Substitution Of Barley Research Articles

Effect of ultra‐fine ground whole grain highland barley substitution on wheat dough properties and bread qualities

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThere is a growing interest in incorporating whole grain highland barley (HB) to wheat bread for improving nutrients and potential health benefits. However, the qualities and sensory properties of whole grain‐based bread were reduced compared to refined wheat‐based bread due to the strong water absorption and large particle size of dietary fiber in whole grain. Therefore, ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB partially substituted 5%–40% wheat flour to make bread, and the relevant dough properties and bread qualities were studied.FindingsThe increased addition of ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB from 5% to 40% to wheat increased dough development time, whereas, decreased dough stability time, elasticity, pH, G′ modulus, and G″ modulus. The increased substitution of ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB to wheat further reduced the specific volume, cohesiveness, elasticity, and resilience of bread, whereas, increased the hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness of bread.ConclusionsThe partial substitution of wheat with ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB from 5% to 40% wheat significantly affected wheat‐HB dough properties and resultant bread qualities mainly due to weakened gluten networking.Significance and NoveltyThe 5%–10% substitution of wheat by ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB showed the optimum dough properties and bread qualities compared to other treatments, which substituted 20%–40% wheat flour.

Growth performance and gut function of broiler chickens received barley-based diets with or without an enzyme mixture

An experimental study was performed to evaluate the responses of broiler chickens to dietary substitution of barley for corn. A total of 252 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed among 18 floor pens. Six such pens were then randomly assigned to each dietary treatment. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-based diet, a barley-based diet, and the barley-based diet plus an enzyme mixture. Results indicated that barley substitution for corn significantly (p< 0.0001) impacted broiler performance criteria. However, enzyme supplementation significantly (p= 0.02) improved the feed conversion ratio to the extent obtained in the corn control. The villus absorptive surface area was shrunk in birds fed a barley diet compared to the corn diet. Nevertheless, supplementation of the barley diet with the enzyme mixture significantly (p= 0.02) restored the situation. The expression of the TLR2 gene was significantly down-regulated by replacing barley with corn. Enzyme supplementation of the barley diet significantly (p< 0. 001) up-regulated TLR2 gene expression but not to the extent observed in the corn control group. Significant increases were observed in circulatory levels of uric acid (p< 0.05), total protein (p<0.01), and albumin (p< 0.001) when barley was substituted for corn. Enzyme supplements did not make any significant difference to these variables. In conclusion, the substitution of barley for corn was associated with the poor performance of broilers. However, supplementing barley-based diets with the enzyme mixture improved chicken's performance through enhanced villus absorptive surface area. It reduced the turnover of enterocytes, as reflected in a lower crypt depth in the jejunum.

Effects of the Partial Substitution of Corn with Wheat or Barley on the Growth Performance, Blood Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Health and Fecal Microbial Composition of Growing Pigs.

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of wheat and barley substitution for corn on growth performance, blood antioxidant capacity, intestinal health and fecal microbial composition in growing pigs. Eighteen healthy “Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire” pigs (50 ± 0.85 kg) were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates and one pig per replicate. The three treatment groups were fed the basal diet (CON) based on corn and soybean meal, respectively, and the experimental group diet was partially replaced by wheat (WH) and barley (BL), respectively. The nutritional levels of the three treatments were the same. The experiment lasted 28 days. Wheat and barley partially replacing corn had no significant effects on growing pigs’ growth performance, blood antioxidant capacity and nutrient digestibility (p > 0.05). Compared with CON and BL, WH significantly increased the duodenal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio of growing pigs (p < 0.05). Compared with CON, WH and BL significantly increased the contents of butyric acid, propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the cecum and colonic digesta of growing pigs (p < 0.05). In addition, the abundance of Turicibacter, Escherichia-Shigella and other harmful bacteria in barley and wheat diet groups were significantly decreased at the genus level (p < 0.05). The abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Roseburia increased significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, barley and wheat partially replacing corn as energy feedstuffs does not affect the growth performance of pigs but can regulate intestinal flora and promote intestinal health.

