Bartlett's Test Of Sphericity Research Articles

Patient satisfaction with chronic disease care and its associated factors in primary health care facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Patient satisfaction is a widely used indicator of assessing health care quality and has been used by policymakers to consider the needs of patients when developing suitable strategies for safe and high-quality care. However, in South Africa, the dual burden of HIV and NCDs has implications for the health system, whereby the factors influencing the quality of care and patient satisfaction may be unique to this context. Thus, this study examined the predictors affecting chronic disease patients' levels of satisfaction with care in Johannesburg, South Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,429 chronic disease patients at 80 primary healthcare facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa. A questionnaire derived from existing literature and patient satisfaction frameworks was used to measure the level of satisfaction of patients when receiving care. Patients' overall satisfaction was categorized into not satisfied and satisfied. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess scale reliability. Factor analysis was used as a data dimension reduction approach and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and the Bartlett test of sphericity were used to test the sampling adequacy and to examine the inter-independence of the items. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with being satisfied. Significance was set at 5%. The majority of chronic disease patients 65.5% (n = 1,592) were aged 18-30 years; 63.8% (n = 1,549) were females, 55.1% (n = 1,339) were married and 2,032 (83.7%) were satisfied with care. The factor analysis results were in five sub-scales namely improving values and attitudes, cleanliness of the clinic, safe and effective care, infection control, and on the availability of medicines. In adjusted models, patients aged >51years had an increased odds of 3.18 (95% CI:1.31-7.75) of being satisfied compared to those aged 18-30 years and patients who had visited the clinic at least 6 times had 51% increased odds of being satisfied (AOR = 1.51,95% CI:1.13-2.03). The odds of being satisfied increased by 28% (AOR = 1.28,95% CI:1.07-1.53), 45% (AOR = 1.45,95% CI:1.2-1.75), 34% (AOR = 1.34,95% CI:1.13-1.59) and 4.31 (95% CI:3.55-5.23) for every score increase in the factors like improving values and attitudes, cleanliness of clinic safe and effective care and availability of medicine, respectively. Key predictors of patient satisfaction were found to be sociodemographic factors including age, distance to the clinic, number of visits and waiting times as well as factors such as improving values and attitudes, cleanliness of the clinic, waiting time, safety and effective care and availability of medicines. Adjustment of existing frameworks for addressing context-specific improvement of patient experiences such as security and safety is recommended to ensure healthcare quality and service utilization for better chronic disease outcomes in South Africa.

Measurement of Humanity Among Health Professionals: Development and Validation of the Medical Humanity Scale Using the Delphi Method.

Despite the importance of humanism in providing health care, there is a lack of valid and reliable tool for assessing humanity among health professionals. The aim of this study was to design a new humanism scale and to assess the validity of this scale in measuring humanism among Syrian health professional students. The Medical Humanity Scale (MHS) was designed. It consists of 27 items categorized into 7 human values including patient-oriented care, respect, empathy, ethics, altruism, and compassion. The scale was tested for internal consistency and reliability using Cronbach α and test-retest methods. The construct validity of the scale was also tested to assess the ability of the scale in differentiating between groups of health professional students with different levels of medical humanity. A 7-point Likert scale was adopted. The study included 300 participants including 97 medical, 78 dental, 82 pharmacy, and 43 preparatory-year students from Syrian universities. The Delphi method was used and factors analysis was performed. Bartlett test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy were used. The number of components was extracted using principal component analysis. The mean score of the MHS was 158.7 (SD 11.4). The MHS mean score of female participants was significantly higher than the mean score of male participants (159.59, SD 10.21 vs 155.48, SD 14.35; P=.008). The MHS mean score was significantly lower in dental students (154.12, SD 1.45; P=.005) than the mean scores of medical students (159.77, SD 1.02), pharmacy students (161.40, SD 1.05), and preparatory-year students (159.05, SD 1.94). However, no significant relationship was found between humanism and academic year (P=.32), university type (P=.34), marital status (P=.64), or financial situation (P=.16). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (0.730) and Bartlett test of sphericity (1201.611, df=351; P=.01) were performed. Factor analysis indicated that the proportion of variables between the first and second factors was greater than 10%, confirming that the scale was a single group. The Cronbach α for the overall scale was 0.735, indicating that the scale had acceptable reliability and validity. The results of this study suggest that the MHS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring humanity among health professional students and the development of patient-centered care.

