Basalt Fabrics Research Articles

Flexural impact response and energy absorption characteristics of textile reinforced mortar

The present paper investigates the characteristics of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) beams under flexural impact. The key test parameters focuses on determining the effect of the two types of textile material namely glass and basalt, number of textile layers and positioning of textile layers. TRM beams were experimentally evaluated under different energy levels with respect to the load specification. Effect of single and repeated impact was examined on standard TRM specimens. The results showed that in the case of glass and basalt textile, the optimum number of textile layers is different in order to achieve maximum impact resistance. The peak energy level for TRM with glass textiles is found to be higher than that of TRM with basalt textiles for optimal reinforcement. The energy absorption for glass TRM for single impact is higher than basalt TRM and the same is substantially reduced when subjected to repeated impact compared to basalt TRM. The crack pattern and failure mode are found to be more dependent on the number of textile layers.

The Effect of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Powder Addition on the Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Basalt Fiber.

The aim of the article was to determine the effect of the poly(vinyl chloride) additive (PVC) on the thermomechanical and fire properties of epoxy composites reinforced with basalt fabric. Ten-layered composites with 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.% of PVC powder were fabricated using hand lay-up. The following features were evaluated for composites: structure (by scanning electron microscopy, SEM), thermomechanical properties (by dynamical thermomechanical analysis, DMTA), mechanical properties (in bending, tensile and interlaminar shear strength tests), hardness (using the Barcol method), thermal stability (by thermogravimetry, TGA) and fire behavior (using a cone calorimeter). It was found that the introduction of micron PVC powder into the epoxy matrix improved the thermomechanical properties of composites, such as storage module, and mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and modulus, as well as hardness.

Tailoring the interfacial strength of basalt fibres/epoxy composite with ZnO-nanorods

ABSTRACT The presence of a secondary phase between the fibres and the matrix has proved to be a good approach for interphase tailoring for enhanced load transfer. In this regard, an optimization of the low-temperature hydrothermal growth process of ZnO-nanorods on different basalt substrates as a function of different growth times was performed. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the best results in terms of homogeneity and uniformity of the ZnO nanostructures for the longest growth time, i.e., 5 h for basalt fabrics and 120 minutes for single basalt fibres. The presence of ZnO nanostructures induced a hydrophobic behaviour with contact angles up to 116° for 4- and 5-h growth processes. Fibre/matrix adhesion was characterized by single fibre pull-out tests, showing a 16% increase in interfacial strength. ZnOs added also photocatalytic properties to basalt fibres, enabling a selective removal of organic pollutant equal to 37%.

Experimental Study on Clay Brick Masonry Assemblies Strengthened with Basalt Textile Reinforced Mortar

Abstract This research proposes the use of a basalt textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) system as an overlay to strengthen brick masonry. A comparison of the strength performances, namely, the compressive strength, flexural bond strength, and shear bond strength, between unreinforced brick assembly and basalt TRM–reinforced brick assembly was made. The reinforced specimens exhibited improved strength performance, in particular, the flexural bond and shear bond strengths whereby more than a two-fold increase was observed. Additionally, the coefficient of variations in the compressive and flexural bond strength of brick assemblies was reduced when reinforced with the basalt TRM.

Effects of Loading Rate and Temperature on Pullout Response of Basalt Textile–Reinforced Concrete

AbstractThe pullout response of basalt textile embedded in cementitious matrix specimens was investigated under different loading rates and temperatures. Two types of specimens, basalt single yarn ...

On the impact of flax fibers as an internal layer on the properties of basalt-epoxy composites modified with silanized basalt powder

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the thermomechanical properties of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with flax and basalt fiber and modified with silanized basalt powder as materials with a high content of natural ingredients. The structure of the composites was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in inert and oxidizing atmospheres, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), tensile and flexural tests and impact tests of the composites were conducted. It was found that the incorporation of silanized basalt powder into the epoxy matrix improved the thermomechanical properties of the composites. Moreover, incorporating flax fibers as an internal reinforcement layer does not negatively affect the mechanical properties of the epoxy composites reinforced with basalt fabric.

Study on the use of Aerogel on the Surface of Basalt Fabric

Abstract The layer of aerogel was applied to the surface of basalt fabric due to the possibility of improving a fabric protecting against the influence of hot environmental factors. The analysis of aerogel surface roughness and thickness of the obtained sample, resistance to contact heat for the contact temperature between 100°C and 250°C, and tests of resistance to the penetration of thermal radiation were carried out. In addition, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal diffusion, thermal absorption, and surface roughness were determined. The obtained results indicate the unevenness of aerogel application on the surface of basalt fabric. For this reason, work should be carried out on an appropriate technology that will allow them to be applied evenly on the surface of the fabric. The parameters tested and the results obtained are promising in terms of the possibility of using the fabric obtained in protective gloves.

