Putat Research Articles

Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in coastal plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Basyuni M, Wati R, Sagami H, Sumardi, Baba S, Oku H. 2018. Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1-11. The distribution and abundance of polyprenols (pol) and dolichols (dol) in the leaves and roots of fourteen coastal plants from North Sumatra, Indonesia were analysed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. In the leaves, with respect to the distribution of pol and dol were detected and categorized into three-types. In type-I, the predominance of dol over pol, was observed in Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pandanus odoratissimus, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. In type-II, the presence of both pol and dol, was observed in Casuarina equisetifolia, Melastoma candidum, Morinda citrifolia, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sesuvium portulacastrum and Terminalia catappa. In type-III, the predominance of pol over dol, was observed in Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ricinus communis, and Pongamia pinnata. However, in the roots, a type-I distribution was observed in eleven species, while three species, A. auriculiformis, M. candidum, and M. citrifolia, corresponded to a type-II distribution instead of type-III. The diversity of polyisoprenoid composition in the leaves was noted, whereas 79% of root tissues indicated that dol occur more abundantly than pol. The range of the contents of polysioprenoid was 12-300 mg/g dw. The present study indicated that pol and dol could be useful in the classification of mangroves and other coastal forests and in phylogenetic studies. The diversity and presence of polyisoprenoids in coastal plants suggested that plant polyisoprenoids are chemotaxonomically important.

The Evaluation of Barringtonia asiatica on Indomethacin Induced Ulceration on Albino Rats.

The Evaluation of Barringtonia asiatica on Indomethacin Induced Ulceration on Albino Rats.

Toxicity of Barringtonia asiatica L. (KURZ.), Melia azedarach L. and Annona muricata L. Seed Extract Mixture Against Larvae Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)

Crocidolomia pavonana is the main pest of Brassicaceae family. Barringtonia asiatica, Melia azedarach and Annona muricata are plants that have a potency for insect pest control. Their insecticidal activities include poisoning, antifeeding and inhibiting the growth of larvae. This study aimed to determine insecticidal activities of seed extracts of B. asiatica, M. azedarach and A. muricata and their mixtures against C. pavonana F.. Experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Pesticide and Application Techniques, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran from August to November 2014. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized desain (CRD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were the seed extract of B. asiatica, M. azedarach, A. muricata and their mixtures (1:1) at the concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5% and a control treatment. The results showed that the mixture of B. asiatica and A. muricata extract was effective to control C. pavonana larvae. At the concentration of 0.1%, it caused 100% larval mortality at 3 days after application. It had also antifeedant activity. It seems there is a synergistic effects between B. asiatica and A. muricata extract. Therefore, seed extracts of B. asiatica, M. azedarach, A. muricata and their mixtures have a potency to control C. pavonana larvae. Keywords: Annona muricata, Barringtonia asiatica, Melia azedarach, Crocidolomia pavonana, extract mixture, mortality.

Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Four Host Plants Leaves of Wild Silk Moth Attacus atlas L.

Secondary metabolites may affect insect herbivores’ host plant preferences. Attacus atlas L. larvae are known have a wider variety of host plants compared with other members of the Attacus genus. This research compared the metabolic profiles of four A. atlas host plants: keben (Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz), dadap (Erythrina lithosperma Miq.), gempol (Nauclea orientalis L.), and soursop (Annona muricata L.). Leaves were collected from Sawit Sari Research Station, Yogyakarta. Terpenoid was extracted by macerating the leaves in ethyl acetate and subjecting them to GC-MS analysis, while alkaloid, tannin, and flavonoid were extracted through percolation. Total alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids were measured using spectrophotometric analysis. Multivariate data analysis using PAST ver. 3.0 was performed on the GC-MS data. Based on the PCA scatter plot of the GC-MS data, keben leaves were clustered separately from the other three leaves by PC1. Dadap and gempol leaves were clustered together due to the phytol content while caryophyllene was detected only in soursop leaves. Neophytadiene was detected in all of the leaves, suggesting that this terpenoid may serve as a signal to locate the host plants. Keben leaves contained the lowest alkaloids and highest tannins and flavonoids compared with the other leaves. These secondary metabolites may determine the host plant suitability for culturing the A. atlas.

