Basal Feed Research Articles

Defending the Standard Contract: Unmeasured Work, Class, and Design Professionalism in United Scenic Artists Local 829

How much is a theatrical design idea worth? Alternatively, how much should a professional theatre designer be paid? For many working today, standard minimum contract scales and “industry standards” help guide fee negotiations. In the United States, United Scenic Artists (USA) Local 829 was among the first bodies to align theatrical design with organized labor activism, and as such, its standard minimum contract for design is an object lesson in the value of artistic labor. These scales were developed nearly a century ago, and were the product of hard negotiation and legal action taken by US-American designers in the interwar period. Lee Simonson and Jo Mielziner are best remembered for their revolutionary use of space, scenery, and lighting, yet their professional advocacy within USA Local 829 provided the basis for today's standard design fees. Further, their defense of fair payment during the Depression and war years preserved scenic design as a form of labor analogous to other backstage crafts and trades.

Substitusi Jagung Menggunakan 3 Jenis Kulit Pisang yang Berbeda Dalam pakan Terhadap Histomorfologi Vili Usus Itik Hibrida

This study was aimed to evaluate the utilization of banana peel meal as alternatives to substitution of corn in the diets based on the histomorphology of intestinal villi and visceral organ on hybrid ducks. A total of 105 male day old duck used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatment was done through 3 replications, with each replication consisted of 5 Hybrid ducks. The treatment used is replacing corn wtith banana peel meal half of it (25%) and all of it (50%), PB= basal feed without banana peel meal; K25 and K50 = basal feed with kepok banana peel meal; T25 and T50 = basal feed with tanduk banana peel meal; R25 and R50 = basal feed with raja banana peel meal. If was significant differences were analyzed using orthogonal contrast. The paramater collected are high and width of villi and visceral organ on the Hybrid ducks. The results of the study showed that the utilization of 3 different types of banana peel meal on ducks have no significant effect on high and width of villi and visceral organ. It could be concluded that 3 different types of banana peel meal have no content or substances that can change high and width of villi and viceral organ on hybrid ducks.

Effect Of Symbiotic Flour (Lactobacillus Sp. And FOS) To The Egg Quality And Performance Of Laying Hens

The research was to determine the effect of feeding symbiotic flour (Lactobacillus sp. and FOS) to the egg quality and performance of laying hens. The research was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The materials used for this research were 100 laying hens (30 weeks old). The treatments used for the research were dietary feed consisted of T0 (basal feed), T1 (basal feed + 0.2% symbiotic), T2 (basal feed + 0.4% symbiotic), T3 (basal feed + 0.6% symbiotic), and T4 (basal feed+0.8% symbiotic). The observed parameters were performance (feed intake, hen day production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, income over feed cost (IOFC)) and egg quality (haugh unit, albumin volume, egg yolk volume, egg yolk color, egg yolk cholesterol content). The data analysis was the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that using the symbiotic flour (Lactobacillus sp. and FOS) in the feed has significant difference (P<0.05) on IOFC and egg yolk volume, while also had significantly difference (P<0.01) on performance (feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion ratio) and egg quality (albumin volume, egg yolk color, and cholesterol). The research concludes that the addition of 0.8% probiotic flour (Lactobacillus sp.) as feed additive showed the best results.

Utilization of fermented rice straw biomass and soybean oil supplementation on digestibility, efficiency, and the bodyweight of local sheep

Improvement of the quality of rumen food must be supported by improvements that support bioprocess in the rumen because rumen is the largest part of the digestive system of ruminants. Nutrition addition is a must if the ration used is fibrous waste such as fermented rice straw. Feed processing technology must be integrated with the nutrient addition of microbial biomass synthesis precursors, such as nitrogen, sulfur, macro minerals and energy, and long-chain fatty acids. This research was conducted to evaluate the utilization of fermented rice straw biomass using soybean oil addition on digestibility, feed efficiency and daily gain in local sheep. Eighteen, male local sheep aged 6-8 months with an average live weight of 22.31 ± 2.20 kg, were fed with 15% rice straw and 85% concentrate as the basic feed. The study was conducted with an experimental method in vivo. The adaptation period was carried out for 2 weeks, preliminary for 21 days and a collection period of 5 days using individual cages. Three diet treatments were supplemented control 0% (R1), supplement with 3% soybean oil (R2) and supplement with soy oil 6% (R3) of total dry matter intake. The parameters measured were dry matter digestibility, organic matter, and daily gain. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the addition of 6% soybean oil in the sheep feed, with the balance of 15% fermented rice straw and 85% concentrate did not affect and interfere with the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, and did not significantly influence the daily gain and efficiency of sheep feed.