Effect of Highland Barley on Rheological Properties, Textural Properties and Starch Digestibility of Chinese Steamed Bread.

Highland barley has a different composition and structure to other crops. It has higher contents of total polyphenol (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and β-glucan, which can be supplemented to improve the nutrition of wheat-flour-based food. In this study, the flours of three different grain-colored highland barley varieties Beiqing 6 (BQ), Dulihuang (DLH), and Heilaoya (HLY), were added to Jimai60 (JM, a wheat variety with medium gluten) wheat flour at different substitution levels to investigate their effects on the unextractable polymeric protein (UPP) content, micro-structure, rheological properties and mixing properties of dough, and the color, texture, flavor, and in vitro digestion of Chinese steam bread (CSB). The results showed that the moderate substitution of highland barley (20%) increased the UPP%, optimized the micro-structure of gluten, and improved its rheological properties by increasing dough viscoelasticity. The CSBs made from the composite flours exhibited a similar specific volume, cohesiveness, springiness and resilience to wheat CSB, while the firmness of composite CSBs (particularly JM-HLY-20) was delayed during storage. Importantly, the addition of highland barley increased the contents of TPC, TFC and β-glucan, but decreased the in vitro starch digestibility of CSBs. A sensory evaluation showed that JM-HLY CSB was the most preferable. Taken together, highland barley can be used as a fine supplement to food products, with health-promoting properties.

Partial Substitution of Barley by Destoned Olive-Waste Cake on Reproductive Performances in Ram

Partial Substitution of Barley by Destoned Olive-Waste Cake on Reproductive Performances in Ram

Partial substitution of barley with maize meal or flaked meal in bovine diets: effects on fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentration and the oxidative stability of beef under simulated retail display

Context Different cereal grain sources may be used in beef production but little is known about their effects on beef quality. Aims This study evaluated fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol concentration and oxidative stability of beef from bulls fed barley or a combination of barley and either ground or toasted flaked maize. Methods Fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol concentration, lipid oxidation and colour stability were measured in beef from late maturing bulls finished on a barley-based concentrate (BC) or on the concentrate with barley partially replaced by either maize meal (MM) or flaked meal (FM). Samples of M. longissimus thoracis were subjected to simulated retail display (4°C) for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days in modified atmosphere packs (O2:CO2; 80:20). Muscle was analysed for fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentrations, colour stability and lipid oxidation. Key results There were differences in the fatty acid concentrations. Total fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in muscle from BC compared to FM bulls but neither were different to MM bulls. A decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in concentration following display was observed across all treatments for α-tocopherol, C15:1, C18:2 n-6c, C18:3 n-3, C20:3 n-6, C20:4 n-6, C22:2, C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA and highly peroxidisable PUFA. Lipid oxidation in muscle was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in muscle of FM compared to MM bulls after 14 days of refrigerated storage but neither were different to BC bulls. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in colour stability of muscle due to dietary treatment. Conclusions Partial replacement of barley with maize in the diet of bulls influences muscle fatty acid concentration and profile, leading to a marginal increase in lipid oxidation with no detrimental effect on colour stability. Implications Toasted-flaked or ground maize may partially substitute for rolled barley in a concentrate ration without affecting colour stability of meat under retail display conditions. The slight increase in lipid oxidation, after prolonged storage, in beef from bulls fed flaked toasted maize is unlikely to be of significance from a product acceptability perspective.

The Effect of Inulin on the Physical and Textural Properties of Biscuits Containing Jet Milled Barley Flour

The quality properties of biscuits with partial replacement of sugar by inulin (at 0, 10, 20 and 30%) and wheat flour by barley flour (at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) were studied. A commercial and a jet milled finer barley flour were used. For all flour substitutions, elevated amounts of inulin led to increased weight and decreased spread ratio of the biscuits. Inulin biscuits, within the same flour composition, were softer than those with no inulin but inulin’s concentration was not statistically important. The incorporation of barley flour resulted in reduced lightness, more evident in the case of the finer barley flour. Inulin also affected the lightness of the biscuits. Phenolic content was affected by the presence of barley flour but no clear trend of inulin’s effect was detected. The interactions between barley substitution, inulin substitution and particle size of the barley flour were important for all studied properties, i.e., weight, spread ratio, hardness, total phenolic content and color.