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Amharic Version of the World Health Organization's Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) Screening Tool Among Pregnant Women in North West Ethiopia, 2022: A Psychometric Validation.

The prevalence of prenatal common mental disorders afflicting the global community, including Ethiopia, is thriving. Therefore, a time-efficient and valid screening tool is required. This study aimed to culturally adapt and validate the self-reporting questionnaire-20 tool developed by the World Health Organization among pregnant mothers in Ethiopia. A total of 310 pregnant women completed the questionnaire at two selected health centers in the regional state of Amhara. The World Health Organization's Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 tool was first translated into Amharic by two experts. The back translation was done by two English experts. Internal consistency and reliability were assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using composite reliability and extracted mean variance. SRQ-20 was tested for reliability and validity using principal components analysis and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy with a cutoff value of 0.50 for each item. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO = 0.733) for sample adequacy and the Bartlett's sphericity test for the identity matrix indicated that the data were amenable to exploratory factor analysis. Principal components analysis identified six factors that explained 64% of the variation in the self-report questionnaire 20. Cronbach's alpha was 0.817 for the entire scale and the extracted mean variance was greater than 0.5 for all factors, indicating convergent validity. The extracted mean variance, composite reliability, and factor loadings were all greater than 0.75 for all factors in this study, indicating that convergent validity was satisfactory and that discriminatory validity was also satisfied. The composite factor reliability scores ranged from 0.74 to 0.84, and the square roots of the mean variances were greater than the factor correlation scores. The interview-based, culturally-adapted 20-item Amharic version of the SRQ-20 tool demonstrated good cultural adaptation and was also found to be valid and reliable in the present context.

The Development Path of Guilin Gongcheng Camellia oleifera Based on SEM Data Processing and Analysis

In order to thoroughly investigate the development status of Gongcheng Camellia oleifera, study the development path, this paper uses SPSS software, KMO test and Bartlett spherical test were carried out on the data, and it was found that there was correlation between the variables, and factor analysis was effective. Then, Amos software is used to model it, and the structural equation model diagram is obtained; Realize the visualization of survey data with the help of software fine Bi; Finally, deeply excavate and use the data to explore the factors that affect the marketing and promotion of Gongcheng Camellia oleifera, and put forward feasible solutions to improve the sales volume of Gongcheng Camellia oleifera, promote industrial poverty alleviation, and help rural revitalization.

Validation of Indonesian Brief Measurement of Religious Coping (Brief R Cope BI)

Religion and spirituality are determinants of psychological adjustment of coping resources, especially in a religious country such as Indonesia. However, in general, its measurement does not use standardized scales. This study aimed to examine the validity of the Indonesian version of the Brief Measurement of Religious Coping (Brief RCOPE). The sample of this study was 150 women recruited by a consecutive sampling strategy. Exploratory factor analyses were performed to examine the structure’s validity. The criteria’s validity was measured by its correlation with the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory and FACIT Sp12. The exploratory factor analyses indicated that the Indonesian Brief RCOPE satisfied the construct validity. The Bartlett sphericity test was significant (df (91) = 1109.79, p < 0.001), and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was 0.782. The exploratory factor analyses confirmed that the two-factor design model with 50.4% explained the variance. Positive religious coping was correlated with mindfulness (r = 0.338, p < 0.01) and spirituality (r = 0.317, p< 0.01), while negative religious coping was correlated with perceived stress (0.182, p < 0.05). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for Factor 1 and Factor 2 were 0.83 and 0.82, respectively. Thus, the Indonesian version of Brief RCOPE is valid and reliable for measuring positive and negative religious coping.

