Barrels Of Water Research Articles

The Analysis of Cultural Literacy in Ethnomathematics used by The Animaker Website at The Kramat Buyut Trusmi Mosque

Ethnomatematics is mathematics that connects mathematical concepts with elements of culture or everyday life. This research aims to identify and describe ethnomathematics in the Kramat Buyut Trusmi Mosque building as a learning resource assisted by the animaker website. Animaker is a medium for creating explanatory videos and presentations. The research carried qualitative research with an ethnographic approach where this approach leads to observation and has a role as part of field research. Researcher played the role of planning, collecting information, documenting and also analyzing information or data, who will then choose anyone as a source of data or information. Data analysis through data collection techniques, data reduction, data presentation, and also drawing conclusions. The results of the research showed that several buildings in the Kramat Buyut Trusmi Mosque include Gapura Kori Agung which is an example of a building that contains elements of spatial plane geometry such as a rectangular pyramid on the roof of the building, a tube structure found in a water barrel located not far from the door gate, in the gate there are also geometric elements of transformation such as reflection or mirroring.

High moisture extrusion of pea protein isolate to mimic chicken texture: Instrumental and sensory insights

High moisture extrusion processing (HMEP) is gaining attention in the plant-based food industry to obtain meat-like textures from different vegetal protein sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of extrusion process parameters (water feeding rate, barrel temperature and screw speed) on the texture and moisture content of high moisture extrudates (HME) from pea protein isolate using response surface methodology. Sensory textural profile of selected HME was compared with those of cooked chicken breast and a commercial extruded meat analogue sample. Extrusion process parameters had a significant effect on the characteristics of the final product. Barrel temperatures between 145 °C and 165 °C and a water feed rate between 53% and 57% produced HME with an instrumental texture similar to cooked chicken breast, 165 °C and 55% water feed being the conditions that produced the HME with the highest meat-like appearance and sensory fibrousness.

Integrating Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal in Aquaponics System for Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Production

The adoption of aquaponics systems faces challenges due to the high cost of fish feed, lack of sustainability, and reliance on fishmeal as a primary input. One potential solution to replace fishmeal is the use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in aquaponics. The study aimed to explore the effect of substituting fish meals with BSFL meals on the growth performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in aquaponics. The study employed the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). A total of 135 catfish fingerlings were divided into three groups and stocked in nine water barrels of 100 litres each (filled with 60 litres of water). The fingerlings were fed twice a day for a duration of 56 days after a two-week period of acclimatisation using commercial feed. Water was cycled through the hydroponic media grow bed using an automatic timer, with a 15-minute cycle every hour throughout the day and night. Fish meal was replaced with BSFL meal at three different proportions: 0% (BSFL0), 30% (BSFL30), and 50% (BSFL50). The data collected was analysed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by Tukey's ad-hoc and Dunn's tests, respectively, utilising JMP 16 software. The results indicated that the fresh leaf weight was significantly influenced by the diet types (p<0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on root weight, total dry weight, number of leaves, or root length (p>0.05). This study suggests that black soldier fly larvae meal can successfully replace up to 50% of fishmeal in aquaponics without compromising lettuce growth performance. Therefore, promoting the use of black soldier fly larvae meal can contribute to the sustainability of lettuce production in aquaponics

Development of complex patterns of anthropogenic uplift and subsidence in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and southeast New Mexico, USA

