Basalt Plastic Research Articles

The Initial Stage of Climatic Aging of Basalt-Reinforced and Glass-Reinforced Plastics in Extremely Cold Climates: Regularities.

Detailed analyses of the reasons for changes in the mechanical parameters of fiberglass exposed to different climatic zones have been made available in the literature; however, such detailed studies of basalt plastic do not yet exist. It is possible to make reasonable conclusions on the climatic resistance of reinforced plastics by monitoring the deformation-strength characteristics in combination with fractographic and DMA analyses of the solar- and shadow-exposed parts of the plastics; additionally, one can conduct analyses of the IR spectrum and the moisture sorbtion kinetics. As a starting point for the climatic aging of polymer composite materials, it is necessary to accept the time of exposure in which the maximum values of the elastic strength properties of polymeric materials are achieved. Based on the results of the DMA analysis, it was found that, unlike basalt-reinforced plastics (where the material is post-cured exclusively at the initial stage of the exposure), in glass-reinforced plastic, a process of destruction occurs. The formation of internal stresses in the material and their growth were determined through observing the duration of climatic exposure. The formation of closed porosity, depending on the duration of exposure, can be assessed using the values of the increase in the average moisture content. A set of experimental studies has established that glass-reinforced plastics are subject to greater destruction under the influence of a very cold climate than the basalt-reinforced plastic.

Development and research of basalt plastic material for the flood protection structures

Due to the increasing number of catastrophic floods around the world, creation of an effective system to protect against natural disasters became particularly relevant. The paper investigates introduction of the basalt fiber to reinforce the composite sheet piles. Influence of the reinforcing fiber interlacing type on the nature of plastics destruction was established. Results of the work prove that basalt plastic (BP) exhibits higher climatic resistance than the fiberglass plastic (FGP). After post-curing, strength characteristics relative to the second year were decreasing by 15% with BP and by 22% with FGP in extension, and the strength limit in bending was decreasing by 12% with BP and by 47% with FGP. It was experimentally shown that under a long-term stationary thermal and humidity effect of 23°C/68RH, diffusion was observed on the basalt and fiberglass plastics consisting of two stages. The first stage had a satisfactory statistical error and was adequately approximated by the Fick’s diffusion model and the relaxation model. The second stage had an unsatisfactory statistical error for approximation and was of the spasmodic nature, while the jump in FGP was the largest indicating that the FGP was more susceptible to destruction exposed to the influence of long-term temperature and humidity regime of 23○С/68 RH, than the BP.

Effect of discrete basalt fiber on operational properties of polytetrafluoroethylene

The article examines the effect of discrete basalt fibers on the tribotechnical characteristics of DF-101 polytetrafluoroethylene according to the “disk-pad” scheme under conditions of friction without lubrication. It was established that the introduction of filler leads to decrease in the intensity of wear and the coefficient of friction of the base polymer 1,7 and 360 times, respectively. The improvement of these properties occurs because “anti-friction layer” that is more stable compared to unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene is formed in the process of friction of basalt plastics. As a result, friction occurs according to the “polymer-polymer” scheme. This is confirmed by a profound change in the morphology of the friction surface. For example, deep ploughing furrows and traces of adhesion with the counterbody are observed for polytetrafluoroethylene, while basalt plastics are more resistant to deformations, which, in turn, leads to a reduction of ploughing furrows. A sharp decrease in wear resistance 1,35-3,3 times is observed for basalt plastics containing 30-40 mass.% of fiber. It is probably a consequence of the growth of defects in the volume of the material due to the uneven location of the fiber in the polymer matrix. The confirmation of the presence of defects in the volume of basalt plastics is confirmed by a comparison of the calculated and experimental (hydrostatic) density. It was found that polytetrafluoroethylene loses 10% of its mass at a temperature of 823K, while the temperature of losing 10% of mass increases by 10 degrees for basalt plastic. It was determined that the effective content of the filler in the polymer matrix is 20 mass.%. The obtained basalt plastic (20 mass.% fiber) is recommended in manufacturing rolling and sliding bearings (as anti-friction protection) for tribological units of modern technology operating under the influence of high temperatures, aggressive environments and friction conditions without lubrication.