Factors affecting purchase decision of cosmetic Products in Haryana

The current research aims to better understand the motivations behind cosmetics purchases in the Indian state of Haryana. In the state of Haryana, 754 people were randomly chosen to participate. The data was then subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Significant at P 0.05, KMO = 0.896, and Bartlett's sphericity test; all other covariates have a P value of >0.621. The study demonstrated four factors and their associated items at the 5% level of significance. It has been found that these elements play a major role in the selection of cosmetics in Haryana. The higher the score on the data and information construct, the more dependable the elements that influence the buyer to make a purchase of cosmetics.

Valoración del instrumento modificado Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure, versión peruana, durante la pandemia COVID-19

IntroductionTo validate a modification of the Peruvian version of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) instrument to assess the distance learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsInstrumental, analytical, cross-sectional, prospective study. A 50-item Google Forms questionnaire was applied to 527 medical students with modifications in the domain of perception of teaching (02) and perception of the atmosphere of the educational environment (03). The sampling was non-probabilistic and by convenience. ResultsThe average age of the students was 20.4 (±2.74) years. 63% were women, 88% used a personal computer and 62.6% described the quality of their Internet connection as regular. The adequacy of the sample was pertinent (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling coefficient 0.96 and Bartlett's sphericity test with Chi-square 13,976.1; p < 0.05 and df 1,225). The extraction of factors through the analysis of the main components and Varimax rotation, yielded 10 primary factors that explain the accumulated 62.54% of the total variance. The reliability analysis had Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. This result is considered to be very adequate. The students rated the remote educational environment "with many problems", the mean global score was 87.7 (±1.18), with a confidence interval of 95% (85.4 - 89.9), range 134 between 24 and 158 points. ConclusionThe proposal to modify the DREEM instrument of the Peruvian version to assess the remote or distance educational environment in medical education is adequate during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effects of Touch-type Online Educational Games on Learners’ Learning Motivations

With the advancement of science and technology, electronic devices are more extensively popularized, and students are being exposed to touch-type online at an early age, thus promoting the digitalization of children’s education and contributing to the proliferation of learning resources. Touch-type educational games emphasize learning autonomy, integrate teaching knowledge contents with games, and highlight that when using educational games, learners can obtain immediate and real feedback and identify learning and game objectives, thereby intensifying their learning. In this study, a questionnaire regarding the effect of touch-type online game education on learners’ learning motivations was designed on the basis of educational game theory. The mediating role played by learning immersion between the two was also measured. Results show that the overall Cronbach α coefficient is 0.825, the KMO value is 0.688, and the corresponding P value of Bartlett sphericity test is 0.0. In touch-type online game education, multi-organ sensing, touch gesture, and multi-hotspot response significantly affects learners’ learning motivations. Learning immersion exerts a masking effect on teachers’ initiatives in promoting learning motivations. The proportion of touch games play during class hours has different effects on learning motivation (p=0.020&lt;0.05). The findings are critical for investigating the effects of touch interaction models on learners’ learning motivations, developing a set of evaluation indexes for educational game learning accessibility, and perfecting their evaluation methods.