The Delaware Basin in west Texas and southeast New Mexico is now the largest global oil producing basin, averaging ∼400,000 m3 (∼2,500,000 barrels) per day in 2022. The shale-dominated strata targeted for production can co-produce 4–5 times more water than oil, necessitating disposal by injection of ∼1,400,000 m3 (∼8,700,000 barrels) of water per day in 2022. Through a comprehensive assimilation of regional Sentinel-1 satellite radar data and analysis of production and injection, we show how petroleum operations have caused the development of complex and accelerating patterns of surface deformation from 2015 through 2021. We observe uplift from reservoir swelling, subsidence from reservoir contraction, and the development of linear features that are indicative of faulting. Subsidence is predominantly caused by production, and an important finding of this study is that the magnitude of subsidence is linearly proportional to total production. Uplift is caused by pressurization from wastewater injection of shallow permeable strata. The patterns of uplift are complex and extend laterally well-beyond areas where injection was performed. Linear surface deformation features are observed throughout the Delaware Basin, and they are lengthening and densifying as uplift and subsidence accelerate. Many of the lineations can be linked to known strata-bounded faults and shallow seismicity in the southern Delaware Basin where they serve as permeable and anisotropic conduits for pore pressure migration. In the Northern Delaware Basin, co-seismic rupture is hosted along basement-rooted faults that may link to the linear surface features. Understanding these dynamic changes in Delaware Basin is a pressing concern for management of subsurface reservoirs and safeguarding the surface environment. Concerns include ongoing induced seismicity, hazard of drilling through over-pressured strata, maintenance of integrity for newer wellbores, mitigation of flows of brine and petroleum fluids at the surface of old wellbores, and management of the pore space resource for wastewater injection.

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Previous article FreeBack CoverPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreAccording to the character Sagredo in the Dialogues by Galileo Galilei:What greater stupidity can be imagined than that of calling jewels, silver and gold “precious,” and earth and soil “base”? People who do this ought to remember that if there were as great a scarcity of soil as jewels or precious metals, there would not be a prince who would not spend a bushel of diamonds and rubies and a cartload of gold just to have enough earth to plant a jasmine in a little pot, or to sow an orange seed and watch it sprout, grow, and produce its handsome leaves, its fragrant flowers and fine fruit. It is scarcity and plenty that make the vulgar take things to be precious or worthless; they call a diamond very beautiful because it is like pure water, and then would not exchange one for ten barrels of water.[Dava Sobel, Galileo’s Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love (London: Fourth Estate, 1999), p. 152](Suggested by Stephen Jenkins)Originally printed on the February 2003 (vol. 111, no. 1) back cover Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 131, Number 3March 2023 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/725075 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Relationship among Extrusion Conditions, Cell Morphology, and Properties of Starch‐Based Foams—A Review

AbstractEnvironmental impact concern of conventional polymer foams has attracted considerable interest for the development of natural‐based polymer foams. Starch is a biopolymer that is gaining acceptability due to its renewability, availability, environmental biodegradation, and low cost. Extrusion is particularly desirable to produce starch‐based foams because it can produce a homogeneous mixing, high heat transfer, high pressure, reduction of the residence time, and low production costs. This review explains the transformation of starch during the foam processing and their relationship with extrusion conditions such as water content, barrel temperature, screw configuration and speed, die temperature, and die dimensions and how all these factors impact on the cell morphology, apparent density, expansion ratio, and final properties of starch‐based foams. The strategies to reduce water sensitivity are described, as well as the effect of amylose content and the addition of additives to improve the starch‐based foams performance as alternative for expanded polystyrene. The extrusion processing conditions can be controlled to obtain the desirable properties for specific applications such as cushioning, packaging, and loose‐fill, among others. Also, a brief look at the starch‐based foams trends, challenges, and perspectives are also discussed.

Islamic Concept in the Architecture of the Saoraja Lapinceng Traditional House

The historic house of Saoraja Lapinceng was created in 1879 by Andi Muhammad Saleh Daeng Parani Arung Balusu, often known as King Balusu. When Saoraja Lapinceng was established, the building collapsed, shattering glassware such as plates and other kitchenware (in the Bugis language, pinceng means glass). Thus, it was given the name Soraja Lapinceng. The components of a traditional Soraja Lapinceng home are separated into three sections: rakkeang, ale bole, and awa bola. This research seeks to elucidate the relationship between Islam and the Barru community in the architecture of the traditional Saoraja Lapinceng house. Qualitative information derived from field and library studies. The researchers employed historical, archeological, social anthropological, and architectural methods to address these issues. Observation, in-depth interviews with homeowners, community leaders, and the community surrounding the traditional house, as well as the collection of papers and audio recordings, were the data gathering techniques utilized in this study. The results of the study indicate that the concept of Islam in the architecture of the traditional Saoraja Lapinceng house is reflected in the orientation of family furniture, particularly the bed, towards the Qibla. The bedrooms for children and parents are divided, and the bedrooms for boys and girls are also segregated. The water barrel is positioned adjacent to the site's entrance stairs so that those who wish to enter the residence can do so with clean feet. According to Islamic teachings, the home must be clean, and the water barrel is used to collect water for ablution. In accordance with Islamic principles, the toilet cannot face the Qibla. This conforms to the notion of including toilets in the spatial layout of a typical Saorja Lapinceng home. The goal of this study is for individuals to apply the ideals and values of Saoraja Lapinceng traditional house building to the contemporary period.

