Base Fluid Research Articles

Heat transportation phenomena subject to Ellis fluid over a spinning body: A dynamics of trihybrid nanoparticles

AbstractThe boosting of base fluid thermal transport is a remarkable significance in the current research era, and numerous types of techniques are being utilized to achieve this goal. The mixture of nanoparticles inside the host fluid is responsible to improve base fluid thermal performance. The modified Buongiorno's nanofluid model is explored in the current study along with the significant trihybrid nanoparticle effect. The fundamental equations of the chosen flow model are transformed using a similarity transformation, and the succeeding equations are then resolved numerically using the discretization of Keller‐Box in MATLAB. The primary velocity profile is directly raised with large values of the Hartman number, unsteady, and Ellis's fluid parameters, while an inverse curves trend is reported in secondary velocity. The primary speed of fluid is significantly greater compared to di and mono‐hybrid cases, and this study reveals that optimal thermal transport is achieved against tri‐hybrid cases. The tri‐hybrid model has 9% improvement in Nusselt number when compared to single and two‐type nanoparticle fluid models.

Thermal performance of a hybrid nanofluid flow through a stretchable stationary disk featuring the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux theory

A hybrid nanofluid is comprised of a (Ethylene glycol) base fluid component and (Copper and Aluminium oxide) nanoparticles, and the nanoparticles are scattered inside the Ethylene glycol. Integrating nanoparticles into a base fluid (Ethylene glycol) can significantly enhance its thermal conductivity, which in turn can boost the base fluid's rate of heat transfer. In addition, the dynamics of viscous fluid together with nanoparticles is quite interesting and has a large of applications in the industrial sector. The current predominately predictive modeling investigates the flow of the hybrid nanofluid via a stretchable stationary disk in the presence of heat source/sink. A progressive modification in he energy equation is done by utilizing the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux expressions. This theory provides predictions for the features of the thermal relaxation time of the liquid on the boundary layer flow. Further, the study focuses on the features of the Lorentz force resulting from the applied of a magnetic field perpendicular to the disk. The similarity approach is used to obtained the dimensionless ordinary differential equations.The bvp4c approach in Matlab is utilized as a numerical method for the solution. All the solutions are obtained through graphical form. According to the results, the thermal profile is reduced by adjusting the thermal relaxation time parameter. Motion of the hybrid nanofluid slows down by enlarging the magnetic force parameter. Additionally, the effect of the heat source significantly increases the thermal profile. It is noted that the temperature field is enhanced in the case of a larger Lorentz force. Moreover, the increase in volume fraction concentration intensifies the thermal distribution, but the velocity is diminished due to the effect of viscosity.

Experimental investigation of nickel-based nanofluid on the performance of evacuated tube solar collector

This paper conducts an experimental investigation of an evacuated tube solar collector type solar collector employing a unique Ni/water nanofluid to assess its exergetic and energy performance. The investigation sheds light on the intricate behavior of nanofluid and their consequential impact on the efficiency, thermal properties, and entropy generation within the framework of evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC). The study reveals that an escalation of nickel nanoparticles volumetric concentration results in a reduction of specific heat capacity, attributed in part to the clustering effect of nanoparticles mixed with working fluid. Nevertheless, higher temperatures counterintuitively lead to an augmentation in specific heat capacity. The study presents the comparative behavior of nanofluid and the parent base fluid. The study further elucidates that augmenting the volumetric concentration of nanoparticles causes a reduction in the temperature difference between the collector's both side inlet and outlet, affecting thermal efficiency positively. Moreover, with mass flow rate contribute and increased volumetric concentration to a diminished outlet temperature, thereby enhancing the efficiency of ETSC. The study also analyzed the thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and specific heat of the Ni/water nanofluid across different volumetric concentrations and temperature ranges from 25 °C to 50 °C. Furthermore, the thermal performance of the collector was evaluated at various mass flow rates ranging from 0.0085 kg/s to 0.051 kg/s. The findings revealed a maximum energy efficiency of 73.14% at a volumetric concentration of 1% and a mass flow rate of 0.041 kg/s.

