Barter Research Articles

THE COMPARISON RETURN OF ISCOIN WITH THE OTHER RETURN OF ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT INSTRUMENTS

The money has tracked a historical course from the barter economy, cash, fiat money, deposit, digital and crypto money. The widespread blockchain technology has managed to crypto money such as Bitcoin, Ripple and Ethereum being ubiquitous in financial markets after 2011. While the quest for new currencies and substitute payment systems in international economic markets have continued, it is observed that these progresses are appraised in terms of Islamic marketplaces, and a solution is needed in this area. Islamic Coin (IsCoin) was shown how the halal crypto money system has been designed with sharia compliance to current offers and suggests assurance in the markets as another payment system, which has been integrated by Islamic Development Banks (IDB). I comparatively examine Turkish Lira deposit interest, Euro and USD interest, Borsa Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST), IsCoin, gold, NASDAQ, Bitcoin, and Ethereum return. This paper reveals that the return of the IsCoin is better than the return of Turkish Liras, Euro, USD Dollar, and BIST. However, the return of Bitcoin and Ethereum is better than IsCoin. Still, according to many Islamic scholars, these investment instruments have high volatility, and they have not accepted suitable investment tools due to sharia non-compliance risk.

Cattle Marketing System in Bena-Tsemay District of South Omo, South-Western Ethiopia

The absence of information on cattle marketing systems is a major challenge for cattle producers and policymakers in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted in the Bena-Tsemay district with the aim of assessing the cattle marketing system. The household survey involved the interviewing of 150 households of eight Kebeles, which were purposefully selected from the three cattle production systems. The qualitative parameters, such as cattle market infrastructures, cattle transportation facilities, cattle market information, cattle marketing channels, cattle market actors, and the extent of extension service in the cattle marketing system, were analyzed using non-parametric methods, while the means of the quantitative parameters, such as cattle price and a number of cattle supplies, were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA of SPSS, version 20. The results revealed that the majority (73.2%) of the cattle keepers in three production systems sold their cattle; while very few (24.8%) did not. Approximately 58.33% of respondents said they bought and sold cattle at the local market using eyeball estimation, while only 12.2% used a bartering system. The majority of cattle keepers (69.30%) have access to cattle market information, while a few of them (30.7%) do not have access to cattle market information. The prices of selling and purchasing cattle were determined via peaceful negotiations between cattle sellers and traders (66.7%), while a small percentage (33.3%) was determined only by the cattle seller’s decision. The lack of cattle market and transportation facilities, the lack of cattle market price promotion centers, the lack of credit services, and the lack of capacity buildings were the major cattle marketing constraints. Thus, based on the results, the authors concluded that capacity-building and development efforts should be designed for cattle market transport facilities, legal cattle market promotion centers, credit services, and cattle feeding and health improvement strategies.

The Occupational Principles of the People of the Sangam Age

Tamil is a language with an ancient literary tradition. Literature is a time mirror that captures the lives of people. In this way, the people who lived during the Sangam period took up various occupations to improve their standard of living. Food and water are essential to human life. Agriculture is the basis of food. The agriculture industry and the equipment (implements) related to it are explained. Clothing is essential for men. The textile industry, which produces garments, is explained. It is also explained by the carpentry industry, which produces the materials necessary for human life. Ornaments are used by man to beautify himself. This article examines the gold industry, the building industry, and the fishing industry through the Sangam literature. The significance of the weaving industry, the techniques used in weaving garments, and the barter system are examined and explained through the Sangam literature. The specialties of carpentry, iron, gold, and building industries and the methods of production of goods have been examined. It is established in the Sangam literary evidence that the people of the Sangam age developed their occupations in the best possible way by doing various occupations such as fishing, salt cultivation, etc., for their needs, for economic development, and for the betterment of life.

