Basal Endogenous Losses Of Crude Protein Research Articles

Comparison of Amino Acid Digestibility between Commercial Crossbred Pigs and Mini-Jeju Island Native Pigs.

The objectives of this study were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients, compare the ileal digestibility of CP and AA between commercial crossbred pigs and mini-Jeju Island native pigs (JINP), and develop models for estimating SID of CP and AA for commercial pigs using mini-JINP data. The study involved five crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of body weight and 11 weeks of age; Landrace × Yorkshire) and five mini-JINP (31.0 ± 3.2 kg body weight and 20 weeks of age). The pigs were surgically equipped with a T-cannula at the end of ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design with 10 periods. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain each of soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. No interaction between breed and feed ingredient was observed for the digestibility of CP and all indispensable AA. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA, except Arg, His, and Lys, did not differ between the two breeds of pigs. Prediction equations were developed for SID of CP and AA of commercial pigs using the SID values of mini-JINP: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini-JINP) - 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and p < 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini-JINP) - 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and p < 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini-JINP) - 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and p < 0.05. The digestibility for most AA in feedstuffs for commercial pigs can be estimated using data from mini-JINP.

PSV-2 Digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) in pork products

Abstract The “Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score” (DIAAS) method measures protein quality in human foods. However, values for DIAAS are not available for some pork products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine DIAAS values for nine pork products. Nine diets contained one pork product (i.e., back ribs, shoulder butt, tenderloin, Coppa ham, prosciutto ham, speck ham, chorizo, Italian sausage, and bratwurst) as the only source of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). Nine ileal cannulated gilts with an initial average body weight of 50.3 ± 3.8 kg were used in a 9 × 6 incomplete Latin square with 9 diets and six 7-d periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. There were, therefore, six replicate pigs per diet, but no pig was fed the same diet twice. A nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, and this diet was fed to all pigs in one separate 7-d period. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and DIAAS of each pork product were calculated. Reference ratios were used for children from 6 mo to 3 yr old and individuals older than 3 yr. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and replicate pig was the random effect. Results indicated that for both age groups, prosciutto ham had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DIAAS than all other pork products (Table 1), which may be because prosciutto is from the hind leg of the pig, which contains less connective tissue. Prosciutto was also not smoked, which may contribute to the greater DIAAS values for this protein because smoking may reduce DIAAS. For children from 6 mo to 3 yr old, tenderloin, Coppa ham, and Italian sausage had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DIAAS than chorizo and bratwurst sausages, back ribs, and shoulder butt. However, for individuals older than 3 yr, Coppa ham had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DIAAS than all other pork cuts and sausages. The observation that back ribs and shoulder butt had decreased DIAAS than tenderloin is likely because tender cuts with less connective tissues tend to have greater concentrations of indispensable AA with less non-nitrogen content. In addition, for both age groups, there was no limiting AA for all pork products, except that chorizo sausage was limiting in sulfur AA for children from 6 mo to 3 yr old. In conclusion, data from this experiment demonstrated that all pork products have “good” or “excellent” protein quality for individuals older than 6 mo of age, indicating that these food ingredients may be used to complement lower-quality proteins and provide a meal with all indispensable AA.

Influence of particle size and origin of field peas on apparent ileal digestibility of starch and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids when fed to growing pigs.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that particle size and origin of field peas influence the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. Three sources of field peas were procured. One source was from the United States and two sources were from Canada. The U.S. source and one of the sources from Canada (i.e., Canada 1) were each divided into two batches and ground to achieve a target particle size of 250 or 450µm, whereas the other source from Canada (i.e., Canada 2) was only ground to a target particle size of 250µm. Each batch of field peas was included in one diet as the only source of AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Six barrows (initial weight: 50.5kg; SD = 3.7) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets and six 7-d periods. Ileal digesta from pigs were collected for 2d after 5d of adaptation. Data were analyzed using a statistical model that included batch of field peas as the fixed effect and animal and period as the random effects. Contrast statements were used to analyze the effects of particle size, origin, and the interaction between particle size and origin. Results indicated that the AID of starch was increased by reducing the particle size in the U.S. source of field peas, but that was not the case for the Canada 1 source (interaction; P < 0.001). Particle size did not influence the AID of CP or AA, but the Canada 2 source of field peas had greater (P < 0.05) AID of Trp, Ala, Cys, Gly, and Tyr than the field peas from the United States. The SID of CP and AA was also not affected by the particle size of field peas. The SID of CP and Trp was greater (P < 0.05), and the SID of His, Ile, and Thr tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in the Canada 2 source compared with the U.S. source, but no differences between the two Canada sources were observed. In conclusion, a few differences in SID of AA between field peas produced in the United States and peas produced in Canada were observed, but there was no effect on SID of AA of reducing the particle size of field peas from 450 to 250µm, whereas the AID of starch increased by reducing the particle size only in the field peas from the United States.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in defatted black soldier fly larva meal and adult black soldier fly fed to pigs