Analysis of Energy and Exergoeconomic on Water Cleaning and Injection Facilities in the CPP Block, Indonesia

One of the problems in the upstream oil and gas industry is that large quantities of produced water must go through a water cleaning and injection process in accordance with the Regulation of the State Minister of the Environment Number 19 of 2010 of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the quality standards of wastewater for oil and gas and geothermal activities. A total of 224,257.1 barrels of water per day which is produced water in the CPP Block must go through a water management process which requires a large energy consumption of 269.47 MW/month. One effort to reduce the use of electrical energy is to conduct energy and exergy analysis to determine the point of greatest energy use as a result of exergy destruction and convert it into economic costs as operating cost losses. From the research, it is known that the largest electrical energy consumption is at the injection pump 235.47 MW/month with exergy 67.72 KW, the largest exergy destruction is 31.04 KW at the charge filter pump with an efficiency of 54%. Energy and exergy analysis is used to identify changes in energy quality in a system.

First comprehensive analysis of Aedes aegypti bionomics during an arbovirus outbreak in west Africa: Dengue in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2016-2017.

Dengue's emergence in West Africa was typified by the Burkina Faso outbreaks in 2016 and 2017, the nation's largest to date. In both years, we undertook three-month surveys of Aedes populations in or near the capital city Ouagadougou, where the outbreaks were centered. In 1200LG (urban), Tabtenga (peri-urban) and Goundry (rural) localities, we collected indoor and outdoor resting mosquito adults, characterized larval habitats and containers producing pupae and reared immature stages to adulthood in the laboratory for identification. All mosquito adults were identified morphologically. Host species (from which bloodmeals were taken) were identified by PCR. Generalized mixed models were used to investigate relationships between adult or larval densities and multiple explanatory variables. From samples in 1,780 houses, adult Ae. aegypti were significantly more abundant in the two urban localities (Tabtenga and 1200 LG) in both years than in the rural site (Goundry), where Anopheles spp. were far more common. Results from adult collections indicated a highly exophilic and anthropophilic (>90% bloodmeals of human origin) vector population, but with a relatively high proportion of bloodfed females caught inside houses. Habitats producing most pupae were waste tires (37% of total pupae), animal troughs (44%) and large water barrels (30%). While Stegomyia indices were not reliable indicators of adult mosquito abundance, shared influences on adult and immature stage densities included rainfall and container water level, collection month and container type/purpose. Spatial analysis showed autocorrelation of densities, with a partial overlap in adult and immature stage hotspots. Results provide an evidence base for the selection of appropriate vector control methods to minimize the risk, frequency and magnitude of future outbreaks in Ouagadougou. An integrated strategy combining community-driven practices, waste disposal and insecticide-based interventions is proposed. The prospects for developing a regional approach to arbovirus control in West Africa or across Africa are discussed.

Produced Water Treatment and Valorization: A Techno-Economical Review

In recent years, environmental concerns have urged companies in the energy sector to modify their industrial activities to facilitate greater environmental stewardship. For example, the practice of unconventional oil and gas extraction has drawn the ire of regulators and various environmental groups due to its reliance on millions of barrels of fresh water—which is generally drawn from natural sources and public water supplies—for hydraulic fracturing well stimulation. Additionally, this process generates two substantial waste streams, which are collectively characterized as flowback and produced water. Whereas flowback water is comprised of various chemical additives that are used during hydraulic fracturing; produced water is a complex mixture of microbiota, inorganic and organic constituents derived from the petroliferous strata. This review will discuss the obstacles of managing and treating flowback and produced waters, concentrating on the hardest constituents to remove by current technologies and their effect on the environment if left untreated. Additionally, this work will address the opportunities associated with repurposing produced water for various applications as an alternative to subsurface injection, which has a number of environmental concerns. This review also uses lithium to evaluate the feasibility of extracting valuable metals from produced water using commercially available technologies.

