Base Lines Research Articles

Effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor

The effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor are investigated. A combustor test rig is designed to simulate the pressure drop characteristics of a practical annular combustor. The pressure drop characteristics are firstly measured under atmosphere condition with non-reacting flow (or cold flow), and the air mass flow proportion of each component (dome/liner) are obtained; these properties are base lines for comparison with combustion state. The combustion tests are then carried out under conditions of inlet temperature 340–450 K, fuel air ratio 0.010–0.028. The stability map and the oscillation frequencies are obtained in the tests, the results show that pressure oscillation amplitude increases with the increase of fuel air ratio. Phase trajectory reconstruction is applied to classify the pressure oscillation motion; there are three motions captured in the tests including: “disk”, “ring” and “cluster”. The pressure drops across the dome under strong pressure oscillation are distinctly divergent from the cold flow, and the changes of pressure drops are mainly affected by pressure oscillation amplitude, but is less influenced by pressure oscillation motion nor oscillation frequencies. Based on the mass flow conservation, the reduction of effective flow area of combustor under strong pressure oscillation is demonstrated. Liner wall temperatures are analyzed through Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method to estimate the reduction of the air mass flow proportion of the liner cooling under strong pressure oscillation. Finally, the air mass flow proportions of each component under strong pressure oscillation are estimated, the results show that the pressure oscillation motion also has influence on air mass flow proportion.

STEREO VISION APPLYING OPENCV AND RASPBERRY PI

Abstract. This article points out the single board computer Raspberry Pi and the related camera modules for image acquisition. Particular attention is directed to stereoscopic image recording and post processing software applying OpenCV. A design of a camera network is created and applied to a field application. The OpenCV computer vision library and its Python binding provides some script samples to encourage users developing their own custom tailored scripts. Stereoscopic recording is intended for extended base lines without a mechanical bar. Image series will be taken in order to wipe out moving objects from the frames. And finally the NoIR camera made infrared photography possible with low effort. Computer, accupack and lens board are assembled in a 3D printed housing operated by a mobile device.

Accounting quality and the choice of borrowing base restrictions in debt contracts

This paper examines the effect of accounting quality on the inclusion of a specific debt contract feature, the borrowing base restriction, which limits the borrower’s access to the credit line by the amount of its working capital assets. The quality of the working capital, in turn, becomes relevant to the choice of borrowing base restrictions. I argue that private monitoring of working capital decreases the effect of publicly available accounting information in debt contracts. I find that borrowers with low accounting quality, measured as low accrual quality, are more likely to access borrowing base lines of credit, as they face high adverse selection costs in non-borrowing base lines of credit. Accordingly, I show that the effect of accounting quality on the cost of debt is diminished in borrowing base lines of credit as compared to non-borrowing base lines of credit. Further results show that the diminishing effect of accounting quality in borrowing base lines is mainly due to the discretionary portion of accrual quality, rather than the innate portion. Moreover, based on the narrative length of borrowing base restrictions specifically written on eligible accounts receivables in loan contracts, I construct a borrowing base restrictiveness measure and find that the effect of accounting quality on the cost of debt is decreasing with the restrictiveness, supporting the substitution effect between contractual monitoring mechanisms and borrower accounting quality.

Equidistance Line Principle as a Solution to Implement Archipelagic State in the Territory Sea of the Republic Indonesia

Abstract: The archipelagic principle which consists of several coastal islands and two archipelagic state in the Southeast Asian region in fighting for the concept of the Archipelagic state Principle, namely Indonesia and the Philippines need to consider not only geographical, but also natural characteristics and in particular historical backgrounds. The Archipelagic State Principle which is fought for by the archipelagic state is essentially the implementation of the principle of a straight line in an island state, although this principle is based on international law only applies to coastal island states. There are doubts about the definition of an archipelago, although there is recognition of the unity of a group of islands, the status of the waters that line within the islands are still unclear. What is clear is that the conception of the archipelagic had become a new problem in the field of International Law of the Sea at the conference on the Codification of the Hague in 1930. Keywords: archipelagic state principle, straight base lines

Особливості координатного забезпечення розпланувальних робіт на будівництві GNSS методом