Intelligent neuron based interpretation of carreau trihybrid nanofluid model with streamline analysis: Configuration of distinct geometries

This current attempt develops a more efficient predictive model that can accurately simulate the behavior of Carreau trihybrid nanofluids in non-trivial configurations. This study interprets thermal behavior of Carreau trihybrid nanofluid model with streamline analysis considering the two geometries wedge and cone. Three nanoparticles are involved in base fluid (water) with physical effects of non-uniform heat sink source and nonlinear thermal radiation are assumed for heat transport and Lorentz forces are considered for velocity inspection. Furthermore, this study employs intelligent neural networks to interpret data for streamline and thermal transport analysis, focusing on the specific cases of wedge and cone geometries. Initial data fetched through bvp4c and further, obtained data trained through supervised neural scheme, Levenberg marquardt neural network (LM-NN) is applied and required predictions are made. Higher “Gc” indicates stronger solutal buoyancy forces, which promote upward fluid movement, thereby increasing the velocity gradient. With increasing (M), the velocity profile decreases. Fluid exhibits enhancing the velocity gradient with higher (n). Higher particle concentration enhances the fluid's viscosity and resistance.

Second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and pumping power analyses of water and ionic liquid mixture based MXene nanofluids in a shell and helical coil heat exchanger

Heat exchangers are extensively employed across diverse sectors for efficient thermal (heat)transfer between two fluids, specifically from a hot fluid to a cold fluid. Nanofluids are promising heat transfer fluids that exhibit exceptional thermal performance in heat exchangers. The present study examines the thermodynamic second law efficiency analysis of a shell and helical coil heat exchanger utilizing MXene/80:20% water+[MMIM][DMP] (mass percentage) based ionanofluids. An analytical investigation was conducted on the heat transfer coefficient, entropy generation rate, and exergy efficiency of a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, considering particle weight loadings from 0.2% to 1.0%, Reynolds numbers from 500 to 4300, and flow rates from 0.5 to 3.5 L/min. In the base fluid, at 1.0 wt.% and at a Reynolds number of 3598, the increase in heat transfer, Nusselt number, friction factor, pressure drop, effectiveness, and frictional entropy generation are 45.59%, 28.27%, 15.19%, 12.56%, 17.20%, and 16.21%, respectively. Concurrently, thermal entropy generation, and total exergy destruction were reduced by 46.23% and 20.08%, respectively. The second law (exergy) efficiency and thermal performance factor are improved by 34.04% and 1.384-times, respectively, at 1.0 wt.% and at a Reynolds number of 3598, compared to the base fluid. The data from the current study is corroborated by existing literature. New correlations were developed from the computed data points to estimate the Nusselt number and friction factor.

Electroosmotically assisted peristaltic propulsion of blood-based hybrid nanofluid through an endoscope with activation energy

The main aim of this research work is to analyze the peristaltic pumping of hybrid nanofluid through an endoscope. Here, blood is considered as base fluid and iron-oxide and gold are considered as nanoparticles. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood is studied through the Casson fluid model. The effect of nanoparticles is included in the mathematical formulation by using the modified version of Buongiorno model. Moreover, the effects of motion due to electroosmosis, activation energy, and Joule heating are also considered in fluid flow. The obtained non-linear system of equations after imposing lubrication approach is solved using Mathematica. The flow properties subject to variation in different involved parameters is analyzed through graphical results. It is assessed from graphical results that for larger Casson fluid parameters, fluid flow is more accelerated. It is also observed that presence of hybrid nanoparticles improves the velocity profile as well as cooling tendency of the working fluid when compared with the case of mono nanofluid. The electroosmotic phenomenon works a key parameter that can control the fluid flow by either assisting and opposing the flow. It has observed that a larger Debye length parameter, assisting electric field, and larger activation energy parameter reduce the nanoparticle concentration.

