Base Morpheme Research Articles

Lexical Morphology as a Source of Risk and Resilience for Learning to Read With Dyslexia: An fNIRS Investigation.

We examined the neurocognitive bases of lexical morphology in children of varied reading abilities to understand the role of meaning-based skills in learning to read with dyslexia. Children completed auditory morphological and phonological awareness tasks during functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. We first examined the relation between lexical morphology and phonological processes in typically developing readers (Study 1, N = 66, Mage = 8.39), followed by a more focal inquiry into lexical morphology processes in dyslexia (Study 2, N = 50, Mage = 8.62). Typical readers exhibited stronger engagement of language neurocircuitry during the morphology task relative to the phonology task, suggesting that morphological analyses involve synthesizing multiple components of sublexical processing. This effect was stronger for more analytically complex derivational affixes (like + ly) than more semantically transparent free base morphemes (snow + man). In contrast, children with dyslexia exhibited stronger activation during the free base condition relative to derivational affix condition. Taken together, the findings suggest that although children with dyslexia may struggle with derivational morphology, they may also use free base morphemes' semantic information to boost word recognition. This study informs literacy theories by identifying an interaction between reading ability, word structure, and how the developing brain learns to recognize words in speech and print. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25944949.

Morphological and Semantical Effects of Phonemes on Pashto Lexical Structures

Phonemes and segments are the key elements in the structure of Pashto words, playing an important role similar to other languages worldwide. Through the combination and arrangement of these segments, numerous morphemes and diverse words are generated. When assigning a vowel or consonant to the origin or base form of a word, it leads to the creation of new words and constructions that possess different forms, meanings, and belong to various grammatical categories. Structurally, at least one, two, three, or a maximum of four bound morphemes in the form of segments or phonemes could be added to the root or base morpheme, thus generating new lexemes and words. The addition of new phonemes and segments to the base or root form of a word alters its case, identification, quality, quantity, gender, number, tense, modification, meaning, and grammatical classification. Another important role of segments in the structure of lexemes is the syllabification of simple and complex words. The accumulation of each phoneme brings changes in the number of syllables within that word or phrase. Vowel segments primarily contribute to the syllabification of words. In conclusion, the hierarchical arrangement of segments generates new morphemes, while the combination of bound and free morphemes forms the basis for creating new simple, compound, and complex words in the Pashto language.

Phonology of Savu Language Mehara Dialect: Descriptive Generative

Savu language, Mehara dialect is the language of the Savu indigenous people located in Savu island, Savu Raijua district, East Nusa Tengggara province. This paper only focuses on the Mehara dialect of Savu language. The purpose of this research is to reveal the sound process or phonology of Savu language in Mehara dialect. In this article, the theory used is the Generative phonology approach with qualitative methods. The result of this paper is that Savu language Mehara dialect has 25 phonemes consisting of 6 vowel phonemes and 19 consonant phonemes. Each of these phonemes is a phoneme of origin that can form base morphemes phonetically. (1) Mehara dialect of Savu language has 11 syllable structures. (2). Mehara dialect has 2 phonological processes, namely the process of deletion, and the process of adding glottal [ ' ]. (3). Mehara Savu dialect is a vocalic language because there are no consonants at the end of words. (4). Another prominent feature of Mehara dialect is the sound segments: bilabial aspirate /bh/, dental aspirate /dh/, palatal aspirate /dj/, and velar aspirate /gh/

ANALYSIS OF AFFIX –LY AS MODIFIER OF ADVERB OF MANNER IN SOCIAL MEDIA POSTS

This analytical descriptive research aims to describe a linguistic phenomenon that is popular among social media users, namely the use of the suffix –ly in Indonesian vocabulary. The approaches used were morphological, syntactic, and semantic. The data collection method chosen was the note-taking method with data analyis technique used distributional method. The data collected were 12 sentence data containing the words anggunly, jujurly, barbarly. Based on the results of the analysis, morphologically, the affix –ly in the words anggunly, jujurly, barbarly is a suffix that must be tied to the base morpheme that is classified as an adjective. Syntactically, the affix –ly changes the base morpheme that is classified as an adjective into an adverb. Semantically, the affix –ly has the same meaning as the modifier of the adverb in Indonesian, namely ‘secara’ and ‘dengan’. The emergence of the affix –ly as the modifier of adverb is the result of language contact with English and is increasingly being popularized by an influencer, Vindy Lee, so that it becomes slang language.