Sodium deficiency in lucerne (

Context Liveweight gains (LWGs) of lambs grazing lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in the mixed-farming zone of Australia commonly do not match predicted rates of growth. It has been suggested that this could be due to sodium (Na) deficiency or an imbalance in the crude protein : metabolisable energy ratio (CP : ME). Aims This research aimed to determine whether sodium concentration in lucerne is below requirements for growing lambs and whether supplementation with salt (NaCl) and/or barley grain would increase LWG of lambs grazing lucerne. Methods Pluck-samples were collected along a transect in 65 paddocks containing lucerne pasture in southern Australia. Herbage that most likely represented the animal diet was ‘plucked’, avoiding the less digestible plant parts. Two replicated grazing experiments using different cohorts of lambs compared LWG of unsupplemented lambs with lambs given supplements of salt and/or barley. Key results The survey of lucerne pastures found that Na concentrations were below published requirements (0.07 g Na/kg DM) for growing lambs in 85% of samples collected from dryland lucerne pastures, but were above lamb requirements in 95% of samples collected from lucerne pastures gown under spray irrigation, which suggests a degree of salinity in the irrigation water. Supplementation with salt or barley did not affect LWG of lambs in Experiment 1, and residual feed on-offer did not differ among treatments. Salt increased LWG by 14% in Experiment 2 (292 g/lamb.day vs 256 g/lamb.day in those without access to salt; P = 0.03), with a return on investment of 1220%. Supplementation with whole barley did not increase (P &gt; 0.05) LWG of lambs grazing lucerne. Barley supplementation resulted in higher residual feed on-offer in Experiment 2, suggesting a substitution of barley for lucerne. Mean LWG in Experiment 1 (192 g/lamb.day) was lower than in Experiment 2 (274 g/lamb.day), suggesting that the lack of response to salt supplementation in Experiment 1 may have been due to lamb growth rates being restricted by other factors such as reduced leaf availability and diet quality. Conclusions and implications Results of the survey and grazing experiments confirm that Na concentration of dryland lucerne in southern Australia is commonly below lamb requirements. Producers should consider Na supplementation for lambs grazing dryland lucerne pastures as a way to increase lamb growth rates.

Quality indices and sensory attributes of beef from steers offered grass silage and a concentrate supplemented with dried citrus pulp

This study investigated the quality composition, oxidative stability and sensory attributes of beef (longissimus thoracis, LT) from steers offered grass silage and a concentrate supplement in which barley was replaced by 40% and 80% (as-fed basis) of dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary treatment did not influence the antioxidant status (α-tocopherol and total phenolic contents) and activities of LT (radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and iron chelating activity). Feeding DCP significantly increased the proportion of conjugated linoleic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef. Lipid and colour stability of fresh beef patties stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) were unaffected by dietary treatment but feeding 40% DCP reduced (P < .05) lipid oxidation in aerobically-stored cooked beef patties. Beef patties stored in MAP for up to 7 days were assessed by sensory panellists to be juicier for those fed 40% DCP compared to 0% and 80% DCP. Results indicated that substitution of barley with DCP improved the fatty acid profiles of beef without negatively influencing the eating quality of beef.

Effects of partial substitution of barley with maize and sugar beet pulp on growth performance, rumen fermentation and microbial diversity shift of beef calves during transition from a milk and pasture regimen to a high-concentrate diet.