Выбор режимов резания базальтопластиков

The analysis of the prospects for the use of basalt plastics in various industries has been carried out. The types of cutting tools used for machining PCM based on basalt fiber were studied. The results of mechanical processing of samples of basalt plastics by an end mill made of high-speed steel R6AM5, using a machine with numerical control in various modes (with varying tool speed and cutting speed) without and with the use of a lubricating coolant (coolant) are presented. The results of assessing the quality of cut surfaces based on their microanalysis performed using an optical microscope are presented. The optimal modes of cutting basalt plastic up to 3 mm thick with a high-speed steel end mill were determined. The analysis results of the absorption of cutting fluid by basalt plastic after mechanical processing are given. It was established that the best quality of the cut surface was achieved with the use of a coolant and reduced processing modes or without the use of a coolant and increased processing modes.

Creation of Basalt Plastics with Different Types of Hybrid Matrices

Basalt plastic, thanks to its complex of valuable operational properties, has a potential variety of applications. the article describes the technology of production of basalt plastics with various types of hybrid matrices, one of the components of which is cured in the molding process, and the second-like a binder in natural materials, retains its viscoelastic state. The viscoelastic component makes it possible to increase the deformation properties in the zones of their location, preventing cracking under increased loads. As a result of the conducted mechanical tensile tests, the average values of absolute breaking forces, tensile strength and elongation during fracture of basalt plastic samples with different types of hybrid matrices were obtained. The addition of viscoelastic components (such as technical wax, anaerobic, and organosilicon polymer materials) to the basalt plastic matrix allows to increase the elongation at fracture by 2...5%. Anaerobic polymer material in the basalt plastic matrix allows to increase the tensile strength of the composite material, as well as significantly reduce the dispersion of the measured values. This provides an effective prediction of the operational properties of the structural material in the design of products. On the basis of microanalysis of the structure of basalt plastics with different types of hybrid matrices, an explanation of the causes of changes in the mechanical properties of the resulting composite materials is given.

Crack Resistance and Width of Crack Opening of Beams with Hybrid Reinforcement Using BFRP and Metal Armature

The sustainable development of industry and society requires new approaches to the building structures design. The article presents the indices of strength, crack resistance and width of crack opening obtained as a result of experimental testing of beams with hybrid reinforcement with basalt plastic and metal armature. The following beams were examined for comparison purposes: the ferroconcrete beams of the control-series, and the twin beams reinforced only with basalt-plastic reinforcement. It was found that the replacement of the metal armature with basalt plastics led to an increase in strength, on average, by 40%. Similar strength indices were obtained for hybrid reinforcement beams. Crack resistance indices of hybrid reinforcement beams were found to be close to ferroconcrete beams of the control series. Crack resistance indices for these beams were also by 84... 89% higher in comparison with beams reinforced with basalt-plastics. The width of crack openings in hybrid reinforced beams did not exceed the maximum permissible norms at the operational level of loads (70% of destructive) and were smaller than in beams reinforced with basalt plastic reinforcement. Hybrid reinforcement efficiency has been established to improve the performance criteria of beams reinforced with composite armature.

Mechanical Properties of a Basalt-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Rod Used in Composite High-Voltage Wires in Torsion and Three-Point Bending

Results of experimental investigations into a unidirectional composite of basalt fibers and epoxy resin used as part of high-voltage electric wires are presented. Tensile tests of BFRP specimens previously held wrapped around a transportation drum during 10 h were carried out. The influence of the keeping time of the BFRP core in the composition of a high-voltage electric wire on drums of diameter 385 mm on the elastic, strength and deformation properties of the basalt plastic was evaluated. Tensile, three-point bending and torsion tests on the plastic with different static loads were carried out, and the corresponding deformation diagrams were obtained. The maximum torsion angle of BFRP specimens as a function of the axial load is determined. The results obtained can help one to analyze the operating modes of BFRP core in high-voltage electric wires and to get new data for their strength calculations.