The objective was to determine crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) digestibility of fish meal, defatted black soldier fly (BSF;Hermetia illucens) larva meal, and adult BSF fed to pigs. Eight castrated male pigs with a body weight of 72.6 kg (standard deviation = 10.4) surgically fitted with T-cannulas in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The pigs were allotted to a replicated 4×5 incomplete Latin square design with 4 diets and 5 periods to obtain 9 replicates. Three experimental diets were prepared to contain fish meal (686 g/kg CP and 75 g/kg ether extract), defatted BSF larva meal (595 g/kg CP and 76 g/kg ether extract), and adult BSF (590 g/kg CP and 268 g/kg ether extract) as the sole source of AA. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet based on corn starch and sucrose was formulated to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets contained 5 g/kg chromium oxide as an indigestible marker. Each period consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The coefficient of standardised ileal digestibility (CSID) of CP in defatted BSF larva meal was lower (0.738 vs 0.883;P&lt;0.05) than that in fish meal but was higher (P&lt;0.05) than that in adult BSF (0.561). The CSID of all indispensable AA except for methionine and phenylalanine in defatted BSF larva meal was lower (P&lt;0.05) than that in fish meal. The CSID of all AA except for proline in defatted BSF larva meal was higher (P&lt;0.05) than that in adult BSF. Overall, AA in defatted BSF larva meal were less digestible than those in fish meal when fed to growing pigs but were more digestible than those in adult BSF.

PSXVI-13 Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Fish Meal, Defatted Black Soldier fly Larva Meal and Adult Black Soldier fly fed to Pigs

Abstract The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in fish meal, defatted black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larva meal, and adult BSF fed to pigs. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 72.6 kg (SD = 10.4) fitted with T-cannulas in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The pigs were allotted to a replicated 4 × 5 incomplete Latin square design with 4 diets and 5 periods. Three experimental diets containing fish meal (68.6% CP, 5.24% Lys, and 7.5% ether extract), defatted BSF larva meal (59.5% CP, 3.82% Lys, and 7.6% ether extract), and adult BSF (59.0% CP, 2.80% Lys, and 26.8% ether extract) as the sole source of AA were prepared. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets contained 0.5% chromium oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The SID of CP in defatted BSF larva meal was less (73.8% vs. 88.3%; P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in fish meal but was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in adult BSF (56.1%). The SID of all indispensable AA except for Met and Phe in defatted BSF larva meal was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in fish meal. The SID of all AA in defatted BSF larva meal was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in adult BSF. In conclusion, AA in defatted BSF larva meal are less digestible than those in fish meal when fed to pigs but are more digestible than those in in adult BSF.

A new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater digestibility of amino acids and energy, but less digestibility of phosphorus, than de-oiled DDGS when fed to growing pigs.