Bound Base Morpheme and its Role in Forming Words in Kurdish Language

This study, entitled " bound base morpheme and its role in Kurdish language", is an attempt to introduce the bound base morpheme in Kurdish and to analyze the morphology of the words in which this type of morpheme plays (i.e. the role of the base). The study consists of three sections and follows the method of analytical description.
 The first part is a theoretical section is devoted to the discussion of bases, their characteristics and types of bases, the difference between the bound base and affix, and the role of bound base both for bound root and bound base.
 The second part includes the practical part of the research, in which the role of the bound base morpheme the in Kurdish-language has been investigated, and the words which have been produced are classified and separated according to the type of their products, dictionary categories, and the rule of their construction. The third part is dedicated for the statistics of all the words that the bound base is having role in their forming and construction are shown in charts.
 Finally, the results, the list of sources and the summary of the research were presented in Arabic and English.

О проблемном статусе лексико-семантической группы псевдопричастий/прилагательных в норвежском, датском и шведском языках

Not only do the grammatical and lexical systems of the continental Scandinavian sister languages have much in common but also their structural differences are interrelated. The modern Norwegian language (bokmal) has a special group of qualitative-attitudinal inflexible adjectives, the so-called pseudo adjectives that are formed from nouns; they take the form of genuine weak passive participles of weak verbs, but many derive from the nominal stem. The modern Danish language has a similar lexical and semantic group of adjectives largely derived from the same roots as those in Norwegian. These adjectives are formed from nouns or verbs by means of the suffix -et and they take the same form as participles of weak verbs of the first class. Contrary to the Norwegian bokmal, the Danish language does not have an inflexible variant of pseudo participles ending in -ete. These word formation patterns are highly productive and frequent both in vernacular speech and in dialects of Norwegian and Danish. Yet, in the Swedish language, adjectival vocabulary of such semantics is modeled not on the participle II pattern, but by taking affixes, mainly the suffix -ig. Also, there are derivatives formed with suffixes -aktig, -sam and -ad. Stricter rules governing the functioning of genuine participles and the supine in the Swedish language seem to have curbed the capacity of the participle ending to be affixed to any base morphemes other than the verbal stem.

AFFIXES ANALYSIS IN A “HANSEL AND GRETEL” STORY TO ENGLISH YOUNG LEARNERS: A MORPHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE

The aims of this research are to know about kinds of affix and how they are used in a story. Affixation is a part of morphology and it is a morphological process. Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, so it deals with the structure of words. It also relates with morpheme. There are two kinds of morphemes, they are: free morpheme and bound morpheme and bound morphemes are related to derivational and inflectional. Derivational morphology is related to affixes. Affixes can be distinguished by two primary types, they are: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are attached at the beginning of a lexical item or base morpheme; meanwhile, suffixes are attached at the end of a lexical item or base morpheme. Affixes are related to affixation. Affixation is adding established prefix and suffix to the existing base. There are two ways of affixes; (1) according to the positions and (2) according to the functions. According to the positions, there 3 types of affixes, they are prefix, infix and suffix. According to the functions, there 2 types of affixes, they are derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes cause the semantic change, such as bake – baker, happy – unhappy, like – dislike; and category change, such as run (verb) – runner (noun), dangerous (adjective) – dangerously (adverb), writing (noun) – write (verb). Affixations are common used in a story. They are used as the words change a form or meaning depends on the sentence. The participants of this research are the students at one of English Courses in Gading Serpong, Tangerang. Class Action Research (CAR) was used as the method to do the research. The results of this research are: there are 2 prefixes found in the story, they are re- and step-, meanwhile there 5 suffixes found in the story, they are -er, -ed, -s, -ly and -ing.