A Comparison between Russia-Qing Trade and Anglo-Chinese Trade in 1802–1860

During the first half of the nineteenth century, tea became an essential commodity in the Kyakhta trade, accounting for over 90 % of total imports. Russia increased tea imports to address its growing demand for tea. The country handled the increasing tea imports by simultaneously increasing the exports of fur, wool, and cotton. British trade with China in Guangzhou was for smuggled opium in exchange for tea. When the Qing dynasty attempted to eradicate opium trade, the UK waged two wars and legalised the opium trade. The UK’s illegal opium trade and military provocations had a significant impact on China’s politics, economy, and society, as well as a decisive impact on the decline of the Kyakhta trade. Opium, which was banned, became a monopoly product for the British, and Russia’s export products — except for silver — could not compete with opium. The UK’s illegal sale of opium increased China’s opium consumption. Consequently, this reduced the purchasing power of the Chinese, worsening the sales conditions of Russian export products. In the end, the opium trade led to a shortage of silver and an increase in the value of silver coins in China. Chinese merchants preferred silver or silver coins to other products when trading with Russia. As a result, the Russian government approved the exchange of silver, effectively ending barter trade throughout Kyakhta.

Praktik Jual Beli Barter Sparepart Sepeda Motor Di Kelurahan Sadabuan Kota Padangsidimpuan Ditinjau Dari Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

The background of the problem in this research is the sale and purchase of spare parts motorcycles that are still in the credit period, but the debtor has default against one of the leasing companies in the city of Padangsidimpuan. As a result of the default, the leasing party will withdraw the motorcycle before the leasing party comes to recall the motorbike In this case, the debtor has sold some of the motorcycle spare parts with barter trading system. For example, such as rear shock (spring), tires and others. Whereas in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law Article 266 which states: contains about Tenants are prohibited from renting and lending ijarah objects to other parties except with the permission of the party who rents out The formulation of the problem in this study is how to practice buying and selling motorcycle spare parts barter and a review of the Sharia Economic Law Compilation on the sale and purchase of motorcycle spare parts barter in the Sadabuan urban village Padangsidimpuan The method used in this research is the research method qualitative. As for the data collection techniques in the form of interviews and documentation. In this method, the data analysis used is descriptive that is, the researcher analyzes a systematic picture of what is happening in the field. Then perform an analysis of the findings by using adjust between findings and theory From the results that the practice of trading spare parts barter carried out in Sadabuan Village and the community have not fully complied with the requirements regarding buying and selling by barter which is contained in several provisions and can be eliminating the benefits, so the sale and purchase of spare parts is not in accordance with Compilation of Sharia Economic Law and because of the lack of clarity with objects or goods on the object being traded.

Byttehandel i Grønland

Barter trade in GreenlandThis essay addresses the principles of Odin Teatret’s ‘barter trade’ used for a project in Greenland from 2021 to 2024. It is an artistic device which Odin Teatret has used since 1974. Barter trade breaks down traditional conventions of theatre usually taking place outside theater institutions and doesn’t make use of narrative dramaturgy. During the barter trade the performers “exchanges” their own material with the audience and facilitate a process of response between players and audience when performing songs, dances and/or scenes. The method can be described in terms of what the French philosopher Jacques Rancière calls The Ignorant Teacher (2007).

The Kagan folktales in Mindanao Island of the Philippines

This study investigates Kagan folktales to understand the culture present in oral literature. It utilized a descriptive method and ethnographic process in the study design. The collected folktales mirrored the following components of culture: 1) Social practices, i.e., Rido (family rivalries), use of gong and balao (musical instruments), wedding, use of native baskets, dowry system for courtship, slavery, use of malong (indigenous clothing). 2) Economic practices, like farming, fishing, and barter trading. 3) Political practices, including Datu and Sultanate systems. 4) Religious practices. The analysis shows that the folktales reflect the life and works of the Kagan in Pantukan municipality, Davao de Oro, and Lupon municipality, Davao Oriental, of Mindanao Island of the Philippines. The cultural role of folktales is getting diluted in the Philippines. However, this study found that folktales have a serious purpose of preserving, developing, and sustaining indigenous culture for a better future. In conclusion, the Kagan and their folktales reveal the transcendence of folk beliefs, customs, and traditions to benefit their culture in an acculturated society today.