Psychometric validation of the Kolcaba General Comfort Questionnaire in critically ill patients

BackgroundThere is a lack of validated tools to measure comfort in critically ill patients. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ) in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). MethodologyA total of 580 patients were recruited, randomising the sample into two homogeneous subgroups of 290 patients for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. The GCQ was used to assess patient comfort. Reliability, structural validity, and criterion validity were analysed. ResultsThe final version included 28 of the 48 items from the original version of the GCQ. This tool was named the Comfort Questionnaire (CQ)-ICU, maintaining all types and contexts of the Kolcaba theory. The resulting factorial structure included seven factors: psychological context, need for information, physical context, sociocultural context, emotional support, spirituality, and environmental context. A Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value of 0.785 was obtained, with Bartlett's sphericity test (0.000) being significant, and the total variance explained was 49.750%. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.807, with subscale values ranging from 0.788 to 0.418. Regarding convergent validity, high positive correlations were obtained between the factors and the GCQ score, the CQ-ICU score, and the criterion item GCQ31: “I am content”. In terms of divergent validity, correlations were low with the APACHE II scale and with the NRS-O except for physical context (−0.267). ConclusionThe Spanish version of the CQ-ICU is a valid and reliable tool to assess comfort in an ICU population 24 h after admission. Although the resulting multidimensional structure does not replicate the Kolcaba Comfort Model, all types and contexts of the Kolcaba theory are included. Therefore, this tool enables an individualised and holistic evaluation of comfort needs.

Translation and validation of Greek version of the Pandemic Grief Scale

IntroductionThose who have lost loved ones to COVID-19 may be considered at risk of complicated grief. A 5-item mental health screening tool called the Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) was developed to find likely instances of dysfunctional grief during the pandemic.ObjectivesTo develop a Greek version of PGS and to explore the validity and reliability among the general population in Greece in order to further use it as clinical mental health screener.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study between January and April 2022, and 342 persons were recruited. The questionnaire included socio-demographic parameters, the PGS, the Brief Resilience Coping Scale to capture tendencies to cope with stress and the Athens Insomnia Scale to assess the insomnia symptoms. Based on experiences over the previous two weeks, each PGS item is scored on a 4-point scale, from 0 (not at all) to 3 (almost every day), with higher rating and a cut-off of 7 indicating dysfunctional grief. Prior to the psychometric validation a linguistic validation and adaptation in Greek was performed.ResultsA total of 342 patients participated in the study, 67.8 % were females and 27.8% were 18-30 years old. Coefficient Validity Ratio (CVR) results showed that 100% (n = 5) of items were acceptable. Value of Cronbach’s alpha was found 0.848. A one-factor model was conducted by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), giving acceptable global fit indices. The resulting global fit indices [Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.037, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.952, Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI)= 0.903] showed that the 5 items in one-factor solution proposed by the primary researchers shouldn’t be rejected for the Greek version. The Bartlett Test of Sphericity was 758.08 (p &lt;0.001). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy was 0.826, showing that the data is suitable for factor analysis. The one-factor solution derived in our study consisted of 5 items. The total explained variance was 64.3 %.ConclusionsThe findings of this research support the PGS psychometric validity and reliability. PGS is suitable to be used in healthcare to identify and assist individuals, who are experiencing this type of pandemic-related dysfunctional grief as it is a screening tool that it’s simple to use, access, and understand.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Instrument Development of Teaching Practice on Higher-Order Thinking Skills for 21st-Century Learning

The 21st-century learning paradigm emphasises the need for students to develop thinking skills, particularly higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). In this regard, teachers play a crucial role in facilitating the application of HOTS in the classroom. Thus, this paper aims to develop a measuring instrument to assess teachers' practice of HOTS in secondary schools. The questionnaire consists of 30 items and three dimensions: facilitating HOTS, Socratic questioning, and applying the i-THINK map. Three experts validated the instrument for face and content validity. Data was collected in Terengganu from a total of 126 respondents and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The analyses included exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Bartlett's sphericity test, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy test, and Cronbach's alpha reliability test. The findings revealed a three-dimensional model with 28 items. In addition, Bartlett's sphericity tests for all dimensions were significant (P<0.05), the sampling adequacy revealed a favourable result (KMO>0.6), and the values of Cronbach's alpha exceeded the threshold value of 0.7. Overall, the results indicate that the instrument has high validity and reliability in measuring HOTS teaching practice. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of teachers' roles as facilitators, effective questioning techniques, and thinking aids in holistic teaching.