The effects of aggressive environments on the mechanical properties of basalt plastics

A review and analysis of changes in mechanical properties of basalt fibers (BF) and basalt composite materials under effects of aggressive environments in reference to foreign and Russian scientific literature has been carried out. The changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the fiberglass (FG) and basalt plastic (BP) have been compared. The analysis shows that BF is a good alternative to fiberglass for elaboration of composite materials for various purposes. In the most aggressive alkaline environments, BP resistance is higher as compared with that of FG. If required, BF resistance to chemically active media could be increased by midifying its composition and applying protective layers and heat treatment of fibers. For extended use of BP as an effective structural material under various climatic conditions, including in the Arctic, long-term tests of 10 or more years are advisable and relevant, with control of changes in their mechanical parameters and an analysis of processes of climatic aging developing in BP.

Prospects for the Use of Spore-forming Bacteria to Combat the Destruction of Polymeric Composite Materials

In order to develop an environmentally and economically sound method of dealing with biological damage of polymer composite materials (PCM), studies of environmental objects (EO) and finished products placed at the site of climatic tests in the city of Yakutsk were carried out. A strain of aerobic spore-forming psychrotolerant bacteria of the genus Bacillus was isolated from a fragment of basalt plastic reinforcement. Its biochemical properties and morphological characteristics were studied. It was found that the resulting strain has the ability to destroy fungi. This property of the Bacillus can be used to combat the bio-contamination of PCM. Biogenic factors of contamination of finished products with pathogenic fungi have been studied. It is established that the soil cover and atmospheric air in the area of the climatic test site contain similar types of microscopic fungi that were isolated from the surfaces of the prototypes. The results of studies on the microbiological characteristics of OOS it is possible to predict bizarrerie and, as a consequence, the biodegradation of PKM, as in the finished product, in contact with the aerial environment and soil cover of the landfill environmental tests found the same species (A. niger and A. fumigatus) with similar biochemical properties, which requires additional research

Physicomechanical Properties of Epoxy Binders and Winding Basalt Plastics Based on Them

The results of study of rheological and rheokinetic properties of epoxy binders and assessment of the influence of technological factors on the performance properties of samples of winding basalt plastics made for developing industrial technology of production of basalt plastic structural products and heavy-duty fittings having improved performance properties are presented.

Research into impacts of extremely cold climates on properties of basalt plastic rods

The results of the research into impacts of extremely cold climates on physical and mechanical properties of basalt plastic rods of a periodic profile have been given. The object of research is a polymer composite building purpose material - basalt composite reinforcement, constituting one-way-polar basalt rods with deformed section diameter from 6 to 8mm., made on the basis of LLC "TBM" production unit with technical production line "Struna" under the technical specifications 2296-001-86166796-2013 "Non-metallic composite basalt reinforcement". Changes of physical and mechanical properties have been defined for the initial and exposed samples of basalt plastic reinforcement. After exposure in Yakutsk, the increase in strength properties by 4–12% depending on the diameter of rods has been revealed. The research of temperature dependences of the samples of basalt plastic reinforcement has showed rather good reproducibility of the results obtained by different methods. The observed increase in Tg, ∆L⁄L0 and ᾱ is due to the prevalence of the effect of post-hardening of the BPA polymeric matrix over the effect of tension relief of the polymeric matrix at the interface with basalt fiber.Thus, as the result of the conducted research, the increase in adhesion strength of the “fiber- matrix” compounds in the process of exposure has been established, and the matrix added solidity to the material and facilitated effective usage of mechanical properties of fibers and uniform distribution of efforts between them.

TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING COMPOSITE VALVES OF A PERIODIC PROFILE

The widespread use of composites was restrained, mainly due to the lack of industrial technology that would allow mass production of products with a complex configuration with the required dimensional accuracy.The issues of creating a technology for the production of glass and basalt plastic reinforcement of a periodic profile for the reinforcement of cement concrete and the determination of the chemical resistance of composite reinforcement are considered.The technology was based on the formation of a reinforcing bar by pulling method - a technology that combines the broaching of pre-impregnated with a binder of continuous reinforcing fiber with its winding threads of glass, basalt or carbon fiber in a single technological non-filter process. The technology for producing a rebar by the method of non-filtering rolltrusion is a practically waste-free and high-performance process due to its continuity. The principal differences of the proposed reinforcement is the presence throughout the entire length of the main (power) cylindrical composite rod and standing anchoring - a spirally deformed layer on the surface of the reinforcing rod of the same composite, but with a smaller percentage of reinforcing filler.It has been established that composite reinforcement can be used for the reinforcement of concrete exposed to acidic and alkaline corrosive media, including concrete, used for the construction of sewage treatment plants.The research results form the basis for the development of guidelines for the design and manufacture of concrete structures with non-metallic composite reinforcement based on basalt and glass roving.

Influence of moderately warm and extremely cold climate on properties of basalt plastic armature

Rods of basalt plastic armature (BPA) of a periodic profile with diameters of 6, 8, 10, 16 and 20 mm on the basis of an epoxy matrix were exposed for 30 months on open stands in a moderately warm marine climate of Gelendzhik and 28 months on similar stands in an extremely cold climate of Yakutsk. For initial and exposed BPA samples, changes of mechanical parameters were determined. After the exposure in Yakutsk, an increase of ultimate compression strength by 4–12% is found, depending on the diameter of rods. After the exposure in Gelendzhik, this indicator decreases by 10–17%. Using methods of thermomechanical analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis, linear thermal expansion coefficient and glass transition temperature of epoxy matrix were measured. In an initial state, a transition from a glassy state to a highly elastic one is discovered: an α1-transition at 118 °C and an α2-transition at 149 °C. After climatic action, there were detected a shift of α1-transition to low temperatures and a shift of α2-transition to higher temperatures. Reasons for the change of temperatures of transitions are weakening of a molecular layer and post-curing of the epoxy matrix in a surface layer. These effects are accompanied by an increase of the linear thermal expansion coefficient, moisture diffusion coefficient and maximum moisture saturation after the climatic action on BPA. Fractographic studies discovered presence of pores in a structure of BPA with sizes up to 10–20 μm, a quantity and size of which increase by 20–40% after the climatic action. In general, the studied BPA has high climatic stability and can be used for a long time under the extreme climatic conditions.

Complex-modified basalt plastics

In view of the fact that the creation and development of the production of new polymers practically does not occur, the modification of known materials, the creation of polymer composites filled with various substances is today one of the priority directions in the creation of new polymeric materials. In this paper, the possibility of increasing the reactivity by processing corona discharge of large-capacity polymer-polyethylene when filled with modified basalt. The method of full factorial experiment, regression equations, analysis of which showed a prevailing influence of DC corona discharge on the physico-mechanical characteristics of polymeric composite materials. The optimal ratio of the components of the composite material and the current during the processing of polyethylene corona discharge were chosen by gradient method. The prospects and expediency of obtaining complex-modified basalt plastics on the basis of low-pressure polyethylene treated with corona discharge are proved, since all physical, chemical and mechanical properties of polyethylene composites are increased. The method of infrared spectroscopy shows that in a complex-modified basalt plastic there are practically no groups of hydroxyl groups, the intensity of peaks of methylol groups and peaks –Si-O-Si-is significantly reduced, which indicates the chemical interaction of polyethylene treated with corona discharge and modified basalt.