Future Ready Banking with Smart Contracts - CBDC and Impact on the Indian Economy

India is significantly diverse in culture and how it promotes business transactions. Though we are very acquainted with cash, cards, and online mode of payment, the Indian rural economy still believes in the barter system. At this juncture, India is evolving as a tech power house, and its economy is thriving to embrace cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange. After the Indian finance minister declared the same last February that India is working towards building its legal tender called Central Bank-backed Digital Currency (CBDC), this paper is making an impact in explaining our strengths, weakness, market readiness, and necessity to adopt a digital rupee when India's economy is highly regarded as a cashoriented economy. Is our country ready to accept the new technological shift in smart banking in the form of a digital rupee? The paper highlights the socioeconomic and technical challenges our planners need to understand before changing the Central banks' monetary policies. The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) cellular network technology has sparked renewed interest in the potential of blockchain to automate different cellular network use cases. 5G is projected to open up new market prospects for small and large businesses. The article highlights the unique instrument of the digital rupee to enhance peer-to-peer transactions with the evolution of 5G mobile technology.

Examining the Factors Affecting the Adoption of Blockchain Technology in the Banking Sector: An Extended UTAUT Model

Technology innovation has dramatically transformed banks over time. Digital innovation in the banking sector began with the introduction of money to replace barter systems, and then gradually replaced wax seals with digital signatures. One such disruptive innovation that is transforming the banking sector around the world is blockchain technology (BCT). The banking sector in India has also started adopting blockchain technology in various financial transactions. However, they are encountering some difficulties in adapting to and implementing this new technology. The successful and speedy adoption of blockchain in banking largely depends on the users’ intention to use the services. Therefore, this study extended “the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology” (UTAUT) to understand the significant predictors of the bankers’ intention to use blockchain technology. The data was collected from leading banking institutions and FinTech firms in the country to empirically test and validate the extended model. The results found that facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, and initial trust, are the significant antecedents to predicting the bankers’ intention to use blockchain in banking transactions. The study also established the significant mediating role of initial trust in predicting usage intention to use blockchain. This study’s results would help government authorities, decision-makers, and technocrats to improve banking instructions for the speedy and smooth adoption of blockchain technology. The study suggested an extended UTAUT model that incorporates contextual factors based on the scope and usage of blockchain in Indian banking activities. The study helped to identify the key factors influencing blockchain adoption among Indian bankers. The proposed model and the findings make more sense in promoting the adoption of blockchain in the Indian banking sector.

The Importance of Objects in Human Life Found in Tamil Literature

The object plays an important role in human life. Though a man lived in an ethnic society, he followed a barter system because he was dependent on others. Since the barter system was the most difficult method of exchange and involved loss, the commodity value coin and money came into operation as an alternative. Although the object is unstable, the object is necessary to live in the world and cannot be ignored. If there is something in the possession of a person who does not value it, the one who does not care will be respected and valued. The household must have intended to remain established. It is very difficult to earn money. For that reason, it has been customary since then to the present day for the man to leave the woman for the sake of the necessities of life. If everyone wants to live with everything, he has to give it to others and live. When one has wealth, one does not know its value. The value of wealth is known only when you are subjected to poverty. It is better to work hard and live richly rather than to live on credit. It is not the best life. A person who spends more than he needs is a spendthrift. He who does not spend despite the need is a miser, so it is better to spend according to the need and live according to the need. When you spend money in a good way on the right path, it will bring happiness not only to yourself but also to your relatives. Savings are the ones that raise the quality of life of an individual. In 2008, many countries, including the United States, were affected by the global economic slowdown, but India did not suffer that much because of the saving habits of our people that made money a part of life. Now it is only when there is money that life becomes great. People have created an environment in which meaning is very essential for human life.

Tamil Business Ethics and Changes Over Time

Food is one of the basic needs for human life. Agriculture has been seen as the primary occupation in Tamil life since the earliest times. A system of selling manufactured goods through barter was observed. Business is the basis of the economic development of the country. Merchants were called by their profession. The currency of the barter system evolved systematically in response to the time environment and demand. During the Sangam period, merchants who were respected by the king acted with neutrality, so the development of trade was carried out with two main divisions, namely sea trade and land trade. Markets also led to trade, especially in export and import modes. The way business was conducted during the British rule, the development of business in modern times, and in today's e-commerce service, led to various changes, using various strategies, the business has been working very well according to the development of the country and the needs of the time.