Entropy analysis of mixed convective electro-magnetohydrodynamic couple-stress hybrid nanofluid flow with variable electrical conductivity in a porous channel

The paper presents a novel study to examine the irreversibility of quadratically mixed convective electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of a couple-stress hybrid nanofluid (CSHNF) with variable properties in a vertical porous channel. The channel walls are exposed to an applied electric field effect and a uniform transverse magnetic field. The hybrid nanofluid considered is an ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6 O 2) base mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), assuming the base fluid and nanoparticles to be in a state of thermal equilibrium following the Tiwari-Das nanofluid model. The potential applications of the study can be in microfluidics to nanofluidics, particularly in developing cooling technologies, EMHD pumps, high-end microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices used in bioengineering. A constant pressure gradient acting in the flow direction and the buoyancy effect under the quadratic Boussinesq approximation drive the flow. The governing momentum and energy equations are nondimensionalized using pertinent dimensionless parameters and solved by the semi-analytical homotopy analysis method (HAM). The entropy generation and the Bejan numbers are derived to examine the irreversibilities in the system. To investigate the rate of shear stresses and heat transfer, skin friction coefficients and Nusselt numbers on the channel walls are determined. The analysis emphasizes the influence of nanoparticle concentration and electromagnetic field on the flow dynamics, temperature distribution, and system irreversibilities in the presence of porous media. It reveals the enhancement of fluid velocity and temperature degradation for higher concentrations. In contrast, both reduce for higher magnetic and electrical strength. With the enhancement of electrical joule heating and quadratic convection, a higher entropy generation rate is attained with a low rate of heat transfer irreversibility. However, it reduces with higher nanoparticle concentration, electrical strength, porosity, and variable electrical conductivity parameters under the dominance of heat transfer irreversibility.

MHD double diffusive convective squeezing ternary nanofluid flow between parallel plates with activation energy and viscous dissipation

Purpose This study aims to present the consequences of activation energy and the chemical reactions on the unsteady MHD squeezing flow of an incompressible ternary hybrid nanofluid (THN) comprising magnetite (FE3O4), multiwalled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT) and copper (Cu) along with water (H2O) as the base fluid. This investigation is performed within the framework of two moving parallel plates under the influence of magnetic field and viscous dissipation. Design/methodology/approach Due to the complementary benefits of nanoparticles, THN is used to augment the heat transmit fluid’s efficacy. The flow situation is expressed as a system of dimensionless, nonlinear partial differential equations, which are reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by suitable similarity substitutions. These transformed ODEs are then solved through a semianalytical technique called differential transform method (DTM). The effects of several changing physical parameters on the flow, temperature, concentration and the substantial measures of interest have been deliberated through graphs. This study verifies the reliability of the results by performing a comparison analysis with prior researches. Findings The enhanced activation energy results in improved concentration distribution and declined Sherwood number. Enhancement in chemical reaction parameter causes disparities in concentration of the ternary nanofluid. When the Hartmann number is zero, value of skin friction is high, but Nusselt and Sherwood numbers values are small. Rising nanoparticles concentrations correspond to a boost in overall thermal conductivity, causing reduced temperature profile. Research limitations/implications Due to its firm and simple nature, its implications are in various fields like chemical industry and medical industry for designing practical problems into mathematical models and experimental analysis. Practical implications Deployment of the squeezed flow of ternary nanofluid with activation energy has significant consideration in nuclear reactors, vehicles, manufacturing facilities and engineering environments. Social implications This study would be contributing significantly in the field of medical technology for treating cancer through hyperthermia treatment, and in industrial processes like water desalination and purification. Originality/value In this problem, a semianalytical approach called DTM is adopted to explore the consequences of activation energy and chemical reactions on the squeezing flow of ternary nanofluid.