The Ways to Develop Steel Reinforcing and Concrete Cohesion Testings

The article oversees the topicality of an appropriate strength assessment of bonding of steel reinforcing rod with concrete. It is shown that in the technology of reinforcing concrete framing, metal reinforcing has seen a new alternative in the form of fiberglass, basalt plastic reinforced polymer and carbon fiber. Efficiency of application of reinforcing construction made of composite materials includes not only increased corrosion resistance, but also better compatibility of materials in strength and deformation properties. The article suggests experimental evaluation of the adhesion of the steel reinforcing with concrete to account for its real nature.

Polymer Composite Materials Based on Basalt

In construction there is increased interest in using basalt fibers as an alternative to traditional polymer composite materials based on glass, organic fibers, or carbon fibers. In this respect, new information revealing the possibilities of basalt plastic materials as construction materials is of interest. In this paper, the influence of the type of filler on the physical and mechanical properties of basalt-textolite and fiberglass is studied. A description of composites based on basalt fiber and fiberglass and the production of basalt continuous fiber is given.

Investigation of the Reliability of Bridge Elements Reinforced with Basalt Plastic Fibers

The poorly studied problem on the reliability and durability of basalt-fiber-reinforced concrete bridge elements is considered. A method of laboratory research into the work of specimens of the concrete under a manyfold cyclic dynamic load is proposed. The first results of such experiments are presented.

Raising of geo ecological safety of engineering collectors: the new method of assessment of water tightness of reinforced concrete blocks with basalt plastic lining

This work presents analytics ways to estimation and assessment of water tightness of reinforced concrete blocks with basalt plastic lining for increasing geo ecological safety of engineering collectors. It is proved the advisability of application basalt plastic lining instead secondary protection of concrete with hydraulic seal. The results of estimation filtration coefficient and assessment of water tightness of basalt plastic lining of engineering collectors are represented. It is carried out comparative analysis of filtration coefficient and water tightness data of basalt plastic lining and secondary protection. The geo ecological effect is proved at the expense of application of new materials and reducing breakdown events with collectors that may lead pollution of ground and subsoil water with sewage.

The New Method of Cohesion Quality Assessment of Basalt Plastic Lining of Reinforced Concrete Blocks for Engineering Collectors

The article is devoted to assessment of cohesion quality of basalt plastic lining with reinforced concrete block's surface. It is suggested to use new type of nondestructive method instead of existing ones (visual, breaking-off, etc.) that don’t give exact and complete data. The new method gives the possibility to determine stratification between basalt plastic lining and reinforced concrete base and has to be considered as necessary part of production technology and exploitation of collectors made from reinforced concrete blocks with of basalt plastic lining. The problems of nondestructive method of control within the scope of these methods come to the next:•to determine accordance of ready reinforced concrete blocks with basalt plastic lining for technical specifications and to reject some of them that have separations mentioned above;•to obtain information about time and a place of appeared separation during manufacturing blocks that is necessary to optimizing production technology of basalt plastic lining and coupling with reinforced concrete base;•to indicate places of separation during construction of collectors for carrying out proper repairs until the beginning of its putting into operation;•to get periodical information about appeared separations into collectors to prevent any abnormal situation, that increase intervals between repairs and periods of exploitation, shorten duration time of repairs.

Temperature–humidity corrosion behavior of basalt epoxy plastics

The results of comparative studies on the temperature–humidity corrosion of epoxy composites—specifically, basalt and glass-reinforced plastics on the basis of high-strength and high-modulus S-type glass fibers—are presented. Kinetic laws of the moisture transfer in the composites are determined, values of the parameters included in them are found, and the kinetics of changing the shear strength of basalt and fiberglass plastics under forced (by overheated steam) thermohumid influence is studied. It is shown that the water vapor diffusion in the composite materials can be described with satisfactory approximation by Fick’s law. Thus, proximity to Fick’s law in the case of basalt plastic is better (deviations are less) than in the case of fiberglass plastic. The diffusion-kinetic model of a decrease in the interlayer fastness of the studied composites upon shearing during temperature–humidity influence on them is suggested. It is shown that the resistance of the polymer–fiber interface to humid corrosive damage in basalt plastic is higher than in glass-reinforced plastic.