various sectors of the economy variety increase and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) person’ exposure with expansion of the exposed by occupational and non-occupational exposure contingent including. Base station EMF distinctive feature is its complex frequency-time and spatial dynamics with constant control signals that should be taken into account in modern EMF control methods. International practice in case of cellular base stations EMF assessment uses maximal values determination: theoretical and actual levels. EMF theoretical maximal values characterize base station operation mode under highest network load, highest data traffic and time-frequency radio channel resource full usage at the maximum permitted transmission power. Actual maximum EMF levels determination approach is base stations EMF evaluation alternative principle and is based on practically achievable maximum EMF emission, stochastic nature of base station signals with taking into account. The approaches to statistical assessment of actual maximum exposure levels are becoming a priority for international practice of base station EMF assessment and control due to adaptive antenna technologies in 5G cellular networks development. This approach to realistic EMF exposure assessment is fundamentally new for Russian practice and will require methodological updating of regulatory framework as well as comprehensive researches with network operators, including approaches to selective measurement results extrapolation for implementation. Ethics. The study did not require the ethics committee conclusion.

METHODS FOR ENSURING DATA SECURITY IN MOBILE STANDARDS

The analysis of mobile communication standards is carried out, the functional structure and interfaces of interaction between the structural elements of the cellular network are considered. To understand the principle of communication according to the GSM standard, a block diagram of a mobile switching center (MSC), base station equipment (BSS), control and service center (MCC), mobile stations (MS) is presented. The main algorithms for ensuring the confidentiality and security of mobile subscribers' data, in different types of standards, as well as the vulnerabilities of information flows are considered. In particular, the following dangerous types of attacks have been identified, to which mobile network subscribers are sensitive: sniffing; leakage of personal data; leakage of geolocation data; spoofing; remote capture of SIM-card, execution of arbitrary code (RCE); denial of service (DoS). It is established that the necessary function of the mobile network is the identification of subscribers, which is performed by IMSI, which is recorded in the SIM card of the subscriber and the HLR of the operator. To protect against spoofing, the network authenticates the subscriber before starting its service. In the case of subscriber identification, the subscriber and the network operator are protected from the effects of fraudulent access. In addition, the user must be protected from eavesdropping. This is achieved by encrypting the data transmitted over the radio interface. Thus, user authentication in UMTS, as well as in the GSM network, is carried out using encryption with a common key using the "hack-response" protocol (the authenticating party sends a random number to the authenticated party, which encrypts it according to a certain algorithm using a common key and returns the result back).

Precise Monitoring of Sugarcane Crop in Pakistan using Support Vector Machine

Pakistan’s economy based on agriculture and sugarcane is the major crop which is produced in the central Punjab region of Pakistan. The yield of sugarcane crops going into decline due to infection caused by a variety of diseases and unsuitable soil conditions. To optimize the crop yield, an appropriate and precise diagnosis of the disease plays a vital role. A framework model is presented in this paper, continuously monitoring the sugarcane crop by some parameters (moisture, temperature, and humidity) which is responsible for the healthy growth of a crop. For the diagnosis of infections obtained by regular intervals of images, KNN and Space Vector Machine classifier is deployed for this purpose. The real-time collection of data has been communicated to the base station (control unit) via a wireless medium. The experiment was carried out at Ayub Agriculture and Research Institute Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan with a precision of 94% on the sample of 250 images.

NOMA-Enabled Cellular Radio Access Networks Relying on Control- and User-Plane Separation

In a cellular radio access network relying on control- and user-plane separation (RAN-CUPS), control base stations (CBSs) make up the control plane (CP) taking charge of coverage, and traffic base stations (TBSs) in the user plane (UP) are responsible for transmitting high-speed data under the umbrella of CP. In order to increase the coverage probability of CP, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is introduced into CP while UP adopts orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). Then, we develop a tractable analytical model for NOMA-enabled RAN-CUPS based on stochastic geometry. Simulation results show that compared with OFDMA, NOMA could improve coverage probability, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency of CP, which can further improve the spectral efficiency of UP.