Запропоновано оптимальну методику створення геодезичної основи на будівництві для однієї чи комплексу споруд, об'єднаних одним технологічним циклом. Наведені технологічні рішення вирішують такі основні проблеми під час виконання розмічувальних робіт на будівельному майданчику, як дотримання принципу підвищення точності при переході від вищого ступеня до нижчого та відсутності впливу похибок, спричинених проектуванням на референц-еліпсоїд та на дотичний циліндр у проекції Гауса-Крюгера. Обґрунтовано можливість виконання основних розмічувальних робіт на всій території триградусної зони RTN методом, забезпечуючи необхідну взаємну точність елементів будівництва 3-5 см. Встановлено, що загальна поправка переходу на площину в проекції Гауса-Крюгера для місцевої системи координат Івано-Франківської області (МСК-26) не перевищує відносну похибку 1/4000. Згідно з отриманим результатом можна рекомендувати картографічні проекції для виконання зйомок навіть у масштабі 1:500. Доведено, що для описаного випадку ортогональну проекцію на горизонтальну площину можна вважати такою, що збігається з топоцентричною системою координат. Хоча при такому виборі координатної площини, напрямки та довжини ліній теоретично повинні відрізнятись на величини, зумовлені відхиленням прямовисної лінії від нормалі при переході на референц-еліпсоїд. Однак, враховуючи розміри будівельного майданчика, для більшості інженерно-геодезичних задач цим впливом можна нехтувати.

Reconstructing the lost contours of Charles Hutton

Reconstructing the lost contours of Charles Hutton

Genetic variability, evaluation and characterization of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) germplasm

Fifty accessions of sunflower germplasm were characterized and evaluated for seed yield and its components traits to study the variability present among different germplasm lines. Significant amount of genetic variability was observed for all the characters under study. Seed yield and hull content were identified for highest genotypic (27.08 and 20.14%, respectively) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (27.89 and 20.64%, respectively) and also for high heritability (97.46 and 97.28%, respectively) coupled with high genetic advance (52.19 and 40.49%, respectively) over mean followed by duration of reproductive phase, oil content, 100-seed weight and plant height. Qualitative traits also showed wide variation among the accessions. Majority of the accessions were early in flowering, medium in maturity and medium in head diameter. Among all the accessions, ten lines were observed with short height and ten lines showed high oil content (> 40%). Maximum genetic distance was observed between the accessions EC-601800 and EC- 512687 and utilization of these accessions has been advocated in breeding programme. The results of the present study can be useful for the formation of data base and reference lines, genotype identification and will also be helpful in amplification of future sunflower improvement programme.

Composite Films of Polydimethylsiloxane and Micro-Graphite with Tunable Optical Transmittance

In this paper we introduce a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite fabricated using a simple production process and demonstrate the optical transmittance properties of this composite in the 300–1000 nm wavelength region. We control the material’s transmittance by varying the microcrystalline graphite powder concentration or the composite film’s thickness. In addition, we tailor the specimens into various trapezoidal shapes and load these specimens by mechanically stretching them in the direction perpendicular to both their base lines and their top lines. The advantage of this method is that a wide range of transmittance properties can be obtained for a given specimen. Furthermore, samples with different trapezoidal shapes have different transmittance tuning capabilities.

A study on fully nonlinear wave load effects on floating wind turbine

The influence of fully nonlinear wave effects on floating wind turbine has been studied in this paper by comparing both floater motions and structural responses of tower base and mooring lines exposed to linear and fully nonlinear long-crested irregular waves. Wave kinematics of the linear and nonlinear wave are calculated in a 2D Harmonic Polynomial Cell wave tank. The wave kinematics are further processed by a polynomial fitting method to scale down the data size so that it fulfills the memory requirement of HAWC2 where coupled dynamic analysis is carried out. The external DLL used to provide wave kinematics to HAWC2 is extended from one dimensional (Wkin.dll 2.4) to two dimensional (Wkin.dll 2D) wave field so that fully nonlinear wave can be implemented on floating wind turbine through reading pre-generated wave kinematics manner. The whole work procedure including wave generation, polynomial fitting and implementation in HAWC2 has been verified with a linear regular wave case. Two extreme irregular wave conditions are focused to study the nonlinear wave effects regarding critical responses, such as wave elevation, floater motions and mooring line tension. The results have not only proved the accuracy and applicability of the polynomial fitting method and the extended Wkin.dll 2D for HAWC2 but also revealed the importance to consider fully nonlinear wave model in hydrodynamic analysis compared with linear wave theory especially for high sea states in shallow and intermediate water. As a result of development of computer capacity and numerical wave tank, this paper has demonstrated that fully nonlinear wave effect can be considered in an engineering manner with acceptable efficiency.