First record of the host plant and larvae of Pachyrhynchus sonani (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Lanyu Island, Taiwan

AbstractPachyrhynchus sonani Kôno, 1930, a legally protected species in Taiwan, is endemic to Lanyu Island (Orchid Island) and Ludao Island (Green Island). Because of its unclear life history, the host and immature stages of this species in the wild have not so far been recorded. On Lanyu Island, we recently identified Barringtonia asiatica as a host plant of P. sonani, with several larvae feeding on its xylem. Herein, we describe its biology and the habitat surrounding the host plant.

Adaptasi Ekofisiologi Terhadap Iklim Tropis Kering: Studi Anatomi Daun Sepuluh Jenis Tumbuhan Berkayu

ABSTRACT Study on foliar anatomic structure of tropical plants are useful to study various aspects of plant life related to photosynthetic, productivity, carbon sequestration, adaptation to environmental stresses as the results of global climate change, etc. This study was conducted to investigate foliar anatomic structure of ten tropical woody plant species including Barringtonia asiatica, Dracontomelon dao, Heritiera littoralis, Diospyros discolor, Calophyllum inophyllum, Antidesma bunius, Schleichera oleosa, Syzygium cumini, Madhuca longifolia dan Adenanthera pavonina; also to discuss its implication to ecophysiological adaptation to tropical dry climate. The results showed that ten woody plant species studied had variation of adaptation pattern to dry tropical climate, exposure to high light intensity or open shade and photosynthesis activity. Plant species in Group II (Antidesma bunius, Madhuca longifolia and Adenanthera pavonina) has relatively higher adaptation compared to Group I (Diospyros discolor, Calophylum inophyllum, Dracontomelon dao, Schleichera oleosa, Heritiera littoralis, Baringtonia asiatica and Syzygium cumini). Some foliar anatomic structures including palisade shape and size, stomatal index, stomatal density, spongy mesophyll thickness, the ratio of P/T and P/S are important characters that can be used as indicator of changes in environmental factors; particularly the density of stomata as indicators of climate change in dry tropic area. Keywords: adaptation, dry climate, eco-physiology, foliar anatomy, woody plant

Traditional usages of ichthyotoxic plant Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. by the Nicobari tribes

Abstract The Barringtonia asiatica is a medium size tree commonly found in Car Nicobar Island known for its ichthyotoxic property. It grows on sandy and rocky shore areas and has lantern shaped seeds, locally called Kinyav used during the calm season in shallow and low tide waters for killing fishes, octopus, etc. At every successful operation they harvest about 1–3 kg and on the whole about 10–20 kg of fishes per trip. This method of fish catching was popular among the Car Nicobari tribes until massive tsunami of 26th December, 2004, which caused dislocation of tribes from their erstwhile coastal inhabitations to interior areas, damage of coral reefs, permanent water intrusion in the intertidal area and destruction of Kinyav trees. Hence, now-a-days the popularity of this fishing method among them has diminished. The study not only reveals the usefulness of seeds in harvesting of fishes but also the utilization of other parts of tree such as leaves for therapeutic purpose in fracture, wound, de-worming, pain relieving of human beings; log for construction of canoe, wooden houses, sitting stage, handicraft items, fire wood and whole tree for preventing the coastal erosion.

Status dan Mekanisme Resistensi Biokimia Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat serta Kepekaannya terhadap Insektisida Botani Ekstrak Biji Barringtonia asiatica

An examination of insect resistance was determined by several steps, i.e. standard sensitivity, resistance diagnosis, and determination of resistance level. Each phase was tested with feeding and residue contact methods at glass tube. Resistance ratio (RR) was determined by comparing LC50 value of field population with standard population. Field population of C. pavonana was classified resistant if it had RR 5 4. Biochemistry analysis of resistance was conducted to population of C. pavonana showing resistance to prophenophos insecticide. The activity analysis of acetylcholine esterase (ACHE), esterase, and Glutation Stransferase was done with spectrophotometer method. Insect which are resistant to prophenophos insecticide was tested for its sensitivity to Barringtonia asiatica seed extract. Result indicated that C. pavonana population from Pengalengan showed resistance to prophenophos synthetic insecticide. Using contact test, the highest resistance ratio value was 4.04, while by feeding assay the RR was 2.78. The study on biochemical resistance mechanisms of each field population of C. pavonana showed various activities of enzymatic detoxification. This could be due to the difference in the kind of insecticides exposed to each field population of C. pavonana. Since RR value from the contact test was higher than that of the feeding test, the resistance development of C. pavonana to synthetic insecticides was probably caused by physiological and biochemical changes in insect cuticle rather than the activity of detoxification enzyme. Methanolic seed extract of B. asiatica can be used as an alternative of resistance management of C. pavonana to prophenophos synthetic insecticide.