Effects of partial substitution of barley with maize and beet pulp (BP) on animal performance, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial populations were evaluated in thirty-nine newly weaned calves transitioned from a milk and pasture regime to a high-concentrate ration. Diets were: a barley-based growing diet (C); and two diets in which barley was partially replaced with maize and 10% BP (BP10) or 22% BP (BP22) on as fed basis. Wheat straw was offered ad libitum in all cases. Three adaptation protocols were followed: in Protocol 1 animals were abruptly shifted to the C diet, whereas calves in Protocols 2 and 3 were gradually adapted and received diets BP10 and BP22, respectively, for 10d; thereafter a 50:50 mixture of their diet and diet C until day 14, and finally, from day 15, diet C. All animals were slaughtered at a target live weight (LW) of ca. 500 kg. The experiment had then three phases (Ph): Ph1 (0-10d), Ph2 (11-14d) and Ph3 (15d-slaughter). Concentrate intake and proportion of straw in the diet were affected (P<0.01) by the interaction dietary protocol by phase, showing animals in Protocol 3 the lowest concentrate intake and the highest straw proportion in Ph2. Daily gains, LW at the end of each phase, dressing percentage (59 ± 0.4%, on average) and total concentrate intake along the experiment (995 ± 21.3 kg DM, on average) were similar (P>0.05) among adaptation protocols. Daily rumen pH, and concentrations of lactate and volatile fatty acids were not affected by protocol. At the end of the trial, protozoa persisted in the rumen of all calves with an average concentration of 5.89 log cells/mL. Diversity dropped throughout the study; most protozoa belonged to genera Entodinium (97.5%) and Isotricha (1.7%), with minor presence of Dasytricha (0.05%), Epidinium (0.43%) and Subfamily Diplodiniinae (0.23%). Adaptation protocol had no effect on rumen bacterial population or diversity; however, both were affected by day of sampling indicating a shift in bacterial community in response to the concentrate inclusion. Although diversity dropped with concentrate inclusion, there was an increase after d10. In conclusion, the application of different protocols to adapt beef cattle to high-concentrate diets had no effect on animal performance and rumen fermentation which were not negatively affected by the abrupt transition to the high-concentrate diet. This suggests that calves might cope with those feeding conditions probably due to the microbial adaptions to a new rumen environment.

Health-promoting effects of Lactobacillus-fermented barley in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88 +

Fermented feeds are being considered as practical alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) supplemented in nursery pig diets. This study aimed to investigate health-promoting effects of fermented barley in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88 +. A total of 37 piglets were weaned at 21 ± 1 day of age (6.41 ± 0.47 kg of BW) and assigned to either of the following five treatment groups: (1) unchallenged control (UCC; n = 7), (2) challenged control (CC; n = 7), (3) AGP (CC + 0.1% AGP; n = 7), (4) Ferm1 (challenged and fed homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum (Homo)-fermented barley; n = 8) and (5) Ferm2 (challenged and fed heterofermentative L. buchneri (Hetero)-fermented barley; n = 8). The control diet included unfermented barley. Barley was fermented with either Homo or Hetero for 90 days under anaerobic conditions. On day 10, all pigs except those in UCC group were orally inoculated with E. coli K88 + (6 × 109 colony forming units/ml). The pre-planned orthogonal test was performed to compare (1) UCC and CC, (2) CC and AGP, (3) CC and Ferm1 + Ferm2, as well as (4) Ferm1 and Ferm2. Challenged control pigs showed shorter (P < 0.05) villus height (VH) in the duodenum and deeper (P < 0.05) crypt depth (CD) in the jejunum than UCC pigs. The AGP group had higher (P < 0.05) VH and lower (P < 0.05) IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum compared with CC group. Compared to CC, Ferm1 and Ferm2 had decreased (P < 0.05) CD in the duodenum, IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum and rectal temperature at 24 h post-challenge. Pigs fed fermented barley diets showed greater (P < 0.05) faecal abundance of Clostridium Cluster IV and Lactobacilli than those fed UCC diet. Ferm2-fed pigs showed lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of band cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes at 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge, respectively, and lower (P < 0.05) faecal abundance of Enterobacteriaceae 24 h after challenge than the Ferm1-fed pigs. In conclusion, the substitution of unfermented barley with fermented barley in a nursery diet showed similar results as those shown by AGP supplementation in terms of enhancing the intestinal morphology and modulating faecal microbiota composition, as well as down-regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines; therefore, fermented barley can be a possible nutritional strategy for managing nursery pigs fed diets without in-feed AGP.