JAVANESE CIRCUMFIX {SA- + -É}: A MORPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACTICAL AND SEMANTICAL APPROACH

Purpose: The purpose of this Article is to show that the Javanese circumfix {sa- + -é} is one of the Javanese affixes that can be attached to more than one part of speech, namely adjective, adverb and noun. It has a relatively high frequency in terms of its usage. The analysis of this article focuses on the use of circumfix {sa- + -é} in terms of morphology, syntax, and semantics.
 Methodology: Javanese circumfix found in Javanese culture was analyzed according to morphological, syntactical and semantical approach
 Results: In Javanese, the circumfix {sa- + -é} is added partly on the left and partly on the right of the base morpheme. Such a kind of morphological process is known as confixation, or simulfixation, or circumfixation.
 Implications: Thus, the entire analysis describes what the circumfix {sa- + -é} can do to the base morphemes particularly in the Javanese language. Many of the derivatives formed by the attachment of the circumfix may function as the opener of the subordinate clause expressing adverbs of time.

The morphology of Chinese disyllabic verbs

AbstractWith a close examination of the characteristics of Chinese monosyllables, i.e., the base morphemes that form the disyllabic verbs, this article discusses the morphological traits these characteristics bring to disyllabic compound verbs. The two distinctive characteristics of the Chinese monosyllables, namely, being morphologically independent and highly polysemous, give rise to unusual phenomena in disyllabic verbs, most representatively the headedness of coordinative compound verbs. The Chinese language not only has various possible forms of headedness, but also allows the same compound verbs to be both endocentric and exocentric.

Ethnocultural Reflexes of a Language Border Zone in Regional Phytonymic Lexicon of Belgorod Region (On Materials of Dialectological Researches for Department of Russian Language and Russian Literature of NIU "BELGU")

The results of long-term field dialectological studies fulfilled of the Department of Philology of Belgorod State National Research University are presented in the article. During these studies the departmental catalog of the folk dialects of Belgorod has been collected. Regional and Belgorod region dialects pose a less understood layer in the Russian dialectic corpus. The term dialect is interpreted as a specific language formation functioning within the boundaries of the region and absorbing local speech features. Belgorod dialects and regional dialects, being a language type of a border zone region, despite its relative marginality in the Russian dialectal system, are a significant object of dialectological description and a source for domestic historical linguistics. Herein they are associated with the dialects of the territories of late settlement. Therefore the crucial tasks are to make linguistic and linguocultural analysis of the Belgorod regional and dialectal vocabulary, to identify and describe the basic lexico-semantic groups, to view the systemic relations within lexical groups, correlation between dialectal and national language vocabulary, to explore borrowings and their sources. This will allow speaking not only about different types of variability and synonymous relations between dialectal and national language units, but also about the formation and evolution of Russian dialects and the language as a whole. Often, dialectal phenomena are caused by the influence from outside. This is more peculiar to outlying dialects, which are affected by foreign-language neighborhood. At the same time, as a whole, dialects of Belgorod region are Russian in their base morpheme and by their origin and often preserve the language antiquity. Thus, at the Belgorod territory, there is a clash of different ethno-linguistic streams and traditions. In this context, plant world nominations are of special interest in the system of Belgorod dialectal and regional vocabulary.

Morpho-lexical development in language impaired and typically developing Hebrew-speaking children from two SES backgrounds

The study investigated the impact of language impairment and environmental deprivation on Hebrew morpho-lexical development across the school years. Participants were 659 grade school and middle school Hebrew-speaking students—typically developing and language impaired, from mid-high and from low socio-economic status (SES). They were all administered three derivational morphology tasks designed to elicit verbs, adjectives and derived abstract nouns. Each response was scored in three different ways: as a whole word, and according to its base (root or stem) and affixal (pattern or suffix) morphemes. Findings revealed three systematic hierarchies. First, the typically developing mid-high SES group always scored the highest, the language impaired low SES group always scored the lowest, while the typically developing low SES and the language impaired mid-high SES groups lay in-between. Second, verbs were the easiest category across all study groups, whilst adjectives and derived abstract nouns proved to be more affected by population type. Third, affixal morpheme always scored lower than base morpheme, with persistent gaps between the typically developing mid-high SES group and all other groups. Altogether, results show that language development is impeded extensively by both language impairment and SES factors, suggesting that in the long run, innate and environmental factors may have similar implications on morpho-lexical development.