Using Smart Completion Technology to Control Water Coning Problems and Increase Oil Recovery in a Southern Iraqi Oilfield

This research describes the using of a new well completion technology system that enhance the homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoir deliverability and the production performance gained through a completion technique using Autonomous Inflow Control Valve (AICD) by self-decreasing/delaying water and gas progress and promoting increasing in oil production, therefore, equalizing the drawdown (∆P=Pi-Pwf) along the well and provide a dynamic water shut-off operation and significantly increasing the economic life of a well and therefore, reducing capital and operational expenditures for the field development.
 The research presents a production performance simulation results for a conventional and smart well completion technology in a horizontal well in a southern Iraqi oilfield for two stages during well life; early stage (till 2018) and late stage (till 2033). For early stage of well life, there was no significant difference in results when comparing between the conventional completion design and the smart completion design. In the contrast, the simulation results for the late life of the well showed that the well can produce for approximately 1056.7 barrel per day crude oil with a water-cut of 82 % at the year of 2033. The also revealed that the results showed that the cumulative oil production from the year of 2018 till 2050 will be 23 million barrel of crude oil and 44 million barrel of water when the well is completed with conventional completion design. When the completion design has been changed and equipped with autonomous inflow control devices (AICDs) technology and simulated the production performance by NETool Software. The simulation results showed that the oil production has been increased by 891 barrel per day (1947.3 barrel per day) and the water cut has reduced significantly in comparison with the conventional production completion by 17 % (65.4 %) at the year of 2033. The results revealed that the cumulative oil production from the year of 2018 till 2050 will be 31 million barrel of crude oil and 33 million barrel of water.
 It has been concluded, from the reservoir and production simulation, that the application of the technology is successful and showed a clear advantage of using Autonomous Inflow Control Device (AICD) that provides better water influx control profile.

Siraman Gong Kiai Pradah : a Javanese Local Wisdom

This study describes the tradition of Siraman Gong Kiai Pradah which was carried out in Lodaya, Blitar Regency, East Java. This ceremony is carried out routinely twice a year, namely on 12 Maulid and 1 Shawwal. This study uses a qualitative method with primary data sources in the form of interviews with the caretaker of Gong Kiai Pradah and observations of the implementation of the siraman tradition. Sources of secondary data obtained from documents relevant to the object of research in the form of books and journals. From the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the Siraman Gong Kiai Pradah tradition is divided into three stages, namely the preparation stage, implementation stage, and post-implementation. Each stage carried out contains local wisdom values that are thick with Javanese culture, for example, the mangle decoration which depicts unity, cok bakal which symbolizes the human relationship with God and seven barrels of water which symbolizes pitulungan, namely the hope of the Lodaya residents to always get help from God.

Recent water disposal and pore pressure evolution in the Delaware Mountain Group, Delaware Basin, Southeast New Mexico and West Texas, USA

Study regionA flat, large, semi-arid plateau in the southwest United States (west Texas and southeast New Mexico) underlain by a deep Paleozoic sedimentary basin, the tectonic Delaware Basin, host of intensive hydrocarbon production. Study focusImpacts of injection of large volumes of water produced from oil and gas wells and injected through 1000 + disposal wells, in particular, pressure buildup, induced seismicity and their potential consequences, in a formation underlying fresh-water aquifers but separated from them by thick layers of evaporites. The target formation is the Delaware Mountain Group (DMG) of Permian age and consisting of up to 4500 ft (~1400 m) of mostly fine-grained, deepwater siliciclastic slope and basin deposits (sandstones, siltstones, and minor limestones). A flow model was developed and calibrated from well log data, stratigraphic data, petrophysical analyses, and core data (123 ×170 mi2 - 1 ×1 mi2 grid size) complemented with dynamic injectivity information based on surface injection pressures and rates of the disposal wells. New hydrological insights for the regionInjection of 5.8 billion barrels (0.92 billion m3) of waste water has generated regional pressure increases in the DMG mostly in the 100–400 psi (0.7–2.8 MPa) range: (1) creating strong artesian conditions that, combined with the presence of numerous historical boreholes, could connect DMG and fresh-water aquifers; and (2) generating conditions leading to actually observed moderate induced seismicity.