On the suitability of alternative cereals, pseudocereals and pulses in the production of alcohol-reduced beers by non-conventional yeasts

The growing interest in non-alcoholic and low alcohol beers (NABLAB) has fuelled research into innovative production methods. One means to produce NABLAB is through limited fermentation by non-Saccharomyces yeasts which have a naturally low fermentative capacity in cereal-based wort substrates. At the same time, adjunct brewing, the partial replacement of barley malt on the grain bill, enjoys growing popularity. In this study, 13 cereals, pseudocereals, and pulses were investigated for their suitability to produce a wort with limited amounts of fermentable sugars. Subsequently, the fermentation performance of two non-Saccharomyces yeast strains, namely Cyberlindnera subsufficiens C6.1 and Lachancea fermentati KBI 12.1, in the produced worts was investigated and compared to that of a brewers’ yeast strain. The worts were produced by harnessing endogenous amylolytic enzyme activity or the addition of an external amylase and analysed for their sugar composition and free amino acids (FAA) profile. All alternative substrates without endogenous β-amylase activity were found to be suitable for producing worts with a high proportion of unfermentable sugars. However, the extract yield was low for the pulses and most worts exhibited a low and/or unbalanced FAA profile. The ethanol production was limited and mostly dependent on the sugar spectrum of the worts and the sugar utilization characteristics of the applied yeast strains. The (partial) substitution of barley with alternative substrates when producing NABLAB by non-Saccharomyces yeast can be a means to alter the sugar and FAA profile of the wort, but must be considered in concert with the yeast strains’ characteristics.

Effects of alien substitutions of chromosomes of homoeologous group 7 on the heading time of wheat–barley substitution lines (Triticum aestivum L. – Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum 4x Hudson)

The effects of alien substitutions of chromosomes on the heading time of ditelosomic (DT) wheat–barley substitution lines in which the chromosome 7HLmar from Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum 4x replaced the chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D of common wheat were studied. The plants were grown under short and long day illumination in greenhouse and in the field. The lines studied were found to differ in response to the length of the day. Under short day conditions, DT7HLmar(7B) and DT7HLmar(7A) showed an increase in the period before heading. In this case, the substitution effect of chromosome 7B was more significant than the effect of chromosome 7A. Under these conditions, the substitution of chromosome 7D did not have a significant effect on the heading time. Under long day conditions in the greenhouse and under natural conditions of a long day in the Novosibirsk region, substitution lines came into ear earlier than under a short day conditions and did not differ in the heading time. Allele-specific primers established the allelic composition of the genes Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Vrn-B3 in ditelosomic lines. It was shown that the two DT7HLmar(7A) and DT7HLmar(7D) lines have the same genotype -VRN-A1b/VRN-B1c/vrn-D1/ vrn-B3 and that the DT7HLmar(7B) line has the genotype -VRN-A1a/VRN-B1c/vrn-D1. The results show that regardless of the genotype for the Vrn genes, the wheat-barley substitution lines react to the change in the photoperiod, especially in the absence of chromosomes 7B and 7A.