Influence of couple stress, radiation, and activation energy on MHD flow and entropy generation in Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow over a flat plate

Countless engineering applications rely on heat and mass transportation technologies. Limitations in thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity are common in conventional fluids. Nanofluids, which are essentially base fluids with nanoparticles suspended in them, have superior thermal characteristics than base fluids without the nanoparticles. Maxwell hybrid nanofluids have the potential to improve mass and heat transport even further by combining the characteristics of two different types of nanoparticles. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transmission properties of a Maxwell hybrid nanofluid through a flat plate are investigated in this work. The novelty of this research lies in its exploration of the combined impressions of couple stress and activation energy on the flow behaviour. The equations governing the problem undergo transformation and are handled by means of the bvp4c solver. The vital discoveries disclose that the nanoparticle concentration and magnetic field strength act as opposing forces to fluid velocity. And also, it is detected that the friction coefficient rises by 2.68% as the value of volume fraction of copper nanoparticles ranges from 0 to 0.105. It is found that there is a decrement of 29.7% in the heat transmission rate when the values of Eckert number lie between 0 and 0.6. It is observed that the reaction rate and activation energy parameters play opposite roles against fluid concentration. It is discovered that the entropy generation increases with factors that enhance friction and heat dissipation (Maxwell and Brinkman parameters). The results show that the Sherwood number drops 4.4% when the activation energy parameter is set to values between 0 and 3.

Hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical plate through porous medium in a conducting and chemically reacting field with radiation absorption and variable suction

This research investigates the flow of an electrically conductive hybrid nanofluid across a porous plate that is in motion and experiencing temperature and velocity slip. In addition, the impacts of radiation absorption and variable suction are included. The heat transfer phenomena have been investigated using a hybrid nanofluid consisting of distilled water, brass, and cobalt. The behavior of the hybrid nanofluid is determined by the Tiwari-Das model. The graphs are drawn with the help of MATLAB software. It is noticed that compared to Cu3Zn2−TiO2 hybrid nanofluid, C−TiO2 with distilled water exhibits the optimum heat transfer by 5.72 % for fixed values of S and R. The temperature reaches at its maximum at y = 0.4520. Remarkably, the maximum improvement of 42.9547 % is noted for Ra=0.8,ϕ1=ϕ2=0.02,S=0.2,h2=0.5. The addition of brass and cobalt nanoparticles to a base fluid may considerably lower its operational temperature. The hybrid nanofluid composed of carbon-titanium oxide shows the greatest increase in heat transmission, but the hybrid nanofluid made of brass titanium-oxide indicates just a modest improvement. The buoyancy forces enhance the growth of both the momentum and thermal boundary layers. As the Cu3Zn2−Co hybrid nanofluid acts as a coolant, which can be used in the cooling of the battery.

Advanced heat transfer analysis using RSM-BBD for MHD hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonuniform stretching sheet with viscous dissipation

The recent studies focus on optimizing conditions to maximize the heat transfer rate while minimizing energy consumption, a key goal for various industries in both production processes and Automotive industry efficiency. Hybrid nanofluids play a crucial role in improving heat transfer phenomena. This study examines the enhanced heat transfer properties of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles as it flows through a nonlinear stretching sheet in a porous medium. The convective flow is further influenced by a magnetic field and thermal radiation, adding complexity to the flow dynamics. To simplify the analysis, dimensional physical quantities are converted to non-dimensional parameters using appropriate similarity rules. These transformed equations are then numerically solved using the bvp4c function in MATLAB. To achieve optimal heat transfer rates, a robust statistical method known as response surface methodology (RSM) is employed, and validation is performed through an analysis of variance. Graphical representation is used to examine parametric behaviour, and a brief physical description is provided. Key findings include: the hybrid nanofluid shows a 10.61% increase in heat transfer rate compared to the base fluid at R = 0.2; the drag force coefficient for the Al2O3/H2O nanofluid is reduced by 13.98% compared to other hybrid nanofluids; and an increase in the nonlinear stretching sheet parameter improves velocity distribution while reducing temperature distribution. This study can be used in automotive transmission systems to enhance heat dissipation and lubrication, improving the efficiency and durability of the transmission.