ПОВІРКА АБО КАЛІБРУВАННЯ ТАХЕОМЕТРІВ?

The analysis of procedures of metrological control of total stations is presented. Specifics of total stations metrological control are considered. As an example, the Odesa reference linear basis of geodesic polygon consisting of 7 fundamental geodesic stations situated on the plain seismically safe site is presented. A number of problems concerning the use of the existing standards are stated. The concept of a new method of total stations metrological control is proposed. The purpose of the new method is to create an additional stage of metrological control to allow qualitative and efficient metrological control of total stations that had not been subject to verification procedure previously due to various reasons. Investigations in connection with the use of the new method of total stations metrological control were carried out on the existing experimental reference base. The article presents the calculation of the mean-square error in measuring distances by way of multiple measuring the reference base lines. Current instruments for measuring large linear distances as well as the existing methods of their metrological control are examined. The peculiarities of metrological control of total stations are considered and the task of its simplification by combining standard measuring instruments for metrological control of distance and angle measurements in a single measuring instrument are formulated. The peculiarities of metrological control of total stations are considered and the task of its simplification by combining standard measuring instruments for metrological control of distance and angle measurements in a single measuring instrument are formulated. Classification of geodetic measuring instruments depending on the location and conditions of their metrological control is proposed. The constants and corrections that are monitored during the calibration of total stations are given. The angle and distance parts of total station errors are listed. The parameters of total stations that need to be monitored during verification are considered. The variants of application of various technical means and methods of measurement during calibration are considered in detail. Alternative methods for calculating the mean square error of distance measurements using total stations are presented. An international approach to the repair, verification and calibration of total stations has been analyzed. It is proposed to develop a normative legal act to define the criteria for the competence of carrying out repairs, conditions and rules for repairing measuring instruments and devices.

INDICATORS OF RURAL POVERTY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA - MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY ANALYSIS

Rural poverty presents an escalating problem for post-communist countries struggling with perpetual transition towards market economy. As a country deriving from such economic background, Republic of Macedonia is classified as one of the poorest countries in Europe. The rural population in the country is faced with different obstacles such as: limited access to institutions, infrastructure, finances, and other aspects which not only impede these population’s living conditions but also obstruct the development and growth of the rural areas. In order to provide detailed description of the rural poverty situation as well as to identify the vulnerable and depraved group in the rural areas in the Republic of Macedonia, this paper represents an initial record of the poverty conditions in the rural areas. The poverty features are presented through the multidimensional poverty analytical tool and the indicators and dimensions of poverty on micro and macro (country) level in order to describe the socio-economic, environmental, political and institutional context. The comprehensive multi-dimensional analysis of the poverty dimensions in the Republic of Macedonia gives overview of the rural poverty situation and highlights several groups, suffering from multiple deprivations such as rural woman and agriculture households, which are part of an extremely vulnerable group, with the highest risk of going under the poverty base lines.

A comparison of extreme structural responses and fatigue damage of semi-submersible type floating horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

Currently development of floating wind turbines for deep water is mainly based on horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). However, floating vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are possible alternative due to their potential in the cost of energy reduction. This study deals with a comparison of stochastic dynamic responses of floating HAWTs and VAWTs with emphasis on the extreme structural responses and fatigue damages. A 5 MW three-bladed HAWT and three 5 MW VAWTs with blade number ranging from two to four were mounted on a semi-submersible platform. Their stochastic dynamic responses, short-term extreme structural responses and fatigue damages were estimated in both operational and parked conditions. The results show that the three- and four-bladed floating VAWTs and the three-bladed floating HAWTs considered have similar performances in the variation of generator power production, in the maximum tower base bending moment and in the fatigue damages at tower base and mooring lines. However, the maximum tensions in mooring line for the three- and four-bladed floating VAWTs are approximately four times higher than that of floating HAWTs, which implies a significant challenge for their mooring systems. The maximum tower base bending moment and fatigue damage in the two-bladed floating VAWT are extremely significant.