Effect of reinforcements and processing method on mechanical properties of glass and basalt epoxy composites

The effect of reinforcement material and manufacturing method on tensile, impact, and hardness properties of glass and basalt laminated composites were studied. Woven glass and basalt fabrics were used as reinforcements along with a thermosetting epoxy matrix to fabricate the laminate composites. The glass and basalt epoxy composites were made using hand layup with compression, vacuum bagging, and vacuum-assisted resin infusion methods. The characterization tests are performed as per the ASTM D638-10, ASTM D256, and ASTM D2240 standard respectively. The basalt epoxy composites show improved mechanical properties compared to the glass–epoxy composites. Further, hand layup, along with compression moulding and resin infusion methods, were found to be beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of the composites. Field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis conveyed the adhesion between fibers and resin as well as the voids retained within the matrix are the dominant factors that determined the mechanical properties of the laminated composites such as tensile, impact strength and hardness.

Mechanical Characterization of Basalt Fabric-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Matrix Composite: A Preliminary Investigation

Fabric-reinforced cementitious composites are a recent family of commercial products devoted to the external retrofitting and strengthening of masonry and concrete structures. In the present work, the authors investigate the possibility of using, as matrix, a mortar based on alkali-activated materials. Basalt textile was selected as reinforcement because it is an effective, low-cost and environmentally friendly reinforcement. The matrix was prepared using by-products of industrial processes. Mortar was characterized by measuring its drying shrinkage, capillary water absorption, compressive and flexural strengths and analyzed using X-Ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical behavior of the composites was investigated through tensile and direct shear tests. The basalt fabric-reinforced alkali-activated matrix composite showed, under tension, a tri-linear response curve, mainly governed by cracks development and widening. The measured ultimate stress, ultimate strain and tensile modulus of elasticity in region III were 434 MPa (CoV 14.2%), 2.192% (CoV 4.1%) and 39 GPa (CoV 11.3%), respectively. The load–global slip response curves of the composite show an average peak load around 1148 N (CoV 23.0%) and an exploitation ratio versus the textile and the tensile of 0.40 and 0.86, respectively. Even if the preliminary results are encouraging, the performance of FRAAM composites would be positively affected by an increase of the dimensional stability of the matrix.

Experimental investigation on impact strength of AR Glass, Basalt and PVA textile reinforced cementitious composites

Textile reinforced cementitious composites are commonly used as structural or non-structural elements having superior properties. These composites are a combination of various technical textile and fine-grained matrix material. In this study, alkali resistance (AR) Glass mesh, Basalt mesh and polyvinylalcohol (PVA) weave textiles and polymer modified cementitious matrices were used in the production of composites. The composites are laminated elements having 4, 6 and 8 layers of textile materials. A newly developed machine was manufactured and a unique method (PPR: pull, pour, roll) was proposed by researchers. Impact performance of these composite systems was examined using the Charpy impact test system. Alkaline resistance test was applied to a series of composites to achieve information about the durability of both textiles and composites. After this procedure, impact tests were repeated on alkaline cured samples in order to find out strength reduction. The microstructure of composites was studied using scanning electron microscopy and observations were correlated with the impact test results and strength reduction after alkaline test. PVA textile reinforced composites achieved the highest absorbed energy and specific impact strength in alkaline cured and standard cured series. AR Glass reinforced composites had the lowest absorbed energy and specific impact strength in standard cured series. Basalt reinforced composites had the lowest strength and energy in alkaline cured series. PVA weave textiles are strongly recommended for use in structural elements where impact resistance is important. Also, they are more durable in cementitious environments than AR Glass and Basalt textiles.

Research and modeling of a multilayer composite material using basalt fabric

Introduction . The range of use of composite materials (CM) is constantly expanding, finding application in many areas of mechanical engineering, agricultural technology, aircraft manufacturing, instrumentation, shipbuilding, in the manufacture of high-pressure containers, etc. Quite often, multilayer composites consisting mainly of one type of reinforcing material and a binder are used. Of particular interest is the use of various types of reinforcing materials – more durable in the places of maximum stress in the cross section – in a single composite. As an example, we can use glass and basalt fabrics and fibers using one type of binder. The work objective is to study properties of such a material and to model it using the finite element method. Materials and Methods . The components used are commercially available. BT-11 basalt fabric, TR-0.5 fiberglass, as well as glass mat with a density of 300 g/m2 were used as reinforcing materials. An epoxy resin of the ED-20 grade with a PEPA hardener was used as a binder. Two types of material were also manufactured for tensile and bending tests, respectively, the differences of which consisted in the number, type and layer sequence. For modeling, CAD COM-PASS 3D, APM-FEM module was used. Results . Basalt fabric is used in the outer layers of the composite material, fiberglass – in the inner layers. This approach provides increasing the tensile strength of the composite during tensile and bending; however, critical failure leads to an instant loss of the bearing capacity of the material. The use of glass mat as the core of the composite material showed lower allowable stresses, both tensile and bending; but in case of bending, it turned out that when the material was delaminated, the load-bearing capacity of the material was about 10% of the maximum. Modeling of the material is possible with some assumptions, in view of the size of the final elements. Discussion and Conclusions . The use of basalt fabrics as a reinforcing material provides obtaining products with the properties of both glass and carbon plastics. Such a CM will be slightly more expensive than fiberglass and much cheaper than carbon fiber. Products made of composite materials (equivalent to isotropic materials) can be modeled in computer-aided design systems using the finite element method. It is important to consider the type of loading on the product, since CM mainly have anisotropic properties (the load is applied taking into account the direction of fibers). In multilayer CM from structural fabrics, it is necessary to direct the loads along the fibers. In addition, it is necessary to consider the interlayer shear, different adhesion between the layers, etc. The main assumption of this method is the “constancy” of the material thickness, the number of layers and the order of their location.