Artificial neural networking for computational assessment of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow caused by a stretching sheet: implications of machine-learning approach

Researchers are mainly interested in using soft computing artificial intelligence (AI) methods due to their broad applications in analysis, modelling and simulations. Backpropagation neural networks, one of the supervised learning algorithms, is commonly used to train data networks by optimizing the error between actual and predicted values. To optimize this process of training data, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is applied; particularly beneficial for solving nonlinear fluid flow problems. Little knowledge is known about the ternary-hybrid nanofluid flow caused by a stretching surface with heat generation, viscous dissipation, magnetic effect and porosity etc. This article presents a novel machine-learning approach using backpropagation neural networks augmented with the Levenberg-Marquardt procedure to figure out the ternary-hybrid nanofluid flow generated by a stretching sheet. It uniquely examines the mixture of copper, Iron oxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles inside a single base fluid within a magnetic field, tackling the research gaps in the effects of heat generation, viscous dissipation, porosity, and magnetic effects on fluid flow system and heat transfer. Shooting numerical technique (RK-5th) is used for solving the governing ordinary equations. Graphical illustration, error analysis, mean squared error, histograms and regression analysis justify the proposed method, showing better performance for ternary nanofluids.

Analogical elucidation of dusty‐hybrid nanofluid flow through the microchannel: An unsteady case

AbstractThis work is the exploration of unsteady flow of dusty fluid in the horizontal microchannel when the channel plates are susceptible to linear radiation. The flow of the dusty fluid is in the existence of magnetic field. Along with dusty fluid, there are immersions of two different types of nanoparticles namely ferrous oxide and silver . The study gives the comparison of nanofluid phase with dusty fluid phase; hybrid nanofluid phase with dusty fluid phase separately. The modeled partial differential equations are non‐dimensionalized and pdsolve command of Maple software tackles these formed partial differential equations directly. Comparative study of nanofluid‐dusty fluid and hybrid nanofluid‐dusty fluid for the flow in microchannel is to elucidate the fact of heat transfer enhancement upon appropriate insertion of nanoparticles in the base fluid; especially the nanoparticles possessing paramagnetic effect for the better performance on the application of the magnetic field. Results deduce that the fluid flow and heat transmission are known to progress with time. Also, the fluid phase is known to reach the steady state earlier than the dust phase. The nanoparticle volume fraction is known to deplete the temperature in both the hybrid fluid phase and nanofluid phase. The particle concentration parameter diminishes the velocity profile, both for fluid phase and dust phase.

Cattaneo-christov heat flux theory in tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluids with thermal radiation for renewable energy applications

The aim of current paper is to explore the dynamics of Tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a stretchy surface, combined effect of thermal radiation and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux effects also incorporated in the energy equation. Hybrid nanofluids are advanced class of nanofluid have several engineering applications due to their enhanced thermal, electrical, and rheological properties. Here we developed a mathematical model for two-dimensional hybrid nanofluid containing particles copper (Cu) and alumina oxide (Al2O3) suspended with base fluid H2O. Variable viscosity and viscous dissipation aspect also amalgamated in the present study. After applying the dimensionless variables, the governing PDE's are converted into ODE's. The numerical computations are performed with the help of MATLAB software. The most important outcomes predefined pertinent parameters like magnetic parameter, Weissenberg number, relaxation time, thermal radiation parameter, prosperity parameter, convective parameter, Prandtl number, heat source parameter, Eckert number, on velocity and temperature profile are thoroughly examined graphically and physically. There occur increment in the temperature profile of hybrid nanofluid than regular nanofluid. Also over current outcomes shows close agreement for a particular cases.