Compensation Ability between the Chromosomes of Homoeologous Group 7 of Triticum aestivum L. and Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Hudson (2n = 28) and Analysis of the Transmission Frequency of Alien 7H1Lmar Chromosome through Gametes in the Progeny of Wheat–Barley Substitution Lines

On the basis of directed chromosome substitution, ditelosomic (DT) wheat–barley substitution lines (2n = 42 = 40 + 2t) with participation of wild tetraploid barley Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Hudson (2n = 28) were first obtained and analyzed. GISH analysis of the substitution lines showed that they carried a pair of telocentric barley chromosomes. With the help of ditelosomic analysis, the lines were identified as DT7HILmar(7A) and DT7HILmar(7B). On the basis of the compensation test and the study of meiotic stability of substitution lines, it was demonstrated that 7HILmar chromosome of H. marinum was homoeologous to the group 7 chromosomes of common wheat. Analysis of the gamete transfer frequency in the progeny of reciprocal hybrids between F1 7A-7HILmar, 7B-7HILmar, 7D-7HILmar and Saratovskaya 29 cultivar showed that the gamete with alien chromosome n = 20 + t successfully competed with euploid gamete n = 21 in both macrosporogenesis and microsporogenesis.

EFFECT OF CHICKPEA SCREENINGS BY-PRODUCTS AS UNTRADITIONAL ENERGY SOURCE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF GROWING RABBITS

This work aimed to study the effects of partial and complete substitution of barley by chickpea screenings by-products (CSB) at levels 25, 50, 75 and 100% in rabbit diets on growth performance and nutrients digestibility of New Zealand White rabbits. Seventy five rabbits, five weeks old with an average body weight 786.73 g±32.02 were randomly divided into five groups. Each group included five replicates (three rabbits each). Results of growth trail revealed that rabbits fed 25% and 50% CSB achieved significantly (P<0.05) better ADG by 10.56%; 12.52% compared with the control group. Besides, FCR values were significantly (P<0.05) better with rabbits group fed 25 and 50% CSB than the control group (3.65 and 3.74 vs. 4.16 g feed/g gain). Nutrients digestibility increased (P<0.05) with the rabbit groups fed 25 or 50% CSB diets in comparison to the control group. The recorded values were 69.20 and 69.44% vs. 63.88% for DM; 71.51 and 71.56% vs.66.12% for OM.; 70.55 and 72.30% vs. 63.77% for CP.; 52.40 and 51.80% vs. 42.75% for CF.; 75.61 and 75.31% vs.71.60% for NFE, respectively. Accordingly, rabbit groups fed 25 or 50% CSB recorded higher (P<0.05) values of DCP, TDN and DE in comparison with the other experimental groups. Total VFA values were higher (P<0.05) with rabbit groups fed CSB at 25 and 50% CSB diets (5.98 and 5.79 meq/100ml). Higher increases (P<0.05) in hot carcass weight were observed in rabbits group fed 50% CSB diets than the control group. On the other hand, 100% CSB diets recorded the lowest (P<0.05) hot carcass weight, dressing %, Heart% and total edible parts. Significant (P<0.05) higher values of plasma total protein and urea-N were detected in rabbits fed diets contained 50% CSB than the control group. While, both groups fed 75 and 100% CSB had nearly comparable values of total protein and lower (P<0.05) concentrations of plasma total cholesterol compared with the control group. Inclusion of 25, 50, 75 and 100% CSB improved economical efficiency and net revenue compared to the control group. It could be concluded that substitution of chickpea screenings by-products as non-traditional energy source in rabbit diets at 25, 50, 75 and 100% instead of barley has no negative effect on growth performance and digestibility of most nutrients and nutritive values of tested diets indicating that it could be considered as promising source of energy for incorporation into rabbit's diets.

Regression and direct methods do not give different estimates of digestible and metabolizable energy values of barley, sorghum, and wheat for pigs.