Morphological Decomposition in Japanese De-adjectival Nominals: Masked and Overt Priming Evidence.

Whether morpheme-based processing extends to relatively unproductive derived words remains a matter of debate. Although whole-word storage and access has been proposed for some derived words, such as Japanese de-adjectival nominals with the unproductive (-mi) suffix (e.g., Hagiwara etal. in Language 75:739-763, 1999), Clahsen and Ikemoto (Ment Lex 7:147-182, 2012) found masked priming from de-adjectival nominals with productive (-sa) and unproductive (-mi) suffixes to their adjectivally-inflected base morpheme. Using masked and unmasked priming, we examine whether adjectivally-inflected base morpheme primes facilitate the processing of Japanese de-adjectival nominal targets with a productive or unproductive affix, including an orthographic-overlap condition and semantic relatedness measure that Clahsen and Ikemoto (2012) did not include. Our results replicate and extend Clahsen and Ikemoto (2012), revealing significant, statistically-equivalent morphological priming effects for -sa and -mi affixed targets, independent of orthographic and semantic relatednesss, suggesting that the processing of derived words with the unproductive -mi affix makes recourse to morpheme-level representations.

Sensitivity to morphological composition in spoken word recognition: Evidence from grammatical and lexical identification tasks.

Access to morphological structure during lexical processing has been established across a number of languages; however, it remains unclear which constituents are held as mental representations in the lexicon. The present study examined the auditory recognition of different noun types across 2 experiments. The critical manipulations were morphological complexity and the presence of a verbal derivation or nominalizing suffix form. Results showed that nominalizations, such as "explosion," were harder to classify as a noun but easier to classify as a word when compared with monomorphemic words with similar actionlike semantics, such as "avalanche." These findings support the claim that listeners decompose morphologically complex words into their constituent units during processing. More specifically, the results suggest that people hold representations of base morphemes in the lexicon.

Derivational morphology and base morpheme frequency

Morpheme frequency effects for derived words (e.g. an influence of the frequency of the base “dark” on responses to “darkness”) have been interpreted as evidence of morphemic representation. However, it has been suggested that most derived words would not show these effects if family size (a type frequency count claimed to reflect semantic relationships between whole forms) were controlled. This study used visual lexical decision experiments with correlational designs to compare the influences of base morpheme frequency and family size on response times to derived words in English and to test for interactions of these variables with suffix productivity. Multiple regression showed that base morpheme frequency and family size were independent predictors of response times to derived words. Base morpheme frequency facilitated responses but only to productively suffixed derived words, whereas family size facilitated responses irrespective of productivity. This suggests that base morpheme frequency effects are independent of morpheme family size, depend on suffix productivity and indicate that productively suffixed words are represented as morphemes.

What do graded effects of semantic transparency reveal about morphological processing?

We examined the influence of semantic transparency on morphological facilitation in English in three lexical decision experiments. Decision latencies to visual targets (e.g., CASUALNESS) were faster after semantically transparent (e.g., CASUALLY) than semantically opaque (e.g., CASUALTY) primes whether primes were auditory and presented immediately before onset of the target (Experiment 1a) or visual with an stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 250 ms (Experiment 1b). Latencies did not differ at an SOA of 48 ms (Experiment 2) or with a forward mask at an SOA of 83 ms (Experiment 3). Generally, effects of semantic transparency among morphological relatives were evident at long but not at short SOAs with visual targets, regardless of prime modality. Moreover, the difference in facilitation after opaque and transparent primes was graded and increased with family size of the base morpheme.