Numerical simulation of an unsteady ternary hybrid nanofluid along a convectively heated curved stretching sheet: A Tiwari-Das model

Nanofluids are smart fluids, which are very useful for heat and mass transfer enhancement. They are very much used in industrial, transportation, biomedical, and electronics fields. In the present research, we examine the nanofluid flow across a curved stretching sheet (CSS). Also, this work’s noteworthy originality is its discussion of the impacts of the physical parameters on the ternary hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer. Furthermore, the simulation considers nanofluids with water as the base fluid. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model examines the viscosity and effective thermal conductivity of fluid flow with suspended nanoparticles. The governing equations of the momentum and the temperature are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by similarity transformations. These equations are then solved using a Secant iteration method combined with a Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF) integration scheme with a shooting technique. Through graphs and tables, the influences of the relevant non-dimensional parameters are presented and analyzed. The findings show that an increase in the curvature parameter and the Biot number is to increase the temperature gradient. The Streamline profiles for various values of the magnetic parameter are also analyzed through figures. We believe that this research has significant implications in biomedical devices and pharmaceutical fluid preparation in biomedical sciences. Some of them are high temperature and cooling processes, paints, space technology, medicines, cosmetics, conductive coatings, bio-sensors, and to name a few.

Repercussion of quadratic density variation on nonlinear mixed convective Darcy–Forchhimer Al2O3, Cu\\EG flow over an inclined plate with exponential heat source and Arrhenius equation

Generating and controlling energy at high temperatures is extremely challenging in solar energy applications with hybrid nanofluids (HNFs). This challenge is tackled with nonlinear changes in density with temperature and concentration. Hence, a nonlinear Boussinesq approximation is taken on Darcy – Forchhimer hybrid flow containing aluminium oxide ( A l 2 O 3 ) and copper ( Cu ) nanoparticles with base fluid Ethylene Glycol (EG) over an inclined plate at an angle of ξ = π 6 . The physical model is supported by a space-based exponential heat source (EHS) along with a temperature-based heat source (THS) in the energy equation and Arrhenius equation in diffusion relation with suction and blowing on the wall. The regulating equations are transformed into standard differential equations using the similarity conversions, and these equations are subsequently solved in MAPLE 2022. The thermal field is affected positively by EHS and THS parameters, which fulfil the purpose of including these parameters in the flow model. The rate of heat transport increment for Q E parameter by 1.04% for HNF whereas 1.06% for NF when Su > 0 . Also, Su < 0 heat transfer rate increases by 3.68% for HNF whereas 3.75% for NF. As A l 2 O 3 , Cu ∖EG HNF move from suction to injection, the Nusselt number reduces by more than 50%.

On the thermal performance of a three-dimensional cross-ternary hybrid nanofluid over a wedge using a Bayesian regularization neural network approach

Abstract Significance Studying the flow of ternary nanofluids [Ag, Cu, MoS2] holds significant importance in both science and engineering. Ternary nanofluids are vital in advancing thermal management systems, heat exchangers, aerospace, and materials processing applications. Purpose This study investigates the ternary hybrid Carreau nanofluid numerically for thermal proficiency in the inclined magnetized environment. In this study, three distinct nanoparticles of [Ag, Cu, MoS2] and base fluid water over the wedge are used. The velocity of nanofluids is judged under the influence of an inclined magnetic field, and the thermal performance is scrutinized by incorporating the thermal radiation effect. Methodology The physical problem generates partial differential equations, which are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity variables. These ODEs are linearized into a system of ODEs and then passed under the bvp4c Matlab program to get the solution. This solution is again trained by an artificial neural network, and further results are obtained with both schemes and compared. Findings The most rapid heat transport analysis is found for ternary hybrid nanofluids compared to bi-hybrid nanofluids. The thermal radiation parameters and the magnetic environment augment the rate of heat transport.