THE LICHENS DIVERSITY IN TRIANGULATION OF ALAS PURWO NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA

<p>The lichen flora of tropical areas is still much underworked Java in general and Alas Purwo in East Java for specially is no exception. Alas Purwo National Park is representative of a typical lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem in Java. . It is famous with peculiar and endemic species of plant include sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki) and manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong). , beside among the other plants also ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), and keben (Barringtonia asiatica). Moreover, in lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem have reported the lichens species diversity is very high and may include over 200 species in 1 ha. There is no reported have found concerning the lichens richness in Alas Purwo. Recently preliminary study of Lichens diversity have been done at triangulation Zone Alas Purwo National Park , East Java. The lichens of the study area have not been treated comprehensively. We explored the lichenological characteristics of putative”tropical lowland cloud forest” (LCF) in a lowland area (0–20ma.s.l.) near Triangulation using macrolichens (cortocoulous species) as indicator taxa We analyzed lichen diversity on 20 trees in two 0,25 ha plots. In tropical lowland forests, corticolous green algal lichens are abundant and highly diverse. This may be related to adaptation to prevailing microenvironmental conditions including, for example, high precipitation and low light intensities. In the understory of a tropical lowland rain forest in Alas Purwo , we studied the morphology and anatomy of corticolous lichens and microcristal test. We found that from Tetrasigma sp , Serbella otodans, Hemandia feltata Baringtonia aciatika Pandanaceae Manilcara cauci Swetinia mahagoni trees there are 30 species of lichens, dominated by Dyorigma sp Graphis and Glyphis from familia of Graphidaceae and Dirinaria Physcia Pyxine Ramalina from familia of Parmeliaceae. The thallus calour was variety from Green-grey, Green-bllue, green, light green, grey, brown, dark green to orange. They have vegetative as wel as generative reproduction such as isidia, soralia, soredia, chypellae, histerothecia, perithecia,and apothecia. The lichenic acids contain such as gyrophoric acid, barbatic acid, usnic acid, atranorin, acid, divaricatic acid and lecanoric acid, </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Alas Purwo, lichens and lichenic acid.</p>

First records ofBarringtonia asiatica(Lecythidaceae) from UK waters and a review of north-western European records

The tree that produces the Box Fruit is known as the Fish Poison or Sea Poison Tree, Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz, which is native to mangrove habitats on tropical coasts and islands in the Indi...

Evaluation of Artificial Diets for <I>Attacus atlas</I> (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

The objective of this research was to evaluate artificial diets that can be used to successfully culture the atlas silk moth, Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) indoors. Four plant species were evaluated as the basic component of each diet, barringtonia (Barringtonia asiatica), cheesewood (Nauclea orientalis), soursop (Annona muricata), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). Evaluation of the nutritional value of each diet was determined by an analysis of the hemolymph proteins of sixth instars using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Survivorship, cocoon quality, and hemolymph protein content of larvae fed the barringtonia diet were higher than those of larvae fed mahogany-, cheesewood-, and soursop-based artificial diets. The average adult emergence of those fed the barringtonia-based diet was 74.5%. The weights of the cocoon in this treatment with the pupa and the empty cocoons were 7.0 and 1.1 g, respectively. Hemolymph of the larvae fed the barringtonia-based artificial diet had the highest concentration of protein with an average of 28.06 mg/ml. The atlas moth reared on the barringtonia-based artificial diet was comparable with those reared only on barringtonia leaves. However, the weight of empty cocoons, adult wingspan, and amount of hemolymph protein were lower than in those reared on barringtonia leaves only. This may suggest that the artificial barringtonia-based diet requires additional protein for maximum efficiency.