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), concentration of metabolizable (ME), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; ProCap DDGS) are greater than in conventional de-oiled DDGS. In experiment 1, nine barrows (initial BW: 67.2 ± 6.4 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets and three periods for a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Two diets included ProCap DDGS or de-oiled DDGS as the sole source of crude protein (CP) and AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ileal digesta were collected on days 5 and 6 of each period after 4 d of adaptation to diets. Results from experiment 1 indicated that ProCap DDGS contained more CP and AA compared with de-oiled DDGS. The SID of all AA in ProCap DDGS was greater (P < 0.001) compared with de-oiled DDGS with the exception that the SID of Pro was not different between the two sources of DDGS. In experiment 2, 24 growing barrows (initial BW: 32.7 ± 3.1 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and used in a randomized complete block design and fed a corn-based diet or two diets containing corn and each source of DDGS with eight replicate pigs per diet. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d after 7 d of adaptation. Results from experiment 2 indicated that concentration of ME in ProCap DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) compared with corn or de-oiled DDGS. In experiment 3, 32 growing barrows (initial BW: 20.2 ± 0.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to four diets with eight pigs per diet using a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. The de-oiled DDGS and ProCap DDGS were both included in a diet without microbial phytase and a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Pigs were adapted to the diets for 5 d and fecal samples were collected for 4 d. Results from experiment 3 indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing ProCap DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the STTD of P, but addition of phytase to the de-oiled DDGS diet did not increase STTD of P (interaction, P < 0.001), but the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) in de-oiled DDGS compared with ProCap DDGS. In conclusion, ProCap DDGS has greater SID of AA and contains more ME, but has reduced STTD of P compared with conventional de-oiled DDGS.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in cereal grains and co-products in growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and various co-products fed to growing pigs.MethodsTen feed ingredients tested were barley (9.3% CP), lupin kernels (31.1% CP), and wheat (11.3% CP) as cereal grains, and 2 sources of corn gluten feed produced in China (21.6% CP) and Korea (24.6% CP), corn gluten meal (65.3% CP), lupin hulls (11.6% CP), rice bran (14.5% CP), soybean meal (44.8% CP), and wheat bran (15.4% CP) as co-products. Ten experimental diets were formulated to contain each ingredient as a sole source of N and an N-free diet was used to correct basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets also contained 0.5% Cr2O3 as an indigestible index. A replicated 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 dietary treatments, 6 periods, and 22 animals was employed. Twenty-two barrows with an initial body weight of 64.6±4.9 kg were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. An experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 2-d collection period.ResultsThe SID of CP in the barley, lupin kernels, wheat, 2 sources of corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, lupin hulls, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat bran were 84.7%, 90.5%, 90.4%, 77.4%, 74.6%, 89.5%, 90.4%, 74.4%, 86.9%, and 63.4% (standard error of the mean [SEM] = 5.3, p = 0.006), respectively. The respective SID values of Lys were 75.5%, 88.4%, 83.9%, 74.7%, 62.4%, 80.3%, 83.9%, 78.5%, 88.0%, and 71.2% (SEM = 3.3, p<0.001), and the SID values of Met were 83.6%, 88.7%, 89.4%, 85.7%, 78.3%, 88.9%, 89.4%, 85.3%, 91.1%, and 77.0% (SEM = 2.4, p<0.001), respectively.ConclusionThe ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids varies among the feed ingredients fed to pigs.

Determination and prediction of the apparent and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in cottonseed meals fed to growing pigs.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in cottonseed meals (CSM) and to develop prediction equations for estimating AA digestibility for growing pigs based on the chemical composition and AA content of CSM. 10 CSM were collected from 10 provinces in China. 11 barrows (initial body weight: 34.4±1.9kg), fitted with an ileal T-cannula, were allotted to 6×11 Youden square with 6 periods and 11 diets. The diets included one N-free diet and 10 CSM test diets containing 40% CSM as the sole source of AA. The nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The AID and SID for crude protein (CP), Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr among the 10 CSM differed (p<0.05). With R2 values exceeding 0.30, significant linear regression equations for CP, Lys, and Thr were obtained. The best fit equations for predicting the AID and SID of Lys were: AID of Lys=82.94-0.65 neutral detergent fiber, with R2 =0.44, residual standard deviation (RSD)=4.03 and p=0.04; and SID of Lys=135.34-1.01 neutral detergent fiber+34.27 Thr - 58.06 Trp - 84.93 Met, with R2 =0.90, RSD = 1.42 and p=0.01. In conclusion, the results of AID, SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of CSM in growing pigs.

Oligosaccharides are a key factor in prediction of amino acid digestibility in soybean meal of different origins when fed to growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective of this experiment was to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in 15 sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced from soybeans from different countries and subsequently to establish equations for predicting the AID and SID in SBM based on their chemical composition.MethodsEighteen barrows (57.9±6.1 kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula were allotted into three 6×6 Latin square designs. Each period comprised a 6-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The 15 test diets included SBM as a sole source of AA in the diet. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet.ResultsThe AID of lysine in SBM from China and USA tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). The SID of valine and proline in SBM from China was greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.05). The SID of lysine, threonine, cysteine and glycine in SBM from China tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). From a stepwise regression analysis, a series of AID and SID prediction equations were generated. The best fit equations for lysine in SBM were: AID lysine = 1.16 sucrose−1.81 raffinose+82.10 (R2 = 0.69, p<0.01) and SID lysine = 1.14 sucrose−1.93 raffinose−0.99 ether extract (EE)+85.26 (R2 = 0.77, p<0.01).ConclusionIt was concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the oligosaccharides (such as sucrose and raffinose) can be used to predict the AID and SID of AA in SBM with reasonable accuracy.