Rumination Time and Frequency of Goat Supplemented with Garlic Powder and Organic Chromium

This research investigated the effect of supplementing garlic powder and organic micromineral Cr in feed on rumination time and frequency in Ettawah goat (PE). The research was conducted in Gunung Tugel Farm in Patikraja and the Laboratory of Feed Technology in Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Central Java. This study used 18 male PE aged 1-1.5 years and weighed 18.62 – 22.69 kg. The feed consisted of 60% concentrate and 40% forage (field grass). Other materials included drinking water, 250 ppm garlic powder (Allium sativum), 1.5 ppm organic chromium mineral and eight CCTV camera. The observed parameters were rumination time and frequency. An in vivo experiment in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) administered three treatments and six replicates, namely R0: control (basal feed); R1: basal feed + 250 ppm garlic powder; and R2: basal feed + 250 ppm garlic powder + 1.5 ppm organic Cr. The result demonstrated a significantly different effect of garlic powder and organic Cr micromineral supplement on rumination time across treatments, i.e. 404 ± 19.6; 382 ± 19.04 and 351 ± 13.87 min/day, respectively, or 379 min/day on average. Rumination frequency was not significantly different across R0, R1, and R2 namely 360 ± 24.03; 359 ± 30.13 and 342 ± 21.10 times/day, respectively. Conclusively, garlic powder and organic Cr micromineral significantly affected rumination time, but not significantly affected rumination frequency of PE goat.

Effect of Liquid Smoke as Antibiotic Replacer on Ileal Characteristic and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chicken

Liquid smoke has not been used as antimicrobial agents in poultry feed. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of liquid smoke from coconut shell on the ileal characteristics and microflora population in broiler chicken. The method was in vivo experiment by using Completely Randomized Design. One-hundred-and-forty-day old chicken of strain Cobb allocated into 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of T0= basal feed added with antibiotic. T1=basal feed + 0.5% liquid smoke, T2=basal feed + 1% liquid smoke, and T3=basal feed + 1.5% liquid smoke. The measured variable was: ileal length and weight, pH and viscosity of ileal content, population of microflora consisted of Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, dan Salmonella sp. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and if significant result was obtained then continued with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that there were no significant different (P&gt;0.05) effect of treatment on intestinal characteristic values, but it significantly affected (P&lt;0.01) all microflora population. Conclusion of this research was addition of smoke liquid up to 1.5% does not cause a negative effect on intestinal characteristics, but improve non-pathogenic microflora population in broiler chicken. It might suggest that liquid smoke could be consider to replace the use of antibiotic in broiler feed.

Effect of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Garlic (Allium Sativum) On the Performance, Haematology and Serum Biochemical Indices of Laying Hens

Every animal is as good as what it eats so the availability of good poultry nutrition is crucial to the improvement of poultry products. The competition between humans and the domestic fowl for some feedstuffs greatly hampers the production of quality meat and eggs. This competition affects the relative availability and affordability of the basic feed ingredients used in poultry nutrition. The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) on the performance, hematology and serum indices of laying hens. The research was carried out at the National Cereal research Institute experimental farm, Moor Plantation, Ibadan where seventy-two points of lay hens were randomly allotted into six dietary treatments of 12 birds per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design. The diets were formulated to contain 0% ginger and 0% garlic, 1% ginger and 1% garlic, 2% ginger and 2% garlic, 3% ginger and 3% garlic, 3% ginger and 0% garlic, and 0% ginger and 3% garlic to represented treatments 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 respectively. Significant differences (p< 0.05) were observed in performance which includes weight gain, feed conversion ratio and hen day production. There were significant (p< 0.05) influences in the haematology and serum indices such as Packed cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, white blood cell, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, while there were no significant differences in the cholesterol in the serum.

Effect of Sweet Leaves (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) meal inclusion into basal feed on performance and IOFC of growing pigs

The study aimed at evaluating effect Sweet (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) leaves meal (SLM) inclusion into feed on performance and Income over Feed Cost (IOFC) of growing pigs. There were 12 landrace crossbred barrows 4-5 months of age with 26.5-55.5kg (CV = 19.69%) initial bodyweight used in a feeding trial. Randomized block design 4 treatments with 3 replicate procedures were applied. The 4 treatment feeds offered in the feeding trial were: (1) T0: 100% basal feed; (2) T1: 97% basal feed + 3% SLM; (3) T2: 94% basal feed + 6% SLM; and (4) T3: 91% basal feed 9% SLM. Variables evaluated were performances (feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion) and IOFC. Statistical analysis shows that the effect of including SLM into basal feed is not significant (P>0.05) on either performance or IOFC of the pigs. The conclusion is that including Sweet leaves meal inclusion into basal feed performs similar values with basal feed, and up to 9% tends to be higher in performances and IOFC in grower pigs.