The Marginal Status of People as Shown in Sangam Literature

Tolkappiyam divides human society into four categories: kings, nobles, merchants, and agriculturalists. Over time, people developed various caste structures within the four groups. People are constantly creating/teaching some reason within themselves and living with the mindset of differentiating as high and low. Each group was/is in the mindset that they should have a group under them to do slave labour rather than think they are being enslaved by a group. The agriculturists did not get the social rights that were available to the king, nobles, and merchants. Sangam texts form the land-based communities. The land based communities came together for the barter system. However, they also had separate ideas of superior and inferior. There is a social structure based on professional systems of superiority and inferiority. Sangam texts reflect the position of people who lived a life of prosperity and the opposite position of people who lived a life of poverty. The occupations of the destitute to earn their living were considered despicable in those days. So those who do such professions are taught to be ignoble in society. This article sets out to consider them as marginalised people.

Implications of the Bartering System in Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Economic Psychology and Ethical Approach

Implications of the Bartering System in Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Economic Psychology and Ethical Approach

Men's Life in Sangam Period

This study on the life of men in the Sangam period explains the life norms that the men in the Sangam period depended on their profession and through their profession, they earned income and strived to achieve family honour. There were many professions such as brahmins (Antaṇar), king, shepherd, salt merchant, farmer, butcher, carpenter, fisherman, and merchant. Through this article, we can learn about the divisions that existed at that time. It can be known that the cultivators who lived in the lands of Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal and Palai were farmers, fishermen and hunters (Eyinar)who excelled in business. Although the people differed among themselves in occupations according to castes, they lived in close contact with each other in the five types of land. The study clarifies that the way of life of the Sangam people is based on the barter system of selling the goods available in one land and buying the goods they need in another land. Although there sare various differences in professions, the people of the Sangam period have been living together. Men of the Sangam era have been well-known for their bravery in social organizations and in helping the government. Men of the Sangam age lived a pure and happy life, distinguished by heroic status, morals and hospitality.

Ecological Changes to the Novel 'Sool' (Ovule)

The impact of 'Ecology' is so great that all scientific fields in the world cannot go beyond the single word 'ecology'. Various writers in the field of literature are also trying to take forward ecological ideas. Cho. Dharman, is also one of them. The purpose of this article is to review the ecological ideas and ecological changes presented in his novel "Sool." Even though this novel has presented various social changes such as changes in agriculture over a century, the change from the barter system to money exchange, the change of the regime of Palayakkarar (the holder of a territory), land tenure systems during the British rule, panchayat organisation systems, and village life dissolving in the city, it can be felt that the record of ecological changes during this period is predominant in this novel. In this way, the ecological changes recorded in 'Sool' and the impact these changes have had on people's lives are the main subjects of this article. The novel highlights the dangers of depleting not only land and water resources but also human resources due to anti-nature activities. In this way, this article reviews this novel with an "ecological" approach, which highlights the awareness of tillage, hydrological management, and biological pluralism possessed by the village people with traditional experience and knowledge.

Sustenance of Food Security Through Natural Resources and Traditional Weekly Markets during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study on the Tribal Villages of Karbi Anglong District of Assam

Karbi Anglong district of Assam is a zone of diversified natural resources and multicultural tradition. The present article highlights their traditional weekly markets or Hats (which is locally termed as Hithi), organised and participated by the Karbi tribal people as well as their traditional number system and practices of barter system. Such markets are either conducted weekly or fortnightly. Primary data related to the present study has been collected through field works with the help of anthropological methods. The prime objective of the present study is to find out how indigenous knowledge, locally available natural resources and traditional economic organisations have collectively sustained the daily livelihood of the marginal areas, through the traditional markets as well as through the age-old barter system, under the acute threat of COVID-19 pandemic. It has been found that such traditional markets are the platform for the Karbi people of the rural areas, to channelise their local production and to generate a scope of earning for themselves under the lockdown phases of COVID-19 pandemic.