Effect of different soybean meal type on ileal digestibility of amino acid in weaning pigs.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) with 6 soybean products in weaning pigs. A total of 14 weaning barrows with an initial body weight of 6.54 ± 0.34 kg were fitted with T-cannula at the distal ileum and allotted to 7 diets containing various soybean products. The soybean products used in the experiment were conventional soybean meal (CSBM), SBM fermented by Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 (FSBMA), SBM fermented by Bacillus subtilis PP6 (FSBMB), UV sterilized SBM fermented by Bacillus subtilis PP6 (UVFSBMB), SBM containing Bacillus subtilis PP6 (PSBM), and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Six corn-based diets were used and each of soybean products was added. All diets contained 5.0 g/kg of chromic oxide as an indigestible indicator and an N-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AAs. Ileal CP digestibility did not differ by different soybean products. However, SIDs of Ile, Phe and Val were improved in pigs fed the FSBMB, UVFSBMB and SPC diets and the pigs fed the FSBMA diet showed higher SIDs of Phe and Val compared with those fed the CSBM diet (P < 0.05). The FSBMB diet had higher SIDs in most AAs compared with the FSBMA diet (P < 0.05), and higher SIDs of Lys, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr compared with PSBM diet (P < 0.05). However, there was no response of UV-sterilization on the FSBMB in the SIDs of AAs. These results suggest that SIDs of AAs could be improved by the supplementation of fermented soybean products in the diet for weaning pigs but fermentation with Bacillus subtilis is more efficient in improving ileal AA digestibility than that with Aspergillus oryzae. Furthermore, probiotics supplementation in the CSBM and UV-sterilization of the FSBMB had no effects on chemical composition and ileal AA digestibility.

Effect of different inclusion level of condensed distillers solubles ratios and oil content on amino Acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in growing pigs.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine and compare the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in full-oil (no oil extracted) and de-oiled (oil extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different condensed distillers solubles (CDS) ratios. Six barrows (29.6±2.3 kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into a 6×6 Latin square design. Each period was comprised of a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The five test diets contained 62% DDGS as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an index in each diet. The results showed that CP and AA were very similar in 5 DDGS, but the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (from 56.16% to 71.15%) and tryptophan (from 54.90% to 68.38%) had the lowest values and largest variation within the essential AA, which suggests reduced availability of AA and different levels of Maillard reactions in the five DDGS. The apparent ileal digestibility and SID of CP and most of AA in full-oil DDGS (sources 1 and 2) were greater (p<0.05) than de-oiled DDGS (sources 3, 4, and 5). Comparing the AA SID in the 5 DDGS, full-oil with low CDS ratio DDGS (source 1) had non-significantly higher values (p >0.05) than full-oil with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 2); however, the SID of most AA of de-oiled with low CDS ratios DDGS (source 3) were non-significantly lower (p>0.05) than de-oiled with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 4); and the de-oiled DDGS with middle CDS ratio (source 5) but with different drying processing had the lowest SID AA values. In conclusion, de-oiled DDGS had lower SID of CP and AA than full-oil DDGS; a higher CDS ratio tended to decrease the SID of AA in full-oil DDGS but not in de-oiled DDGS; and compared with CDS ratio, processing, especially drying, may have more of an effect on AA digestibility of DDGS.

Digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in corn grains from different origins for pigs