The effect of adding concentrated feed containing fermented banana corm meal fed to Bali cattle

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding concentrated feed containing fermented banana corm meal included into Bali cattle rations fattening farmers’ patterns on their feed consumption, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. This study used 12 Bali cattle with the age ranged from 1.5 - 2 years and their body weight of 105-120kg. The research method used was a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates. The four treatments were: T0 = basal feed breeder pattern + concentrate without fermented banana corm meal; T1 = basal feed breeder pattern + concentrate with 10% fermented banana corm meal; T2 = basal feed of breeder pattern + concentrate with fermented banana corm meal 20%; and T3 = basal feed of breeder pattern + concentrate with 30% fermented banana corm meal. The statistics analyses showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the consumption digestibility of DM and OM from Balinese cattle fattening farmers’ patterns. The conclusion was the addition of concentrated feed with fermented banana corm meal with different levels offering the same effect between treatments on feed consumption, digestibility of DM and OM from Bali cattle fattening farmers’ patterns.

THE UTILIZATION OF BAY LEAF (SyzygiumpolyanthumWalp) FLOUR IN FEED ON CARCASS QUALITY, MICROFLORA INSTESTINE OF BROILER

The research purpose was to determine the utilization of bay meal (SyzygiumpolyanthumWalp) microflora, and carcass quality of broiler. The research method was used completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The materials used for this research were 80 unsex 15 days old with average body weight 307.725±22.17 g/head. The treatments used for research were dietary with T0 (basal feed), T1 (basal feed + 1% bay leaf meal), T2 (basal feed + 2% bay leaf meal), T3 (basal feed + 3% bay leaf meal), T4 (basal feed + 4% bay leaf meal). The parameters observed were intestinal characteristic bacteria (lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella sp.) and (carcass percentage, abdominal fat, organ visceral weight, breast meat cholesterol). The data analysis was the analysis of variance (anova) and continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that using bay leaf effect as in feed has significant difference (P&lt;0.05) on lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli and significantly different (P&lt;0.01) (breast meat cholesterol) but didn’t significant difference (P&gt;0.05) on carcass percentage, abdominal fat and organ visceral weight. The addition of 4% bay leaf gave the best effect on microflora, and breast cholesterol quality of broiler.

Nanospheres as a technological alternative to suppress hepatic cellular damage and impaired bioenergetics caused by nerolidol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Nerolidol is a sesquiterpene found in essential oils of several plant species. It is found commonly in human and animal diets and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a flavoring agent. Nevertheless, recent studies have suggested that nerolidol has potent hepatotoxic effects. Because use of plant-based products in human and animal food has expanded considerably, it is essential to develop approaches such as nanotechnology to avoid or reduce hepatic toxic effects. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine whether nerolidol dietary supplementation elicited hepatic damage associated with impairment of energy homeostasis, as well as whether supplementation with nerolidol-loaded in nanospheres prevented hepatotoxic effects in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile tilapia were divided into five groups (A-E, n = 10 per group) with four replicates each, as follows: group A received basal feed (without supplementation); group B received feed containing 0.5mL free nerolidol/kg; group C received feed containing 1.0mL free nerolidol/kg; group D received feed containing 0.5mL nanospheres nerolidol/kg; and group E received feed containing 1.0mL nanospheres nerolidol/kg. All groups received experimental feed once a day (10% total biomass) at 2p.m. for 60 consecutive days. Hepatic liver weight and relative liver weight were significantly lower in fish fed 1.0mL free nerolidol/kg feed than in fish given basal diet (control group). Hepatic pyruvate kinase (1.0mL free nerolidol/kg) and adenylate kinase (0.5 and 1.0mL free nerolidol/kg) activities were significantly lower than in the control group, while hepatic reactive oxygen species and lipid damage levels were significantly higher. Finally, the comet assay revealed significant increases in the frequency of damage and the damage index in fish given 0.5 and 1.0mL free nerolidol/kg in a dose-dependent manner. Nerolidol-loaded in nanospheres prevented all alterations elicited by free nerolidol. Based on these data, we concluded that dietary supplementation with free nerolidol elicited severe impairment of hepatic bioenergetics homeostasis that appeared to be mediated by excessive ROS production and lipid damage, contributing to a genotoxic effect. Dietary supplementation with nerolidol-loaded in nanospheres did not elicit hepatic damage, and therefore, should be considered as a replacement so as to limit toxicity, permitting its continued use as a dietary supplement.