Ductile Response of Basalt Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams

This paper presents the effects of adding basalt fibres on reinforced concrete beams. The fibre volume fraction Vf ranges from 0.0 to 2.0 %. First crack load, service load, yield & ultimate load and their corresponding deflections were noted. The ductility response of BFRC beams were evaluated. The results show that 1.5% by volume of basalt fibre improves the overall performances. The maximum increase in deflection and energy ductility was found to be 34 % and 39% respectively when compared to that of reference beam. The increasing application of basalt is noticed as an insulating material in the construction and automotive industry and less hazardous than asbestos fiber. Basalt fabrics are produce d for the structural, electro-technical purposes. Structural applications include electromagnetic shielding structures, various components of automobiles, aircraft, ships and household appliances.

Synergy of hybrid textile reinforced concrete under impact loading

The article presents a novel hybrid concrete composite which is produced by combining glass and basalt textiles for achieving enhanced impact resistance compared to their independently reinforced counterparts. A full factorial analysis was performed to determine the synergy of two types of textiles and their combination on the impact strength and energy absorption. The two levels of key factors were considered for analysis such as the type of textile and impact energy level, and variance. The influencing parameters showed statistical significance with more than a 90% confidence level concerning impact resistance and energy absorption. The combination of two textiles showed the highest impact resistance irrespective of the energy levels, compared to the use of single textiles. The findings demonstrated that the energy absorption of hybrid textile reinforced concrete is not significantly enhanced with the increasing level of impact energy. At the high levels of impact energy, in comparison to the hybrid textile reinforced concrete slabs and basalt textile reinforced concrete, more energy is absorbed by the glass textile reinforced concrete slabs. Thus, in hybrid textile reinforced concrete, it is indicated by the failure pattern that combining basalt and glass textile influences the degree of local failure. Therefore, this research emphasizes on the synergy to customize and optimize textile reinforced concrete with superior impact resistance and energy absorption for the protection of structures in the event of impact loading.

High strain rate compression testing of intra-ply and inter-ply hybrid thermoplastic composites reinforced with Kevlar/basalt fibers

In this study, the influence of hybridization on the compression response of thermoplastic matrix-based composites under high strain rate loading was investigated. The intra-ply and inter-ply hybrid composites were manufactured with Kevlar/Basalt yarns as the reinforcements with Polypropylene as a matrix. Cylindrical composite specimens were laser cut from the flat compression moulded laminates. The composite specimens were loaded under high strain rate using split-Hopkinson pressure bar setup at strain rates ranging from 2815/s to 5481/s. The study revealed differences in the rate-dependent growth of peak stress, peak strain and toughness with the strain rate. Intra-ply hybrid composites with alternate weaving of Kevlar and basalt yarns exhibited highest peak stress as compared to the Inter-ply hybrid composites (alternate layers of Kevlar and basalt fabrics) and another intra-ply composite containing Kevlar in the warp and basalt in the weft direction. Whereas in inter-ply hybrid composite, with Kevlar as the loading face attained higher stress, while composite with Basalt as the loading face attained higher strain. SEM micrographs revealed that Kevlar on the loading face can bear the impact with lesser delamination as compared to the Basalt on the loading face. Damage studies revealed that Kevlar fiber surface loading results in higher stress as compared to basalt (brittle) surface loading with lower overall damage.