<i>Deniquelata barringtoniae gen. et sp. nov.</i>, associated with leaf spots of <i>Barringtonia asiatica</i>

Deniquelata barringtoniae gen. et sp. nov. (Montagnulaceae) forms numerous ascomata on distinct zonate leaf spots of Barringtonia asiatica (Lecythidaceae). We isolated this taxon and sequenced the 18S and 28S nrDNA. The result of phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S nrDNA sequence data indicate that the genus belongs in the family Montagnulaceae, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota. The ascomata are immersed, dark brown to black, with bitunicate asci and brown, muriform ascospores. Deniquelata is distinguished from the other genera in Montagnulaceae based on its short, broad, furcate and pedicellate asci, verruculose ascospores with short narrow pseudoparaphyses with parasitic naturee and this is also supported by molecular data. A new genus and species is therefore introduced to accommodate this taxon. We used isolates of this species to show via pathogenicity testing that the taxon is able to cause leaf spots when leaves are pin pricked.

Ji Bioaktivitas Senyawa Glikosida dari Biji Keben (Barringtonia asiatica L. Kurz)

The fruits or seeds of Keben (Barringtonia asiatica L. Kurz) were used traditionally for fish poisons, to curvestomach and headeach. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify bioactive compound of n-butanolfraction of active compound against Artemia salina Leach larvae. Isolation and purification of n-butanol fractionwere carried out by column chomatography (SiO2, CHCl3-MeOH) and high pressure liquid chromatography (RP,MeOH). The result of purification was than tested using BSLT methode. The test showed that, BABU-2.4 had thehighest activity with LC 50 value was 30.19 ppm. BABU-2.4 was identified with FT-IR spectrophotometer and NMR(proton and carbon) spectrophotometer as derivate of glicoside.

Complete Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR Spectra of the Camelliagenin A and A1-Barrigenol from the seed of Barringtonia asiatica

The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of camelliagenin A and A1-barrigenol from the seeds of Barringtonia asiatica were completely assigned for the first time by one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear studies ( 1 H, 13 C, DQCOSY, TOCSY, HMQC, HMBC) at 600 and 150.89 MHz. The article reports standard data that may be important for potential authors needing such information.

Restoration of Tsunami affected Landscape and Plant Diversity in Dharmapala Park in Galle

Approximately 6 ha. of Dharmapala Park in Galle City has traditionally been maintained as a recreation area for children and adults. Owing to significantly poor horticultural attention and maintenance for many decades and the Tsunami hit, most of the lower level trees, shrubs and landscape designs as well as a few buildings and structures have been damaged. Many large trees seemed dying due to prolonged exposure to salt concentra tions in the ground and due to age, over shading and competition, termite and wood rot damages, poor drainage facilities and dumping of city garbage etc. Sky view of the park did not appear a recreational park but looked overcrowded and not harboring a diverse and fascinating array of flora arranged or managed systematically. Therefore, rehabilitation of degraded and eroded landscape status of Dharmapala Park was recognized by the local authorities. We attempted to improve the landscape status purely on the basis of adaptability to the inherent soil and land parameters and environmental conditions by choosing compatible vegetation types, strengthening architecture in par with culture and traditions of Southern Sri Lanka and existing architectural models historic to Galle Fort and other structures. Whilst restoring, improving and enhancing biological, eco logical and esthetic values, architectural and landscaping designing was aimed at accommodating requisites for future beneficiaries i.e. demonstration of ecological and biodiversity conservation and urban forestry etc. for educational, leisure and recreational purposes. Dumping yards were completely removed and the original soil organic matter status of 0.6 – 1.1 % was improved by land filling with soil sources having more than 1.5 % organic matter. Thinning out of branches, removal of old trees, shrubs and plants in unwanted places, tree surgeries and treatments of diseased and damaged tree por tions were completed to establish the proposed landscape designs. Walk ways for jogging and pets, steps, open spaces with playing, and historic exhibition facilities were systematically arranged with improved drainage and erosion control measures while the open theatre area was renovated attractively. The dominated and over crowded vegetation by Mudilla (Barringtonia asiatica L) and exotic trees and plants of about 40 species including Pinus, Casurina and Cypres etc. with little or no ecological, aesthetic or landscaping significance were changed into a variety of different canopy architectural beauty by introducing more than 120 different species of plant and tree species and turfs to give beauty and attraction for the users with cool and peaceful satisfaction. Introduction of new species was based on assuring different colour i.e. dark and light green, yellow, pink etc., diversity, size, appearance and shade horizontally and vertically during different seasons in the year, protection of the Park from sea breeze using tolerant hedge tree species and easy and less mainte nance of vegetation. In a sample survey, the visitors expressed full satisfaction of the present developments. We propose therefore to impose strict entry requirements avoiding misuse and a nominal levy in view of sustenance of the Park status and its facilities for the beneficiaries. This would also help attract both local and foreign visitors of any age