Direct or indirect methods can be used to determine the DE and ME of feed ingredients for pigs. In situations when only the indirect approach is suitable, the regression method presents a robust indirect approach. Three experiments were conducted to compare the direct and regression methods for determining the DE and ME values of barley, sorghum, and wheat for pigs. In each experiment, 24 barrows with an average initial BW of 31, 32, and 33 kg were assigned to 4 diets in a randomized complete block design. The 4 diets consisted of 969 g barley, sorghum, or wheat/kg plus minerals and vitamins for the direct method; a corn-soybean meal reference diet (RD); the RD + 300 g barley, sorghum, or wheat/kg; and the RD + 600 g barley, sorghum, or wheat/kg. The 3 corn-soybean meal diets were used for the regression method. Each diet was fed to 6 barrows in individual metabolism crates for a 5-d acclimation followed by a 5-d period of total but separate collection of feces and urine in each experiment. Graded substitution of barley or wheat, but not sorghum, into the RD linearly reduced ( < 0.05) dietary DE and ME. The direct method-derived DE and ME for barley were 3,669 and 3,593 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The regressions of barley contribution to DE and ME in kilocalories against the quantity of barley DMI in kilograms generated 3,746 kcal DE/kg DM and 3,647 kcal ME/kg DM. The DE and ME for sorghum by the direct method were 4,097 and 4,042 kcal/kg DM, respectively; the corresponding regression-derived estimates were 4,145 and 4,066 kcal/kg DM. Using the direct method, energy values for wheat were 3,953 kcal DE/kg DM and 3,889 kcal ME/kg DM. The regressions of wheat contribution to DE and ME in kilocalories against the quantity of wheat DMI in kilograms generated 3,960 kcal DE/kg DM and 3,874 kcal ME/kg DM. The DE and ME of barley using the direct method were not different (0.3 < < 0.4) from those obtained using the regression method (3,669 vs. 3,746 and 3,593 vs. 3,647 kcal/kg DM, respectively). The direct method-derived DE and ME of sorghum were not different (0.5 < < 0.7) from those obtained using the regression method (4,097 vs. 4,145 and 4,042 vs. 4,066 kcal/kg DM, respectively). The direct method- and regression method-derived DE (3,953 and 3,960 kcal/kg DM, respectively) and ME (3,889 and 3,874 kcal/kg DM, respectively) of wheat were not different (0.8 < < 0.9). Results of these 3 experiments suggest that regression and direct methods do not give different estimates of DE and ME in barley, sorghum, and wheat for pigs.

Partial substitution of barley for corn: effect on "Hamra" lamb growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two kinds of given diets on growth, on some carcass characteristics and on the major meat nutrients of local Algerian sheep breed. The investigated sheep breed called "Hamra" is one of the most famous breeds in Algeria. Among one 106 animals, 40 lambs were selected according to their age, similar livestock characteristics and body weight. The samples were divided into two equal groups: control and experimental lambs according to their live weight; 24.63 ± 0.47 and 24.35 ± 0.64kg, respectively. Both groups were fed with two varieties of concentrate diets: corn diet based for the first group of control lambs (n = 20) and corn substituted by barley (Variety Saïda 183) for the second experimental group lambs (n = 20). Both diets were supplemented with 200g straw of barley/animal/ration. The chemical analysis of diets showed an elevated crude fibre content in the commercial concentrate. However, the experimental concentrate contained higher amounts of calcium. After 59days of fattening, no significant difference was found among the two studied groups on the growth performance (p > 0.05), showing the same final body weight. In contrast, a significant difference was found (p ≤ 0.001) in relation to the cost of the given diet. This could affect the price of the produced meat. At 37.85 ± 0.78kg live weight, 10 lambs fed with experimental concentrate were slaughtered. The dressing percentage was 46.65%, with 2.49% of carcass shrink. Furthermore, an interesting percentage of total muscle was obtained (63.73%) with a good carcass conformation scoring 9.56. Compared to other breed sheep, Hamra carcass could be considered as the most valuable one economically.