Gradient descent algorithm to optimize the offshore scale squeeze treatments

Scale deposition is one of the serious oilfield chemical issues which may lead to a range of downhole and production problems, including the reduction of well productivity index. Scale Inhibitor (SI) squeeze treatments are one of the most common techniques which are applied to prevent downhole scaling in production wells. A treatment typically consists of four stages, (i) a preflush, to condition the rock surface; (ii) a main treatment, where a batch of high concentration inhibitor is bullheaded into the formation; (iii) an overflush, to displace the scale inhibitor slug deeper into the near-well formation, and (iv) a shut-in stage to allow further inhibitor retention before putting the well back on production. During this backflow period, scale inhibitor is released from the rock surface into the produced water, and the scale deposition is prevented if the inhibitor concentration is above some specified Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC). Due to logistic constraints in offshore wells, it is often required that the scale protection afforded by a squeeze treatment should last for some fixed design lifetime until the next treatment becomes available. For example, in the North Sea sector, well operations are often based on an annual treatment design. This paper presents a methodology to optimize the squeeze treatment design for a fixed target lifetime and this is applied for two offshore well squeeze treatments. This approach allows us to account for the operational constraints in the squeeze optimization process to treat a fixed volume of produced water, while minimizing the inhibitor neat volume and the total pumping time. A sensitivity study was performed on the inhibitor concentration, where the results showed that deploying a smaller inhibitor slug but with higher concentration is more effective than a larger slug with lower concentration, assuming a fixed volume of inhibitor and injected water. Therefore, it is recommended that the inhibitor is deployed at the maximum possible concentration, while avoiding the potential for any formation damage. Considering the same inhibitor slug (volume and concentration), this study suggests that the squeeze lifetime continuously increases with the overflush volume. This implies that the lifetime function is differentiable with respect to the overflush, and thus a gradient-based optimization algorithm, specifically the Gradient Descent (GD) may be applied to find the exact overflush volume resulting in the target lifetime. Employing this procedure for a wide range of main treatment volumes allows us to calculate the squeeze “Iso-Lifetime” curve which represents all the possible squeeze designs for the target lifetime. Thereafter, from the iso-lifetime designs, the CPB value (total cost of squeeze per treated barrel of water produced) can be minimized to find the most optimum squeeze design. This approach is shown to result in the optimum scale inhibitor squeeze treatment strategy in the long-term.

Development of Oil and Gas Stimulation Fluids Based on Polymers and Recycled Produced Water.

Freshwater scarcity is a highly pressing and accelerating issue facing our planet. Therefore, there is a great incentive to develop sustainable solutions by reusing wastewater or produced water (PW), especially in places where it is generated abundantly. PW represents the water produced as a by-product during oil and gas extraction operations in the petroleum industry. It is the largest wastewater stream within the industry, with hundreds of millions of produced water barrels per day worldwide. This research investigates a reuse opportunity for PW to replace freshwater utilization in well stimulation applications. Introducing an environmentally friendly chelating agent (GLDA) allowed formulating a PW-based fluid system that has similar rheological properties in fresh water. This work aims at evaluating the rheological properties of the developed stimulation fluid. The thickening profile of the fluid was controlled by chelation chemistry and varying different design parameters. The experiments were carried out using a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) viscometer. Variables such as polymer concentration and pH have a great impact on the viscosity, while temperature and concentration of the chelating agents are shown to control the thickening profile, as well as its stability and breakage behaviors. Furthermore, 50 pptg of carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) polymer in 20 wt.% chelating solution was shown to sustain 172 cP viscosity for nearly 2.5 h at 150 °F and 100 S−1 shear rate. The newly developed fluid system, solely based on polymer, chelating agent, and PW, showed great rheological capabilities to replace the conventional stimulation fluids based on fresh water. The newly developed fluid can also have economic value realization due to fewer additives, compared with conventional fluids.