Morphological Priming: The Role of Prime Duration, Semantic Transparency, and Affix Position

Patterns of facilitation in three lexical decision studies reveal several properties of morphologically complex words that influence processing. In one study, effects of morphological (VOWED–VOW) similarity are contrasted with effects of either semantic (PLEDGE–VOW) or orthographic (VOWEL–VOW) similarity at two prime durations to show the distinctiveness of morphological processing. In a second study, we compare morphologically complex forms that are semantically transparent (CASUALLY–CASUALNESS) with opaque forms (CASUALTY–CASUALNESS) and show that opaque relatives are more similar to VOWEL–VOW type pairs than to transparent relatives. In the third study, we examine facilitation for complex targets (CALCULATION) preceded by prefixed (MISCALCULATE) and suffixed (CALCULATOR) relatives and show that the position of the base morpheme influences processing under cross-modal but not under purely visual presentation conditions. Taken collectively, under comparable presentation conditions, semantic transparency but not base morpheme position constrains morphological processing.

THE PROCESSING OF GRAMMATICAL GENDER AND NUMBER IN SPANISH

The aim of the present study is to explore the representation and processing of inflectional morphology in Spanish. Experiment 1 compared the access time for words from the same base morpheme contrasted by the surface frequency of the masculine and feminine form, i.e., masculine-dominant items and feminine-dominant items. The results showed a surface frequency effect in both types of items. Experiment 2 compared the access time for masculine words having the same surface frequency but differing in their summed frequency (masculine plus feminine forms), the results showing no significant effect of this parameter. Finally, experiment 3 compared the access time for words from the same stem and contrasting by the surface frequencies for the singular and plural forms, i.e., singular-dominant and plural-dominant words. A clear frequency effect was observed for the singular-dominant words but not for plural-dominant ones. These results suggest that gender information is stored in the corresponding lexical entry and accessed from the full word form whereas the information about number is accessed from the stem corresponding to the singular form.

Inflection and Derivation in Hebrew Linear Word Formation

Hebrew inflection is primarily suffixal. Suffixes also serve as means for deriving substantives. Although derivational and inflectional phonetic outputs overlap under certain conditions, analysis of either the base morpheme structure, the suffixes, or the phonological processes operating in word formation, clearly distinguishes between inflection and derivation. While both include a limited number of suffixes, derivation is tolerant of a larger variety of base morphemes and suffixes than is inflection. The differences involve features such as stems, suffixes, stress patterns, syntactic structures and semantic values, syllabic structures, and dynamic changes. The relationship between lexicon and grammar is considered in the processes involved. Said processes prove that inflected word forms must be accessed by derivational processes in some cases, hence lexically determined, whereas derivation is relevant to grammar as well. The discussion will lead to the formulation of a possible model that supports the autonomy of morphology

Words and Morphemes as Units for Lexical Access

The representation of morphological information in memory was investigated in three experiments using French monomorphemic words that can stand as the base of derivationally related words (e.g., the word PLUME forms the base of the words PLUMER, PLUMAGE, PLUMIER, .). The results of Experiment 1 yielded no effect of the Cumulative Frequency of all forms sharing the base morpheme. Experiments 2a and 2b showed an effect of Morphemic Frequency (the frequency of only the derived forms), but only when Word Frequency was less frequent than Morphemic Frequency. In Experiment 3, an effect of Word Frequency was observed only when Word Frequency was more frequent than Morphemic Frequency. The results are explained in terms of independent representations for the free word form and the form used as the base of the other members of the morphological family.

Decomposing words into their constituent morphemes: evidence from English and Hebrew.

Participants segmented and shifted a sequence of letters from a source word to a target word and then named the product aloud. Morphemic and nonmorphemic letter sequences (e.g., EN) from phonemically matched words such as HARDEN and GARDEN were compared. In 4 experiments, naming latencies were faster for morphemic sequences than their nonmorphemic controls in both English, in which the morphemic status of the shifted sequence was varied and sequences were appended after the base morpheme (linearly concatenated), and in Hebrew, in which morphological transparency of the root (base morpheme) was varied and 1 morpheme was infixed inside the other (nonconcatenative) so that the phonological and orthographic integrity of the morphemic constituents was disrupted. Moreover, the likelihood with which both affixes and bases combine to form words influenced segment shifting times. In conclusion, skilled readers are sensitive to the morphological components of words whether or not they form contiguous orthographic or phonological units.