Early Strokes Are Associated with More Global Cognitive Deficits in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease.

This study sought to link neurocognitive profiles in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients with clinical characteristics. We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with SCD who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment at the UMGGR clinic at Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil (France). A cluster analysis was performed based on neuropsychological testing scores. The association between clusters and clinical profiles was assessed. Between 2017 and 2021, 79 patients with a mean age of 36 [range 19-65] years were included. On principal component analysis, a 5-factor model presented the best fit (Bartlett's sphericity test [χ2 (171) = 1345; p < 0.001]), explaining 72% of the variance. The factors represent distinct cognitive domains and anatomical regions. On hierarchical classification, three clusters emerged. Cluster 1 (n = 24) presented deficits in all five factors compared to Cluster 3 (n = 33). Cluster 2 (n = 22) had deficits in all factors, but to a lesser extent than Cluster 1. MoCA scores mirrored the severity of these cognitive deficits. Age, genotype and stroke prevalence did not differ significantly between clusters. However, the time of first stroke occurrence differed significantly between Cluster 1 and 2-3: 78% of strokes occurred during childhood, whereas 80% and 83% occurred during adulthood in Clusters 2 and 3, respectively. Educational attainment was also reduced in Cluster 1. SCD patients with childhood stroke seem to be at increased risk of a global cognitive deficit profile. In addition to existing methods of primary and secondary stroke prevention, early neurorehabilitation should be prioritized in order to reduce the long-term cognitive morbidity of SCD.

Substance Initiation Tendency Scale (SITS): Validity and Reliability Study

Background: The purpose of the present study was to make a new contribution to the literature by developing a scale to detect the substance initiation tendencies of young people and adolescents and to create a leading tool for preventive policies to be implemented against substance use. Method: An 8-item and 2-factor measurement tool called the “Substance Initiation Tendency Scale” was created. The data obtained from 470 students studying in 5 high schools in the Genç County of Bingöl, Turkey, were subjected to reliability and validity tests. In this context, Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), item analysis, and halving methods were used along with the SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 data analysis programs. Results: It was found that the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) value was “excellent” with .909 and the Bartlett Sphericity Test was significant, and the scale, which could explain 57.332% of the total variance, had the feature of distinguishing what was intended to be measured. The values obtained from the Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a “good fit”. Conclusion: It was understood that the obtained data were sufficient to confirm the construct’s validity.

Validation of the THINC-It Tool for Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Bipolar Depression.

Cognitive impairment is one of the core features of bipolar depression. A unified, reliable, and valid assessment tool is key to screening and assessing cognitive impairment. The THINC-Integrated Tool (THINC-it) is a simple and quick battery for screening cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder. However, the use of the tool has not been validated in patients with bipolar depression. The cognitive functions of 120 patients with bipolar depression and 100 healthy controls were evaluated using the THINC-it tool including Spotter, Symbol Check, Codebreaker, Trials, and the only one subjective test (PDQ-5-D) and five corresponding standard tests. A psychometric analysis of the THINC-it tool was performed. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the THINC-it tool was 0.815. The intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) of retest reliability ranged from 0.571 to 0.854 (P<0.001), while the correlation r of parallel validity ranged from 0.291 to 0.921 (P<0.001). There were significant differences in the two groups Z-scores of THINC-it total score, Spotter, Codebreaker, Trails, and PDQ-5-D (P<0.05). Construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.749. Using Bartlett's Sphericity test, the χ 2 (10) value was 198.257 (P<0.001). The factor loading coefficients of Spotter, Symbol Check, Codebreaker, and Trails on the common factor 1 were -0.724, 0.748, 0.824, and -0.717, respectively, and the factor loading coefficient of PDQ-5-D on the common factor 2 was 0.957. Results revealed that the correlation coefficient of the two common factors was 0.125. The THINC-it tool has good reliability and validity in assessing patients with bipolar depression.