Halloysite nanotube reinforcement endows ameliorated fracture resistance of seawater aged basalt/epoxy composites

Seawater aging-dominated delamination failure is a critical design parameter for marine composites. Modification of matrix with nanosized reinforcements of fiber-reinforced polymer composites comes forward as an effective way to improve the delamination resistance of marine composites. In this study, we aimed to investigate experimentally the effect of halloysite nanotube nanoreinforcements on the fracture performance of artificial seawater aged basalt–epoxy composites. For this, we introduced various amounts of halloysite nanotubes into the epoxy and the halloysite nanotube–epoxy mixtures were used to impregnate to basalt fabrics via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, subsequently. Fracture performances of the halloysite nanotubes modified epoxy and basalt/epoxy composite laminated were evaluated separately. Single edge notched tensile tests were conducted on halloysite nanotube modified epoxy nanocomposites and the average stress intensity factor (KIC) was increased from 1.65 to 2.36 MPa.m1/2 (by 43%) with the incorporation of 2 wt % halloysite nanotubes. The interlaminar shear strength and Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) of basalt–epoxy hybrid composites were enhanced from 36.1 to 42.9 MPa and from 1.22 to 1.44 kJ/m2, respectively. Moreover, the hybrid composites exhibited improved seawater aging performance by almost 52% and 34% in interlaminar shear strength and GIC values compared to the neat basalt-epoxy composites after conditioning in seawater for six months, respectively. We proposed a model to represent fracture behavior of the seawater aged hybrid composite based on scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy analyses.

Development thermoplastic elastomer-based fiber-metal laminate for vibration damping application

The presented work is devoted to the development of a hybrid composite material – fiber metal laminate based on basalt fabric (BF), with increased damping properties, due to the use of a new thermoplastic elastomer binder. The synthesis method and properties of the new polymer which is a multiblock copolymers of poly (urethaneamidoimide) is shown. The mechanical and damping characteristics of FML based on synthesized polymer were studied. Their properties were compared with polysulfone-based FML. The developed material has a high tan δ value in the temperature range from −25 to 150 °C.

Preparation and Mechanical Characterisation of Basalt Fabric, Epoxy, and Silicon Dioxide Composite Materials

Preparation and Mechanical Characterisation of Basalt Fabric, Epoxy, and Silicon Dioxide Composite Materials

Measurement of Joint Durability between an Aluminum Foil and Basalt Fabrics

The aim of this paper was to determine the adhesion force between an aluminum foil and basalt fabrics. Aluminised basalt fabric can be used as an alternative solution for protective clothing production. So far aluminised glass fabric has been used for this purpose. The lamination of basalt fabrics with aluminum foil does not changed fabric flexibility and can provide better protection against thermal radiation. To check different variants of adhesion, fabrics reinforced by a steel wire were also used (wire diameter 0.1 mm). The steel wire caused an increase in the fabric tear strength as well as in puncture and cut resistance. Two types of glue were chosen to carry out an investigation on the strength of adhesive bonding (Butacoll A+ and Bonatex PU85). The adhesion strength of the laminates was measured according to the PN-88/P-04950 standard. The test results confirmed higher values for weft directions and the phenomenon of asymmetry of the bond strength was found during testing.

Examination of Tensile Strength and End Notch Flexure Properties of Unidirectional Basalt Fabric Reinforced Polymer Composites With and Without Addition of Biochar Filler

The effect of biochar filler (carbon particle) on the mechanical properties over the inter-laminar surfaces of basalt unidirectional fabric/polyester resin is going to be scrutinized using Mode II delamination method. The ENF (end notch flexure) specimen is fabricated using hand layup method. Here basalt fabric is synthesized using unsaturated polymer resin with the help of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and cobalt naphthenate as a catalyst. Both specimens are manufactured with and without biochar conditions. The laminate length and width will be customized as per the required dimensions of the ASTM standard. The ENF specimens are tested using the universal testing machine and the strain energy released rate and displacement of each specimen are been measured. The biochar based laminated composite has a resistant towards the fracture developed on laminated composite during testing due to the addition of carbon particles.

Manufacturing of composite materials with high environmental efficiency using epoxy resin of renewable origin and permeable light cores for vacuum-assisted infusion molding

This work focuses on the manufacturing and characterization of novel and lightweight hybrid sandwich-type structures, using different stacking sequences of flax and basalt fabrics as reinforcement fibers, both of them previously silanized. To reduce the overall weight and facilitate the manufacturing process, a polyester non-woven core, was used which, besides reducing the weight of the composite it also acts as a media to spread the resin. These composites were manufactured with a partially bio-based epoxy resin with a reactive diluent derived from epoxidized vegetable oils that contributes to a 31 % of biobased content. The hybrid composites were obtained by vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding (VARIM), where the core was used as a media to spread the resin. The mechanical properties were evaluated in flexural and impact conditions. The interactions in the fiber-matrix interface were studied through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The obtained data revealed that the silane (coupling agent) treatment works better on basalt fibers than on flax fibers, resulting in superior flexural properties on structures where these fibers are present. It is noteworthy to mention that the stacking sequence of plies directly influences the flexural properties, but it does not significantly affect the energy absorbed when these composites work on impact conditions.