Carob pulp inclusion in lamb diets: effect on intake, performance, feeding behaviour and blood metabolites

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) is commonly found in the Mediterranean region and may be used as an alternative feed resource in livestock production. However, carob contains plant secondary compounds, such as polyphenols, which limit its use due to potential toxicity problems. This study aimed to investigate whether the substitution of barley by carob pulp at a relatively high level of up to 35% causes production-level reduction and has detrimental effects on animal welfare. Lamb performance parameters such as feed intake, liveweight and carcass weight were recorded and feeding behaviour was monitored. Blood metabolites and protein profiles were determined to detect signs of metabolic distress. The inclusion of carob pulp resulted in similar level of performance by animals in all the experimental diets. However, the feeding pattern was different with feed intake being significantly lower during the first 90 min post feed supply in the carob-fed lambs compared with the Control animals, although total daily intake was similar. In terms of welfare indicators, the inclusion of carob pulp in the lambs’ diet reduced blood cholesterol while increasing both non-esterified fatty acid and urea levels. These indicate that the animals were probably under some form of metabolic stress but not at a level to cause concerns, as confirmed by the similar serum protein profile especially in terms of albumin to globulins ratio.

Effect of substituting barley with sorghum on starch digestion, rumen microbial yield and growth in Iranian Baluchi lambs fed high concentrate diets

This study investigated the effects of substituting barley (B) with sorghum (S) on site and extent of in vivo disappearance of dry matter (DM), starch and nitrogen in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), microbial protein synthesis and growth in finishing lambs. 18 male Iranian Baluchi lambs were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments in a complete randomized design (CRD). Dietary grain treatments were: barley (B) as control, barley: sorghum (BS) (in equal amount) and sorghum (S). At the end of the feeding trial, the lambs were euthanized and digesta contents in the different sections of the GIT were collected to determine DM, starch and nitrogen disappearance. Starch intake of lambs on barley (B) diet was lower than those fed S and BS but lambs on B diet had higher (P<0.05) ruminal DM content and starch disappearance resulting in lower (P<0.05) ruminal pH than those fed diets containing sorghum. Although lambs on B diet had higher (P<0.05) volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in the rumen, highest ruminal microbial protein synthesis was recorded in lambs fed BS diet, presumably due to the more synchronized release of energy and nitrogen together with the higher rumen pH appropriate for microbial growth. Although a higher (P<0.05) outflow rate (g/d) of starch into the small intestine was observed for high sorghum (S) diet than the BS and control (B) diets, lambs on S diet had the lowest microbial-N flow to small intestine, resulting in the lowest N and starch digestibility in the small intestine and total track. There was a clear positive relationship between microbial N (MN) synthesis and starch disappearance in the small intestine, with BS lambs producing the highest and S lambs lowest MN yield (32.2 and 24.1g/d, respectively) and corresponding starch disappearance was 0.87 and 0.58, respectively. The majority of the post-ruminal nutrients (DM, N and starch) were hydrolyzed in the distal-duodenum and anterior segments of jejunum. It can be concluded that substitution of barley with 0.50 sorghum increased outflow of starch from the rumen, enhanced starch digestibility and absorption in the small intestine and resulted in higher growth rate as evident by the higher average daily gain (ADG) and more efficient feed conversion ratio (FCR) recorded for lambs on the BS diet.

Substitution of Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum chromosome 7HL into wheat homoeologous group-7

Ditelosomic (Dt) 7HLmar(7D) and monotelosomic (Mt) 7HLmar(7A) and 7HLmar(7B) wheat–barley substitution lines were developed by crossing monosomic 7A, 7B and 7D lines of common wheat cv. Saratovskaya 29 with disomic wheat–barley addition lines (2n = 44) that carry telocentric chromosomes 7HLmar from Hordeummarinum ssp. gussoneanum 4×. Genomic in situ hybridisation confirmed the presence of barley chromosomes in the wheat genome. The compensating ability of the telosome in each combination was assessed by its transmission rate to progenies of plants with 2n = 41 + t chromosomes. Seed set and transmission rates of the telosome depended on the identity of the competing wheat homoeologue. Of the three chromosomes wheat, the telosome 7HLmar compensated better for chromosome 7D and poorly for 7B. These and other data are discussed with respect to the phylogenetic relationships between the wheat chromosomes of group 7 and the chromosome of H.marinum, and the practical utility of these lines for wheat improvement is evaluated.