Intestinal microbiota modulation in juvenile Pacú (Piaractus mesopotamicus) by supplementation with Pyropia columbina and β-carotene

The aim was to evaluate the effects of diet supplementation with red seaweed Pyropia columbina or β-carotene on the intestinal microbiota of juvenile Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Three hundred and fifteen fish (body weight 12.4 ± 2.8 g) were stocked in nine 300-L tanks with 35 fishes per tank and fed for 62 days with a basal feed (BG) or the same feed added with P. columbina (35 g kg−1) (AG) or supplemented with β-carotene (225 g kg−1) (β-CG). From fecal samples of three fishes slaughtered per group at 20th, 41th, and 62th days, plate counts of bacterial populations (enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria—LAB, total aerobes, and psychrotrophs) and DGGE were made. Enterobacteria counts were lower in AG-group than the other groups throughout the experience (p = 0.016). LAB/enterobacteria ratio was greater in fishes supplemented with AG on 20th day, showing a greater amount of beneficial bacteria than non-beneficial ones. DGGE profiles resulting from the microbiota of β-CG at 62th day were clustered and separated from the rest of the profiles with a difference of 91%. Margalef richness (p = 0.049) and Shannon diversity index (p = 0.044) were lower in β-CG than in AG at 62th day. Taxonomic characterization showed the presence of three phylum: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria. This is the first study in which the microbiota of juvenile Pacu fed with biofunctional diets was evaluated. Future interventions that modify the bacterial ecosystem could improve the productive performance and ensure the safety of the pacu meat intended for consumption.

Preliminary investigation of the use of dietary supplementation with probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 shows that it attenuates antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis in weaned piglets.

Growth performance of pigs has been associated with healthy gut microbiota. To improve production, pigs are usually treated with antimicrobials. Nonetheless, while antimicrobials harm the gut-indigenous microbiota, probiotic supplementation seems to help keep it healthy. Here, using antimicrobials, we artificially induced dysbiosis in pigs and evaluated a possible preventive effect of probiotic supplementation. Three 6-week-old piglets were given a basal feed, and 3 more the feed supplemented with 2.0×106 CFU of Bacillus subtilis QST713/g of feed. After 14days, antimicrobial enrofloxacin (5mg/kg B.W.) was injected intramuscularly to all pigs on days 14-16. Feces were collected on days 14, 17, 19, 21, and 23. Total bacteria count was unaffected by enrofloxacin or QST713. However, Lactobacillus spp. and, in particular, Escherichia coli were affected by enrofloxacin, the latter not being observed in the feces on days 17 and 19. Interestingly, a reciprocal increase in E. coli was observed in control pigs on days 21 and 23, although in QST713-supplemented piglets, this increase was attenuated. While the gut microbiota composition did not return to initial levels in antimicrobial-administered piglets, it did in QST713-supplemented piglets. QST713 supplementation was likely crucial to keep the microbiota of piglets healthy.

Effect of Added Water, Holding Time, or Phytase Analysis Method on Phytase Stability and Pellet Quality