Guest Editorial: Why Multistage Stimulation Could Transform the Geothermal Industry

Geothermal energy is “having a moment.” It has been part of the global energy mix for many decades, but growth has been limited by the relatively limited number of sites with optimal geologic conditions. Technologies developed in the oil and gas sector have the potential to overcome these limitations and unlock dramatically increased geothermal production in the US and worldwide. Success is far from certain, but with the enthusiasm, ingenuity, and capital flowing toward these technologies, there is a realistic shot at breakthrough success. Geothermal energy comes in a variety of flavors, from shallow heat-pump systems used for residential heating and cooling to deep, hot wells drilled for electricity production. While opportunities exist across this spectrum, this column is specifically concerned with the drilling of deep, high-temperature wells for electricity production. Flow rate is a major challenge for geothermal. The energy content of one barrel of hot water is much lower than the energy content of one barrel of oil. Thus, to achieve profitability, geothermal wells must produce the equivalent of tens of thousands of barrels of water or steam per day. Across much of the western US, temperatures are hot enough for geothermal electricity production within reasonable drilling depth. However, in the absence of special geologic conditions from a hydrothermal system, wells usually cannot produce sufficient rate. Dating back to the 1970s, hydraulic stimulation has been tested as a way of increasing flow rate per well. Designs utilize injection and producer wells, with fluid heating up as it circulates between the wells. If engineers could use stimulation to consistently achieve high flow rates, a vast resource would be unlocked. The US Department of Energy’s (DOE) 2019 GeoVision report estimates that more than 60 GWe could be produced in the US by 2050. To date, success with hydraulic stimulation has been limited. Conventionally, geothermal wells have been drilled vertically and then stimulated by injecting only water (no proppant) into a single openhole section (without using multiple stages). Engineers have hoped that the injected water would shear-stimulate a dense network of natural fractures, with a large amount of surface area and fracture conductivity. These designs can yield modest success because geothermal wells are usually drilled in high-strength rock in the crystalline basement, and so fractures have considerable self-propping capability. However, rather than creating a dense network, flow tends to localize into a small number of dominant flowing pathways. Without a large number of flowing pathways, the reservoirs lack the ability to sustain high rate and are subject to thermal short circuiting that prematurely reduces the production temperature. Fortunately, similar problems have been encountered and solved by the shale industry. The shale revolution was unlocked by the application of multistage hydraulic fracturing along horizontal wellbores. Mechanical isolation allows sequential injection into sections of the well. Within each stage, perforation pressure drop is used to force fluid to flow into multiple pathways along the well. Perforation clusters are spaced tightly—typically from 10 to 50 ft. Recent core-through studies confirm that stimulation is creating hundreds or thousands of conductive fractures along each fractured lateral.

Effects of high level of fermented soybean meal substitution for fish meal on the growth, enzyme activity, intestinal structure protein and immune‐related gene expression and intestinal flora in juvenile pearl gentian grouper

The present study preliminarily investigated the effects of high level of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) protein substituted for fish meal (FM) protein on the growth and intestinal homeostasis of pearl gentian grouper. Seven hundred and twenty juvenile groupers were randomly divided into three groups, including the FM control group, 20% FSBM protein substituted for FM protein group (FSBM20) and FSBM40 group (n = 4). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were prepared and fed to fish for 10 weeks. Each barrel of cultural water is 1 m3, using natural light and temperature. Results showed that weight gain, specific growth rate, intestine plica length/width and microvilli length in FSBM groups decreased significantly (p < .05), and the lamina propria width in FSBM groups increased significantly (p < .05). The enzyme activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase in distal intestinal tissues and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase in liver tissues increased significantly with dietary FSBM addition (p < .05). The pro-inflammatory and immune-related gene expressions of IL1β, IL12, IL32 and TNF-α increased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05), while the anti-inflammatory and immune-related gene expressions of IL5, IL10, IgM, CD4 and lysozyme decreased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05). The aquaporin protein gene expressions of aqu1, aqu4 and aqu12, and the tight junction protein gene expressions of jam, claudin3, claudin12, claudin15 and ZO-3 decreased significantly (p < .05), while the gene expressions of aqu8, aqu9, aqu10 and ZO-1 increased significantly (p < .05), and the ion transport carrier gene expressions of nkcc and clc decreased significantly (p < .05). 16S high-throughput sequencing showed that at the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05), while that of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria increased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05). At the genus level, the top 10 species were Photobacterium, Stenotrophlomonas, Vibrio, Phyllobacterium, Chromohalobacter, etc. The abundance of Photobacterium in FSBM40 group decreased significantly (p < .05), while that of other species increased significantly (p < .05). High level of FSBM substituted for FM resulted in a significant decrease in the functional abundance of aerobic_chemoheterotrophy and chemoheterotrophy in FSBM40 group (p < .05), while animal_parasites_or_symbiont abundance increased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05). Present study showed that experimental level of FSBM had a significantly negative effect on the growth performance, intestinal mucosa structure and intestinal flora composition in pearl gentian grouper.