Effects of prescribed surface temperature and heat flux with electrical conductivity via microbial chemotaxis to enhance nanoparticle

The purpose of the current investigations in to explore the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Oldroyd-B nanofluid flow over an exponential stretchable surface with variable thermal conductivity. Impact of thermal radiation and gyrotactic motile organism also incorporated in the present study. A fluid that has tiny particles, also referred to as nanoparticles, scattered throughout a base fluid is called a nanofluid. These nanoparticles can be formed from metals, oxides, carbon-based compounds, or other nanomaterials, and their usual sizes range from 1 to 100 nanometers. Water, oil, ethylene glycol, or other common liquids can be used as the foundation fluid. Because of their improved physical qualities, greater heat transfer, and thermal conductivity, nanofluids have many uses in a variety of sectors. Two type of boundary conditions are associated here like prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF). Exploring nanoparticles influence on a fluid viscoelasticity, and vice versa, advanced understanding of three-dimensional nanofluid flow over a porous, stretchable surface. The research also probed microorganisms' and reactions' impact on heat/mass transfer. Employing MATLAB and a similarity approach converted Navier-Stokes equations into ordinary differential equations. Outcomes included velocity profile, temperature profiles, concentration profiles, and microbe behavior. Thus, this significantly contributed to modelling collectors and thermal storage. The concentration profile flattens when the Schmidt number (Sc) is increased, indicating that the fluid flow behavior is clearly influenced. Moreover, these findings established ways to improve energy systems' efficiency by elucidating heat transport and fluid flow parameters. This enables sustainable energy solutions to tackle global challenges. The influence of various convergence parameters is illustrated through graphically and in the form of table. Also, our results are validated with the previously published data and found tremendous agreement.

Dual characteristics of mixed convection flow of three-particle aqueous nanofluid upon a shrinking porous plate

Purpose This study aims to analyze the thermo-hydrodynamic characteristics for the mixed convection boundary layer flow of three-particle aqueous nanofluid on a shrinking porous plate with the influences of thermal radiation and magnetic field. Design/methodology/approach The basic equations have been normalized with the help of similarity transformations. The obtained equations have been solved numerically using the shooting method in conjunction with the sixth-order Runge–Kutta technique. Numerical results for the velocity and temperature are illustrated with varying relevant parameters. Findings The results reveal that the local drag coefficient increases with higher values of the magnetic field parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction and suction parameter. On the other hand, boosting the radiation parameter and nanoparticle concentration notably enhances heat transfer. Furthermore, it is noted that the suction parameter and magnetic field parameter both lead to an increase in velocity and promote the occurrence of dual solutions within the problem conditions. Research limitations/implications The limitations are that the model is appropriate for thermal equilibrium of base fluid and nanoparticles, and constant thermo-physical properties. Originality/value To the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has taken an attempt to predict the flow and heat transfer characteristics of unsteady mixed convection ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking sheet, particularly under the influence of magnetic field and radiation. The findings obtained here may hold particular significance for those interested in the underlying theoretical and practical implications.

Sodium alginate-based unsteady nanofluid flow over a porous stretching surface with endothermic and exothermic reaction and bioconvection effects

The impact of nanofluid (NF) circulation under gyrotactic microorganisms and endo/exothermic chemical reactions across a permeable medium is the primary emphasis of this investigation. Sodium Alginate and Silicon dioxide are the base fluid and nanoparticle utilised here. The governing equations are reduced to a set of ODEs by employing the appropriate similarity variables. To get the numerical results, the shooting method and Runge–Kutta Fehlberg's fourth fifth order (RKF-45) are implemented. The numerical outcomes are conveyed graphically across numerous parameters. In addition, the engineering factors are analyzed and explained. It was found that the velocity profile decreased with the enhanced Casson and porous parameter values. An increment in temperature profile is experienced during exothermic reaction and is reduced for endothermic reaction and also the concentration profile got accelerated as the impact of chemical reaction parameter is upsurged. There is a significant growth in surface drag force from NF to base liquid of about 2%, rate of thermal and mass distribution of about 0.1% in context to various constraints.