The addition of water to the mixer prior to pelleting is sometimes necessary to reach the target moisture content at the end of the conditioning process. However, there are limited data to demonstrate the impact of water addition in the mixer on phytase stability during the pelleting process. In addition, the variation of phytase analysis method may lead to incorrect or biased conclusions for research on industrial phytase stability. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of water added in the mixer, feed holding time, and phytase analysis method on phytase stability and pellet quality. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added water (0% or 1%), holding time (0 or 2 h), and phytase analysis method (ELISA or EN ISO), respectively. For the 0% added water treatment, a 210-lb basal feed and 0.03-lb phytase were mixed for 5 min. For the 1% added water treatments, a 208-lb basal feed and 0.03-lb phytase were mixed for 120 s followed by the addi­tion of 2-lb water and then the mixture was mixed for 180 s wet mix time. The water was applied to dry feed in the mixer using a hand-held sprayer (Country Tuff model 26329, Sedalia, MO) with a flat spray tip nozzle (TeeJet model TP11006, Glendale Heights, IL). After the diets were mixed, treatments were immediately pelleted or held in a closed container for 2 h before pelleting. Treatments were steam conditioned at 185°F for approximately 30 s and pelleted using a pellet mill (California Pellet Mill Co. model Cl-5, Crawfordsville, IN). The pellet mill was equipped with a 0.16 × 0.87 in die. Samples were collected during discharge of the mixer, after conditioning and after pelleting. The conditioned mash and pelleted samples were cooled for 10 min using an experimental counterflow cooler. There were 3 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The results demonstrated that there was no evidence of three-way or two-way interactions among added water, holding time, and analysis method on phytase stability for mash samples, conditioned mash samples, and pellets. The added water and holding time did not impact phytase stability for mash samples, conditioned mash samples, and pellets. The ELISA method had greater (P = 0.004) phytase activity than the EN ISO method for the pellet samples. The phytase activity was similar between the two analytical methods for mash samples and conditioned mash samples. For pellet quality, there was no evidence of interaction between added water and holding time. Added water and holding time did not impact pellet durability index. Therefore, the stability of phytase produced by a strain of Trichoderma reesei was not affected when feed was stored in a bin up to 2 h prior to pelleting. The added water in mash feed did not affect the degradation of Trichoderma reesei phytase when the feed moisture did not exceed 13%. Additionally, the ELISA or EN ISO method could be used in the laboratory to determine Trichoderma reesei phytase stability. Increasing moisture content of mash feed by 0.6% did not improve pellet quality.

Suplementation Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in commercial feed on physic and chemical quality meat of hybrid duck

The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of suplementation level of alfafa (Medicago sativa L.) on hybrid duck’s meat quality with basal diet commercial feed. This study used in vivo tecnique on 108 hybrid ducks. The research consisted of 3 treatments and 6 replications, each replication consisted of 6 ducks. The treatments were P1 = commercial feed + 0 % fresh alfafa, P2 = commercial feed + 5 % alfafa, P3 = commercial feed + 10 % fresh alfafa. Alfalfa was calculated in dry matter based but offered in the form as fed. Feed and water was offered ad libitum. The variables measured include product appereance, carcass quality, physic and chemical hybrid duck’s meat. One way Completely randomized design was used in this research. All data collected was analized with Statistical Package for Sosial Science version 22. Data with significant differences were further tested with Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test. Data resulted significant differences (P&lt;0.05) on water content, pH, water holding capasity, and coking loss of the meat among treatment, but not for crude protein, extract ether, and tenderness (P&gt;0.05). Based on the data resulted, it can be concluded that commercial feed with 5 % alalfa suplementation (P2) was the best treatment to the physic and chemical quality meat of hybrid duck.

Haematological Traits and Serum Biochemistry of Grasscutters Fed Elephant Grass Supplemented with Concentrate

This study was carried out to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical indices of Grasscutters fed elephant grass supplemented with different levels of concentrate. A total of fifty grower Grasscutters were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups of 10 Grasscutters each with 5 replicates with two animals serving as a replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% respectively of concentrate feed supplements which were served at their weekly live weight. The results showed that, except the haemoglobin and blood platelets, all others blood indices measured had no significant (P>0.05) effect. However, Packed cell volume (PCV) (41.61 -41.93%), White blood cells-WBC (2.50 - 2.55 (x 10³/ μl), red blood cells-RBC (4.95 - 5.35 x 10⁶/ μl), mean corpuscular volume-MCV (89.25 - 90.80 fl), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin-MCH (25.35 - 25.90 pg) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration MCHC (28.10 - 29.20 g/dl) and haemoglobin-Hb (12.07 - 12.55 g/dl). The results of the serum biological indices showed that total protein was not significantly affected except its fractions. Serum glucose, cholesterol, enzymes and ions except potassium were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the test, however these values were within the normal range for grasscutters when compared to other researchers. It was therefore concluded that, basal feed of elephant grass supplemented with concentrate can be fed without any adverse effect on the blood profile of grasscutters.