Formation and Evolution of Ideal Interfirm Collaborative Innovation Networks Based on Decision-Making Rules for Partner Selection

On the basis of an external and static perspective on the topological structure of collaborative innovation networks, it is extremely difficult to answer the two most important concerns, namely, which structure is ideal and how to develop it in practice. By contrast, this study transfers to internal and dynamic perspectives, and then proposes that the essence of developing the ideal network lies in choosing the best partners. Therefore, we firstly propose the basic decision-making rules for selecting partners. In order of priority: knowledge distance, knowledge complementarity and barter exchange. Secondly, a model is constructed to describe this process of selecting partners and exchanging knowledge. Thirdly, the simulation results show that a small-world network is ideal in the initial stage of collaborative innovation. However, a random network is ideal in the mature periods. This result shows that the ideal network structure is not fixed, but affected by the life cycle of collaborative innovation alliance. Furthermore, this supports the notion that a small world is spontaneously generated in the real world, and also confirms that the formation of a small-world network will be driven intrinsically by a firm’s demand for external knowledge, and not necessarily by the external driving force of social capital. Finally, these findings solve the above two most important questions.

An analytical study on role of tribal women in wage based livelihood activities in southern Rajasthan

Tribal women constitute half of the work force among tribals in India. They play substantial and crucial role in their social, cultural, economic and religious ways of life and considered as an economic asset in their society.The tribal women work for about 8 to 10 hours per day in agriculture and allied activities. They collect the forest produce viz., anola, custard apple, aritha, date palm, jatropha, plant leaves, firewood, bamboo, gum, wax, honey, fodder, fruits, vegetables and sell these products in the local market and nearby villages and exchange the produce for their daily requirements through barter system. Besides engaging themselves in a variety of activities both on the farm and at home, the tribal women also contribute to the family income through their wage earnings. The present research is an attempt to see the information regarding role of tribal women in wage based livelihood activities in Rajasthan.The study was conducted in three districts of Rajasthan state namely Udaipur, Dungarpur and Banswara. The research findings revealed that Majority of the respondents jointly did selection of working hours (68.18%), distribution of responsibilities such as looking after the household work in their absence (59.09%) and selection of working place (59.09%). More than half of the respondents were jointly engaged in selection of working months and utilization of income (56.36%) and work selection (54.54%) with overall pooled mean per cent score 74.74.

WOMEN ARTISTS IN CONTEMPORARY INDIAN CERAMICS

Indian has a rich heritage of terracotta art. The history of terracotta/clay goes back to the Harappan Civilization. It is one of the oldest mediums of communication between people, whether for the barter system or as a medium of expression for the artists. ‘Pot’ in the Indian language is called a KUMBH and a person who makes it is called a KUMBHKAR. A different name of potter came to be known as 'Prajapati' creator of toys that came from Brahma who made man of clay. In traditional potter’s families, women were not allowed to work on the wheel. Women help in preparing the clay, making figures, and pain and decorating the ready pots. (Kempler, 2015)India is a patriarchal society, it is education that broke the age-old barriers and notions related to clay and brought self-sufficiency and self-consciousness for graceful living and honorable status in the society. Development of Art College in India after Independence encouraged many female students to learn different subjects like pottery, painting, sculpture, etc. All these subjects enhanced the technical knowledge of the students and paved their way into different art fields. Nirmala Patwardhan, Jyotsna Bhatt, Era Mukherjee, Shampa Shah, Dipalee Daroz, Manisha Bhattacharya, Kristine Michael, Madhavi Subramaniam are some of the artists who encouraged the future women ceramic artists in India.In the present study, we will discuss the contribution of women ceramic artists in contemporary Indian ceramics.

E- MARKETING

Humanity has travelled for a very long distance from barter trade to e-marketing. In this millennium a letter “e” places a phenomenal role. In this paper the meaning of e-market is explained in simple terms. It also traces the history of the development of e-marketing at the global and Indian level. The importance of e-market to our contemporary society is given in brief. Scope and potential of e-market is also discussed in short. The impact and implications of e-marketing has been dealt with various points. The balanced opinion of this paper on positives and negatives of e- marketing suggests the advantages out weighing the disadvantages. This paper asks for corrective measures against distortions and frauds through secured technology. This paper outlines the type of e-marketing and also the ways to choose right choice of e-marketing. E-markets are the present for the young generation. The future also holds bright for e-marketing. Technology can enhance the ease of living as well as ease of doing business. Traditional marketing may not disappear but go along with digital marketing.