Design and validation of the psychosexual harassment questionnaire.

Physical and sexual harassment has extensive psychological consequences on people's lives. Therefore, the using of a valid measure to identify this unpleasant experience in people can be useful both in determining the starting point of interventions related to victims and in general screenings in the society. In this regard, due to the lack of native and multidimensional measures to investigate this phenomenon, the aim of this study was to design and validation of the psychosexual harassment questionnaire. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature. The study population included all university students aged 18 to 30 in Hamadan province from 2021-2022. From this population, a sample of 600 participants was selected based on a multi-stage cluster sampling method according to the population of the studied cities. The measures were a 27-item researcher-made psychosexual harassment questionnaire and the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale. The results showed that the factor load was 27 items appropriate and 2 items inappropriate which were removed from the questionnaire. Finally, four factors including sexual harassment, physical harassment, sexual-virtual harassment, and verbal harassment were identified, in total, four factors could explain 58% of the variance of psychosexual harassment. Based on this, the four identified factors explained 33, 12, 8, and 5 percent of the variance of the structure of the psychosexual harassment construct, respectively. The adequacy of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling and Bartlett sphericity test (7332.2132) was calculated to be significant at the level of 0.001. The overall reliability of this questionnaire was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.91 and the reliability of physical, sexual, sexual-virtual and verbal harassment dimensions equal to 0.90, 0.88, 0.81, and 0.82, respectively. As a result, given the validity and reliability of this measure, researchers can use this measure to determine the level of four cases of abuse expressed. Also, due to having a nominal table and its interaction with each of the four dimensions of the measure, followed by obtaining very accurate and detailed information from the subject, clinicians can use this measure for clients and patients, especially in the category of disorders.

Construction and standardization of tools for measuring the tendency to modernity in students

Background and Aim: The issue of transition from traditional society to modern society has been one of the main topics of sociology since the end of World War I. The aim of this study was to construct and standardize the modernity tendency questionnaire by analyzing the factors and measuring its validity and reliability. Methods: The present study was exploratory. The statistical population of this study was all students studying in the academic year of 2008-2009 in Payame Noor Universities in Tehran province. For this purpose, 895 students of Payame Noor University of Tehran completed the designed tool in the academic year of 2008-19. For this purpose, first, the theoretical foundations of previous researches were studied and then a questionnaire was designed based on the areas of the mentioned structure obtained from the study of the resources. After examining the face and content validity of the questions made in relation to each subtest and removing inappropriate questions from it, a total of 58 questions were selected for final implementation on the sample by multistage cluster random sampling. Principal component analysis and varimax rotation method and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and retesting were investigated. Results: The results showed that the sampling quality index (KMO) was 0.828 and the significance level of Bartlett's spherical test was less than 0.001. Five factors were extracted from the set of questions, of which 48.2% of the total variance is explained. The first factor with a specific value of 10.8 equal to 22.5% of the total variance and finally the fifth factor with a special value of 2.4 about 5.1% justifies the variance of the total variables. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was the components of the tendency to modernism questionnaire between 0.69 and 90, indicating the appropriate validity of this tool. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the modernity tendency questionnaire in students has good validity and reliability for future research in Iran.

Validation of an instrument for dentists' perception of pain in patients with communication difficulties.

Pain is present in the dental clinic, whether due to oral problems such as dental caries and its complications or related to dental procedures. Pain evaluation in patients with communication difficulties (PCDs) is challenging for dentists, potentially compromising treatment. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to assess the perception of dentists about pain in PCDs. This study followed a quantitative methodological approach involving constructing and validating an instrument administered to 50 dentists. The initial instrument consisted of 29 items divided into four domains. Content and construct validity and internal consistency were confirmed. Content validation was performed by judges using the Content Validity Index. The instrument underwent construct validation and internal consistency assessments through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using Cronbach's α, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, and Bartlett's sphericity tests. The final instrument consisted of 21 items divided into three domains, with a high Cronbach's α for one domain and moderate values for the others. The total variance accounted for was above 46.03%. Each factor retained at least three items, with factor loadings greater than 0.3, commonalities greater than 0.2, and eigenvalues >1. Despite the study's limitations, the instrument demonstrated its applicability and potential in evaluating the perception and management of pain in PCDs.

Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin İngilizce Öğrenme Motivasyonları Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi

This study aims to develop a scale determining the extrinsic, integrative, and intrinsic factors that motivate medical students learning English as a foreign language in an ESP context. Derived from Gardner and Lambert’s socio-educational model (1972) and Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory (1985), the study is based on the motivational framework of Noels et al. (2000) which categorizes the three main motives as intrinsic, instrumental and integrative. With the participation of 320 medical students, a 14-item scale was developed with satisfactory internal consistency. Four different methods were used to create the motivation scale. First, a focus group interview was conducted with the participation of randomly selected medical students, and 22 items were determined as a result of the content analysis and were sent to five medical doctors for their opinions, and 6 items were removed from the pool upon their feedback. Next, the literature was reviewed and comparisons were made between existing scales. Finally, based on the opinions of 3 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) experts from the field, the concept of extrinsic motivation was used instead of instrumental motivation, and a 16-item five-point Likert type scale was decided. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) statistical procedures were also utilized. Principal Components Factor Analysis (PCA) was applied to reveal the construct validity of the motivation scale, and Direct Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization method was applied as the rotation method. In order to calculate the adequacy of the sample, the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient was calculated. Finally, as a result of Bartlett sphericity tests to detect correlations between the items, it was determined that the norm values were provided for all statistical processes for the 3-factor structure explaining 64.62% of the total variance. Finally, this study presents a new data collection tool that is statistically valid and reliable to measure medical students’ motivational factors.

형사사법 연구에서 활용되는 요인분석의 사용 관행과 개선방안

This study examined the practices used to verify the validity of scales in the criminal justice areas and confirmed whether these practices were correct. Among 259 research papers published in journals listed by KCI from 2017 to 2021, 97 papers were selected for this study, which used factor analysis to verify the validity of the scale. 78.4% of papers conducted exploratory factor analysis to verify validity. It was confirmed that KMO statistics and Bartlett’s test of sphericity, methods to determine the number of factors, factor extraction methods, factor-axis rotation methods, result-presentation methods were performed. As a result, 59.2% of papers did not report the results of the KMO statistics and Bartlett sphericity tests, and 77.6% did not report the method of determining the number of factors. In the case of factor extraction method, 60.5% did not report it, and most of them used principal component analysis. In the case of rotation, 52.6% did not mention it, and VARIMAX(orthogonal rotation) was the most common method of factor-axis rotation. In addition, exploratory factor analysis showed that the report was almost inadequate. Finally, the analysis results by confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis were compared using child and youth panel data in practice.

Logistics Customer Service and Sustainability-Focused Freight Transport Practices of Enterprises: Joint Influence of Organizational Competencies and Competitiveness

The paper presents the results of research on the influence of logistics customer service on sustainability-focused freight transport practices of enterprises. Additionally, the extended perspective of the key relation through the inclusion of the joint effect of selected organizational competencies of the companies and their competitiveness in interaction with logistics customer service was introduced. The adopted research procedure included the use of several different statistical methods with regard to data collected in 275 freight transport enterprises. First, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and the Bartlett Sphericity test were determined, then a factor analysis was carried out with the intention of performing a reliability analysis and discriminant validity assessment, and finally, correlations and hierarchical multiple regression were determined. The findings of the research suggest a primal concluding explication that sustainability-focused freight transport practices are conditioned by auxiliary logistics processes realized by the enterprise within logistics customer service, joint competencies within the organization’s management, as well as peripheral circumstances of competitiveness.