ВИКОНАВЧИЙ ЗБІР ТА ОСНОВНА ВИНАГОРОДА ПРИВАТНОГО ВИКОНАВЦЯ: ПРОБЛЕМНІ ПИТАННЯ ТЕОРІЇ ТА СУДОВОЇ ПРАКТИКИ

his article aims to study the legal essence of the executive fee and the private executer basic remuneration in enforcement proceedings. The article also clarifies the issues that arise in connection with the extension onto the private executer basic remuneration of legal rules related to executive fee, as well as outlines the shortcomings of relevant legislation rules and proposals aimed at improving their legal regulation. It is exposed that, in contrast to the shortcomings executive fee, the basic fee collection in fact remains unsufficiently regulated by law, as it is subject to the same approaches as the executive fee that does not always seem correct. At the doctrinal level, the executive fee and the basic remuneration are not separated in their essential content and are considered either as payment by the debtor for the enforcement actions that executer performs, either as a penalty for the failure to follow benevolently the enforcement document requirements. Such a dual legal nature of the executive fee and the basic remuneration as laid down by the legislator conceptually causes several problems in practice, some of which are discussed in the article. The conditions of executive fee (basic remuneration) collection as established in court practice and taken into account while elaborating this study conclusions, are also analyzed. The article states that the approach to the identification of the executive fee and the basic remuneration as analogues is incorrect, because under the existing legal field it is impossible to establish equal positioning for public and private executers. The legal essence of a private executer's basic remuneration requires in some cases the existence of a slightly different legal regulation than this applied to the executive fee. Here the basis shall refer to the fact that a private executer performs required executive actions, which should be followed by that executer remuneration. Based on this study results, possible options for resolving the issues on collecting the private executer basic remuneration are proposed.

Experimental Characterisation of a High Dynamic Piezo Module for Resource-efficient Electrothermal Precision Ablation

In commercial micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) a high process-stability is required, which is mainly determined by the dynamic characteristics of the kinematic system and the process control. To reduce inefficient processing such as open circuits, arcing and short circuiting and thereby increase removal-efficiency, an additional feed-system is required when using industrial EDM machines, since detailed knowledge about the kinematic parameters and the parameters of the electrical control system is limited and usually only comprehensible by analysing voltage and current characteristics.In this study, the dynoMat module as an additional system is presented, which is based on statistical analyses to control the gap between the tool electrode and the work piece by help of a piezo module. A separate monitoring system was realized for process analyses, which is used for fast and direct control of the piezo actuator. The maximal feed of the piezo actuator is less than the minimal step size of the basic feed system, which ensures the applicability in the EDM machine.The fundamental functionality of the dynoMat module is described in this study. Based on an experiment for machining micro-channels, it will be shown that the piezo module ensures a high process-dynamic and thus reduces the number of removal-inefficient pulses, which is verified by analyses of the voltage and current characteristics. From the experimental results it can be determined that the process-efficiency, characterised by the material removal rate and the tool wear rate, as well as the machining precision, characterised by the sparking-gap, are significantly improved.

Research experience in the department of anatomy: A departmental analysis

Background Search and research provides the basic feed for academic knowledge across all academic departments. Research provides depth in the knowledge of a given area of exploration. One novel and interesting idea of an individual, or a team of experts, in the department and healthy, extended support from the institute can change and answer the stream of mysteries in their own field of expertise. Aim We intend to analyze the research experience of every individual in the department of anatomy among themselves, with the department and the institute, for further improvement of research in anatomy. Methodology 13 participants comprising 9 faculty members and 4 postgraduates were requested to answer the questionnaire composed of three sections, with questions under headings such as individual, department, and institute. Results and Conclusion Finally, analyses were made on the responses obtained and recommendations were submitted before the department Head for necessary interventions in order to improve the research atmosphere and research outcomes in the department of anatomy.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LEVEL VITAMIN E-SELENIUM DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP FERTILITAS DAN DAYA TETAS TELUR HASIL PERSILANGAN AYAM SENTUL DENGAN AYAM RAS PETELUR

The purpose of this research was to obtain a dose of vitamin E-selenium addition in feed on the quality of hatched eggs resulting from crossing Sentul chicken with laying hens. This research used 200 hatching eggs produced from the 34-week-old Isa Brown strain of laying hens which were treated and inseminated using Sentul chicken males. The experimental method used in this research was a completely randomized design CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications with each replication consisting of 8 hatching eggs. The treatments feed in this research were as follows: P0 = Basal Feed, P1 = Basal Feed + 21.75 ppm vitamin E and 0.23 ppm selenium, P2 = Basal Feed + 43.5 ppm vitamin E and 0.46 ppm selenium, P3 = Basal Feed + 65.25 ppm vitamin E and 0.69 ppm selenium, P4 = Basal Feed + 87 ppm vitamin E and 0.92 ppm selenium. The results of this research were that the addition of vitamin E-selenium levels in feed had no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on the weight of hatching eggs, fertility, embryo mortality and hatchability. Keywords: Vitamin E-Selenium Level, Feed, Hatching Eggs, Sentul Chicken ,Laying Hens