Numerical optimization of process parameters of water chestnut flour incorporated corn‐based extrudates: Characterizing physicochemical, nutraceutical, and storage stability of the developed product

The present research was undertaken to optimize process conditions for development of water chestnut incorporated corn-based extrudates. The independent extrusion variables—feed composition, feed moisture, screw speed and barrel temperature were studied to determine their influence on dependent variables-specific mechanical energy, expansion index, bulk density, water solubility index, water absorption index, hardness, and color. All system and product responses were significantly (p < .05) influenced by independent variables. The regression models fitted to experimental design showed high coefficient of determination (R2 ≥ 0.99). The optimum conditions for development of extrudates obtained by numerical optimization were corn flour : water chestnut flour (60:40), feed moisture (14%), barrel temperature (170°C), and screw speed (300 rpm). Moisture, protein, and fat contents of extrudates developed using optimum conditions were significantly (p < .05) lower than corn and water chestnut. Storage studies revealed safe storage of extrudates packed in aluminum laminates up to 120 days under ambient conditions without compromising much of its qualities. Practical applications Water chestnut possesses excellent therapeutic potential owing to the presence of bioactive compounds including glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, and tannins, which may help in alleviating various diseases. Besides, water chestnut has low glycemic index; thus, the developed products prepared from it may be suitable for diabetics. Extruded products have better consumer acceptability in terms of shelf life and organoleptic characteristics. Therefore, the extruded products developed from nutritionally rich water chestnut would be a better alternative to already available extruded snacks in food industry. It can open up a new horizon in the field of extrusion products.

Integration of vertical floating bed for red amaranth cultivation in low land areas of Bangladesh

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;This study incorporates the design, fabrication, implementation and evaluation of soil-based Vertical Floating Bed (VFB). The VFB has contained six plots in three vertical layers, each layer having vertical distance of 0.61 m. The structural load was calculated and three water barrels were used to maintain stable floating condition. Red Amaranth was grown and the production was evaluated with horizontal farm based on no. of leaves (NoL), stem size (SS), crop weight, crop height (CH), root zone depth and total yield (Y). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in yield among different layers of VFB with horizontal layer. Most of the considerable yield (NoL 10 nos, CH 0.27 m, SS 12 mm, Y 1.54 kg) was achieved from the top layer of the structure (L1). The lowest production (NoL 7 nos, CH 0.19 m, SS 9 mm, Y 0.83 kg) was found in the bottom layer (L3). The elevation of different layers caused growth variances due to sunlight exposure differences. The study suggested that healthy production will be capable as insect and weed infestation was negligible. It can also be a sustainable method to grow vegetables in low-land areas.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Techno-Economic Analysis of RO Desalination of Produced Water for Beneficial Reuse in California

There is approximately 508.7 million cubic meters (3.2 million barrels) of oilfield-produced water generated per year across the oil fields of California. While less than 2% of this produced water receives advanced treatment for beneficial reuse, changing regulations and increasing scarcity of freshwater resources is expected to increase the demand for beneficial reuse. This paper reviews onshore-produced water quality across California, relevant standards and treatment objectives for beneficial reuse, identifies contaminants of concern, and treatment process design considerations. Lastly, we evaluate the capital and operating costs of an integrated membrane system for treating produced water based on data from a field pilot conducted in the coastal region of California.