Performance enhancement of sensor network architecture for monitoring underwater oil pipeline

In this paper, a deployment mechanism is designed to distribute heterogeneous nodes to optimally cover the pipeline where the mechanism helps locate each node on the wall of the oil pipeline where the number of nodes can be increased depending on this mechanism. The six-layer network hierarchy includes basic sensor nodes (BSN), aggregation relay node (ARN) that added to the network hierarchy, data relay nodes (DRN), data dissemination node (DDN), base station (sinks), and network control center (NCC). This network relies on the improved smart redirect or jump algorithm (SRJ) by sending packets depend on the active relay nodes in both directions that are within the transmission range of the ARNs instead of relying on the number of hops adopted by the SRJ algorithm to reduce the network delay, the energy consumed in relay nodes, and the number of times the DRNs increased transmission range. The OMNeT++ and MATLAB programs were used to implement the simulation scenario. The results showed superiority in terms of the average overhead communication, energy consumption, and end to the end delay with network delay in some cases rely on the number of active relay nodes.

Retracted] Wireless Sensor Network Topology Theory for Data Collection and Analysis of Sports Training Human Body

This paper is based on wireless sensor network topology for sports training human data collection, and the collected data are studied and analyzed in depth. According to the application requirements of sports training, a sports training system consisting of an embedded data collection terminal, and a database server is designed using wireless sensor network technology. The hardware is designed with sensor nodes and base stations to collect athletes’ motion parameters in real time. The software is designed with node and base station control software and sports database management system to realize the receiving, storing, and analyzing of sports parameters. And the system experiments were conducted, and the experimental results show that this system meets the application requirements of sports training and provides an effective tool for scientific training decision research. The needs of designing sports training systems under wireless sensor networks are analyzed, and the system is designed and implemented. Our results confirm that the use of wireless sensor network technology in the design of the sports training system improves the system application performance by 16%. And the interactivity of the sports training system in practice has increased by 8%. All of these show that the design of the sports training system under the wireless sensor network meets the actual system application requirements and has a positive impact. The design of base station control, node control, and sports database software is implemented in the software system, which can effectively realize the collection, storage, and analysis of sports parameters. Finally, the designed wireless sensor network‐based sports training system is tested, and the test results indicate that the system designed in this paper can meet the needs of sports training use.

Optimization of Sports Training Systems Based on Wireless Sensor Networks Algorithms

This paper aims to design and optimize a sports training system through wireless sensor network technology, which mainly includes a hardware system and software system. In the hardware system, the design of sensor nodes and the base station is realized, which can realize the real-time collection of movement parameters by the movement collectors. In the software system, the design of base station control, node control, and motion database software is realized, which can effectively collect, store, and analyze the motion parameters. Finally, the wireless sensor network-based sports training system is tested, and the test results show that the system designed in this paper can meet the needs of sports training use. The inertial measurement unit in the wearable device is used to collect the data generated by the human body during exercise, and low-power Bluetooth is used as the data transmission protocol between the wearable device and the smartphone. The server side provides computing resources in the form of cloud computing to achieve client-server interaction. In combination with the idea of service containerization, a deployment scheme for cloud services was proposed using container choreography, and compared to the pre-training period, the subjects’ trunk sway in the front and back directions decreased by 60.5% and 54.0%, and the trunk sway in the left and right directions decreased by 67.1% and 50.3% during and after training, respectively, and the ratio of time occupied by the equilibrium state increased by 63.5% and 47.4%, subjects’ balance was effectively improved.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted D2D Underlay Communications: A Two-Timescale Optimization Design

The performance of a device-to-device (D2D) underlay communication system is limited by the co-channel interference between cellular users (CUs) and D2D devices. To address this challenge, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided D2D underlay system is studied in this paper. A two-timescale optimization scheme is proposed to reduce the required channel training and feedback overhead, where transmit beamforming at the base station (BS) and power control at the D2D transmitters are adapted to instantaneous effective channel state information (CSI); and the RIS phase shifts are adapted to slow-varying channel mean. Based on the two-timescale optimization scheme, we aim to maximize the D2D ergodic weighted sum-rate (WSR) subject to a given outage probability constrained signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) target for each CU. The two-timescale problem is decoupled into two sub-problems, and the two sub-problems are solved iteratively. Numerical results verified that the two-timescale based optimization performs better than two baselines, and also demonstrated a favourable trade-off between system performance and CSI overhead.