A new triterpene from Barringtonia asiatica

The freeze-dried bark of Barringtonia asiatica afforded a new triterpene: (3β,11α)-11-hydroxyolean-12-en-3-yl palmitate (1). The bark also yielded mixtures of (3β)-olean-12-en-3-yl palmitate (2a), (3β)-urs-12-en-3-yl palmitate (2b) and (3β)-olean-18-en-3-yl palmitate (2c) in a 2 : 1 : 4 ratio; β-amyrin (3a), α-amyrin (3b) and germanicol (3c) in a 3 : 1 : 4 ratio; 22-O-tigloylcamelliagenin A (4a) and betulinic acid (4b) in a 2 : 1 ratio; olean-12-en-3β,16β,22α-triol (5), β-sitosterol, spinasterol, squalene and trilinolein. The roots yielded 2a–c and 3a–c as well as trilinolein, spinasterol and squalene, while the flowers afforded verimol k (6), linoleic acid, spinasterol, squalene, phytyl fatty acid ester and trilinolein. Compounds 1–4 and 6 were tested for antimicrobial property against seven microorganisms. All compounds tested exhibited slight activity against Candida albicans and were found inactive against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger. Except for the mixture of 4a and 4b that proved to be inactive, all the compounds were slightly active against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, while 3a–c were slightly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

New Triterpenes from Barringtonia asiatica

The leaves of Barringtonia asiatica afforded two new triterpenes, germanicol caffeoyl ester (1) and camelliagenone (2). Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. It also afforded germanicol trans-coumaroyl ester (3), germanicol cis-coumaroyl ester (4), germanicol (5), camelliagenin A (6), spinasterol, sitosterol, squalene, lutein and trilinolein. Compounds 3, spinasterol and trilinolein were isolated from the fruits, while the seeds yielded spinasterol, squalene, linoleic acid and trilinolein. Compounds 1-5 exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans, 1-3 and 5 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while 5 is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A TRITERPENE ESTER SAPONIN FROM THE SEED OF <i>Barringtonia asiatica</i>

A triterpene ester saponin has been isolated from the seed of Barringtonia asiatica and its structure has been established by extensive application of high-resolution FABMS and two dimensional NMR techniques to be 3-O-{[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyloxy}-22-O-[2-methylbutyroyloxy]-15,16,28-trihydroxy-(3β,15α,16α,22α)-olean-12-ene. Keywords: Barringtonia asiatica, Lecythidaceae, triterpenoid

ISOLATION OF AN ANTIFEEDANT TRITERPENOID FROM THE SEED OF <i>Barringtonia asiatica</i>

An antifeedant triterpenoid saponin has been isolated from the seed of Barringtonia asiatica and its structure elucidated mainly by two dimensional NMR spectroscopy is identified as 3-O-{[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyloxy}-22-O-[2-(E)-methyl-2-butenyloyloxy]-15, 16,28-trihydroxy-(3β,15α,16α,22α)-olean-12-ene. This compound showed antifeedant activity towards Epilachna sp larvae Keywords: Barringtonia asiatica, saponin, antifeedant

IDENTIFICATION AND SEQUENCING BY NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE CARBOHYDRATE MOIETY IN A SAPONIN FROM Barringtonia asiatica

A trisaccharide chain in a saponin from the seeds of Barringtonia asiatica has been identified and sequenced as {[b-D-galactopyranosyl(1®3)- b-D-glucopyranosyl(1®2)]-b-D-glucuronopyranosyloxy} using a combination of homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation NMR spectroscopy. The 1H and 13C NMR signals of the sugar residues can be determined and distinguished from one other by use of the HMQC-TOCSY technique. Anomeric configurations were unambiguously assigned from the vicinal coupling constants 3JH-1,H-2 of the anomeric protons. Inter-glycosidic linkage assignments were elucidated using HMBC. Keyword: Barringtonia asiatica, carbohydrate, saponin, NMR