This experiment was conducted to determine the coefficients of ileal apparent (CIAD) and standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in corn sources from different origins for pigs. The corn sources included yellow corn from the United States (n=5; USY), yellow corn from South Africa (n=2; SAY), and white corn from South Africa (n=2; SAW). Nine diets were prepared to contain each corn source at 947g/kg as the sole source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also prepared and used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten boars with an initial body weight of 52.2±9.0kg were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10×10 Latin square design with 10 diets and 10 periods. Each period consisted of 3-day adaptation and 2-day sample collection periods. Results indicated that the concentrations of CP and AA varied among corn sources from different origins, and those of lysine and tryptophan had coefficient of variation of 16.3 and 24.0%, respectively. Significant differences were observed (P<0.05) for the CIAD of CP and AA (arginine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, and proline) among the nine corn sources. The CIAD values of most AA except for six AA (isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, and tyrosine) were greater (P<0.05) for SAY than those for USY. The CISD values of CP and most AA were similar among corn sources. However, the CISD of lysine was different (P=0.017) among the nine corn sources in the range of 0.611–0.765. The CISD of lysine for SAY (0.747) was greater (P<0.001) than that for USY (0.655). In conclusion, the CIAD values of CP and most AA in corn varied among corn sources from different origins, but the CISD values of AA except lysine were relatively similar among corn sources with varying concentrations of CP and AA. Further research is required to identify the reasons for the variability in the CISD of lysine among corn sources from different origins and to search for a method to reduce variability.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in meat meal and soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the concentration and digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in meat meal (MM), and to compare these values with the respective values in soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows (initial body weight = 66.9±3.8 kg) surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 3×3 balanced Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two experimental diets containing test ingredients as the sole source of AA were prepared to estimate the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) for CP and AA by the direct method. An N-free diet was also prepared to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All experimental diets contained 5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d of ileal digesta collection period. Ileal digesta samples were collected from 0900 to 1700 on d 6 and 7 of each period. The concentrations of CP, Lys, Met, and Trp in MM and SBM were analyzed to be 64.1, 3.5, 1.1 and 0.6, and 45.6, 2.8, 0.8, and 0.3%, respectively. The AID of all AA except Gly in MM was less (p<0.05) than in SBM. The AID of Lys, Met, and Trp in MM was estimated to be 56.0, 71.7, and 47.1%, respectively. The SID of all AA in MM was less (p<0.05) than in SBM. The SID of Lys, Met, and Trp was 65.1, 79.2, and 78.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the CP and AA contents in MM were greater than those in SBM whereas the ileal digestibility of all AA in MM was less than in SBM.

Effects of heat treatment on the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in canola meal fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of heat damage on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in canola meal fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations to predict the concentration of SID AA from the nutrient composition of canola meal. Ten growing pigs (initial body weight: 26.5±0.7kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5×5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods in each square. One batch of canola meal was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130°C for 20, 30, or 45min. Four diets were formulated with canola meal being the only source of AA and CP in each diet. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA in the pigs. The AID of CP and all AA was reduced (quadratic, P<0.01) as a result of increasing time of autoclaving. Autoclaving of canola meal also reduced (quadratic, P<0.01) the SID of CP and all AA. The concentration (g/kg) of SID lysine in canola meal may be predicted by regression equations using the concentration (g/kg) of reducing sugars in the meal (r2=0.96). Likewise, the concentrations of SID AA for most AA may be predicted from the nutrient composition of canola meal. In conclusion, heat damage reduces both the concentration and the digestibility of AA in canola meal. Regression equations developed in this experiment may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in canola meal.

Amino acid digestibility in camelina products fed to growing pigs

Almeida, F. N., Htoo, J. K., Thomson, J. and Stein, H. H. 2013. Amino acid digestibility in camelina products fed to growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 335–343. Camelina seed production has increased in North America because of demand for camelina oil for biofuel production. Camelina expellers (CE) is the co-product that remains after oil has been expelled, and CE usually contains approximately 35% crude protein (CP), 14% ether extract, 10% crude fiber, and 5% ash making it an attractive feedstuff for livestock. An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA) in two sources of camelina seeds [CS-1 and CS-2; average: 39% acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), 28% CP, 27% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 12% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 4% ash] and in three sources of CE (CE-1, CE-2, and CE-3; average: 35% CP, 24% NDF, 15% AEE, 14% ADF, 6% ash) and to compare the SID of CP and AA in camelina products with the SID of CP and AA in solvent-extracted canola meal fed to pigs. Seven growing pigs (initial BW 43.5 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7×7 Latin square design with seven diets fed to individually housed pigs over seven periods. Six of the diets contained CS, CE, or canola meal as the sole source of CP and AA and a N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The SID of CP in CS-1 and CE-2 was less (P&lt;0.01) than the SID of CP in canola meal, but the SID of CP in CS-2, CE-1, and CE-3 was not different from the SID of CP in canola meal. The SID of Lys in CS-1 and CS-2 was less (P&lt;0.01) than in canola meal, but the SID of Lys was not different among CE-1, CE-2, CE-3, and canola meal. Results from this experiment indicate that the SID of AA in CE is mostly comparable with that of canola meal, but the digestibility of CP and AA in the two camelina seeds was somewhat less than in CE and canola meal. Camelina expellers may, therefore, be included in diets fed to pigs.