Coarse-graining the input of education and R&D in China

Coarse-grained analysis enhances our understanding of complex processes such as physical procedures, economic complexity. We collect the data sets from 31 regions of China in terms of the gross regional domestic product (GRDP) and the expense invested in Education and R&D between 1998 and 2013, then employ the coarse-grained method to analyze the causal direction according to the cross-section data with time-series information. Specifically, the empirical results suggest that the share of the GRDP invested in Education and R&D in large time scale reveals a dynamical process due to economic complexity, but limits around to base lines.

Development of Mössbauer diffractometer by using nuclear resonant scattering at SPring-8 BL11XU

A Mossbauer diffractometer has been developed by using 57Fe nuclear resonant scattering apparatus at SPring-8 BL11XU in order to obtain a crystal-site-selective Mossbauer spectrum. A 𝜃-2𝜃 goniometer was newly installed between the nuclear monochromator and a detector. From a single crystal Fe3 O 4 mounted on the goniometer, the 111, 222, and 220 reflected γ-rays were used to collect the diffraction spectra at room temperature. The intensity ratio of the two subspectra, corresponding to A- and B-site Fe ions, changes notably according to the reflection index. The diffraction spectrum is composed of a major absorption spectrum and a minor emission spectrum. The former is given by the γ-ray due to the electron scattering and nuclear absorption, whereas the latter is given by the γ-ray due to the nuclear resonant scattering. Interference effects between these two γ-rays are also seen as line broadenings, asymmetric line shapes, and slope of the base lines. These features can be successfully expressed by a Fano function. We consider that the emission spectrum due to the nuclear resonant scattering represents crystal-site-selective Mossbauer spectrum.

Looking closer at reading comprehension

Purpose Reading comprehension levels of elementary students have not significantly improved in the twenty-first century, and, as a result, the need for systematic and intensive reading interventions is as high as ever. Literacy clinics are an ideal setting for struggling readers to experience success through the implementation of a cyclical approach to individual assessment, planning, instruction and evaluation. Yet, additional research is needed to create current and relevant models of literacy clinics for today’s diverse learners. This paper aimed to measure the effects of an experimental approach to reading comprehension instruction for third graders within an off-campus literacy clinic; the intervention involved a scope and sequence of comprehension strategies in which students had to demonstrate skill mastery before progressing to the next skill. Design/methodology/approach This investigation used a classic controlled experiment design by randomly assigning half of the literacy clinic participants (30) to either a control or experimental group. The previous year-end’s Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (CRCT) scores of the participants were used as indicators (or base lines) of each participant’s preexisting level of reading achievement. Findings There was a statistically higher achievement rate in the experimental group as measured by the CRCT statewide assessment with a Cohen’s effect size value (d = 0.79) suggested a moderate to high practical significance. Practical implications This study’s findings are relevant to those involved in literacy remediation, including literacy clinic directors, preservice educators and curriculum directors. Originality/value This paper is one of a kind in that it is the first to trial a scope and sequence of evidence-based comprehension strategies for comprehension improvement in primary school students. The findings call for major changes to thinking about how we improve students’ reading skills by focusing on depth rather than breadth.

무기체계 시험평가업무 정량적 관리방안 연구

In this paper, we suggest a quantitative management scheme to accomplish effective weapon systems test and evaluation service(T&E). The Capability Maturity Model Integration(CMMI) process model has been introduced and applied for that purpose by the 8th directorate, Agency for Defense Development(ADD). Although a CMMI process model was developed focusing on the software development, systematic approaching scheme in the CMMI process model can be utilized for the quantitative management implementation of a weapon systems T&E service. To manage a T&E service quantitatively, at first, organizational performance objectives and sub processes are established, and then each performance indicators and performance base lines are followed.

Transient Effect of Calcium Influx on PIP2 Clusters in the Inner Plasma Membrane Leaflet of Intact Cells

Phospjatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphated(PIP2) is known to interact with many cytoskeletal proteins electrostatically. When calcium ion channels open, local calcium levels are estimated up to 500uM. Experiments in model lipid bilayer have shown that such calcium level is sufficient to affect PIP2 in the inner leaflet of plasma membrane (PM).PM is a complex lipid protein mixture in which at least two mechanisms create lateral order: interactions between lipid acyl-chains, stabilized by cholesterol, lead to transient submicroscopic nano-domains, and head-group interactions of charged lipids with divalent ions may cluster lipids. In addition, membrane cytoskeleton may impose further structure on membrane. Here we study influence of calcium on formation of PIP2 clusters in intact cells. We study changes of domains over time and upon calcium channel activation by analyzing diffusion of GFP-tagged inner-leaflet membrane proteins. Using bimFCS, developed by us, we measure diffusion on multiple length scales simultaneously to derive information about domains. To study formation of PIP2 clusters in the PM, we use GFP-PHPLCdelta to directly mark PIP2. We observe that opening TRPV1 channels leads to a transient rise in calcium as imaged using GCaMP5G, increases interaction strength between GFP-PHPLCdelta and PIP2 domains, which decreases to base lines within 1-2 minutes. Using ionophores, we determine that the increasing interaction strength is due to calcium-PIP2 interaction. By Vinculin depletion or actin filaments (de-)polymerization, we find that both anchor proteins and actin filaments play important roles in PIP2 clusters, and the formation of larger PIP2 clusters can potentially further activate Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase. These results suggest that in intact cells, calcium ions are able to induce changes of PIP2 clusters that are also regulated by cytoskeleton structure, changes of PIP2 clusters can further affect other signaling events.

Financial Reporting Quality and the Choice of Monitoring Mechanisms in Debt Contracts: Evidence from Borrowing Base Restrictions

Borrowing base restrictions are common debt contractual features which limit the amount available to the borrower based on its working capital assets. The lender determines the availability of credit to the borrower based on the success of borrowing base assets. Identifying the unique setting of borrowing base restrictions, I examine whether financial reporting quality affects the choice of monitoring mechanisms that lenders use in debt contracts. I find that borrowers with low quality financial statements are more likely to access borrowing base lines of credit, as they face high adverse selection costs in non-borrowing base lines of credit. Accordingly, I show that the effect of financial reporting quality on the cost of debt is diminished in borrowing base lines of credit as compared to non-borrowing base lines of credit. These results are robust to several financial reporting quality measures such as accrual model based proxies, internal control weakness disclosures and big auditors. Moreover, based on the narrative length of borrowing base restrictions specifically written on eligible accounts receivables in loan contracts, I construct a borrowing base restrictiveness measure and find that the effect of financial reporting quality on the cost of debt is decreasing with the restrictiveness, supporting the substitution effect between contractual monitoring mechanisms and borrower’s financial reporting quality.

Efficacy and safety of escitalopram versus desvenlafaxine in the treatment of major depression: A preliminary 1-year prospective randomized open label comparative trial.

Aim and Objective:To compare efficacy and safety of escitalopram with desvenlafaxine in the treatment of major depression.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 patients of depression were randomized into two groups after meeting inclusion criterion. In the first 3 weeks, escitalopram 10 mg/day was given and then 20 mg/day for the next 3 weeks in group 1 (n = 30). Desvenlafaxine in the first 3 weeks was given 50 mg/day and 100 mg/day for the next 3 weeks in group 2 (n = 30). The parameters evaluated during the study were efficacy assessments byHamilton Scale of Rating Depression (HAM-D), Hamilton Rating Scale of Anxiety (HAM-A), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Safety assessments were done by UKU-scale.Results:Escitalopram and desvenlafaxine significantly (P < 0.001), reduced HAM-D, HAM-A, and CGI scores from their respective base lines. However, on comparison failed show any statistical difference at 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Escitalopram and desvenlafaxine were both found to be safe and well-tolerated and there was not much difference between the two groups as evident from UKU Scale and their effect on various biochemical parameters.Conclusion:The present study demonstrated similar efficacy and safety in reducing depression and anxiety with both escitalopram and desvenlafaxine, but clinical superiority of one drug over the other cannot be concluded due to limitations of the small sample size.

A Study of Neurological Complications of Surgery and Anesthesia

In the present study 100 patients of different neurological complications after surgery were studied, cerebral infarction (stroke) were 4%, spinal ischemia 6%, Delirium2%, visual loss 0.2%, were noted. These complications occurred during the vascular (cardiac), non-vascular, spinal, vertebral surgeries, such post surgical complications are often permanent. Hence these adverse outcomes of surgery anesthesia could be divesting for patients and relatives of patients as well as concerned medical faculty, because now days patient is a consumer. Hence this study will be useful for surgeon and Anesthetist to prepare all preoperative base lines and clinical judgment to prevent these un predicted complications.