Barley Straw Research Articles

Using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of soil aggregate formation in a clay soil

Soil organic carbon is a crucial parameter for assessing soil quality, and it significantly contributes to soil aggregation. However, the influence of different organic carbon components and groups on the formation of soil water-stable aggregates has not been thoroughly investigated. To examine it, a clay soil amended with two different types of organic matter (OM) at four input levels for 84 days. The ratio of peak area (RPA) of the mid-infrared (MIR) spectra was used to investigate the dynamic of specific compounds and soil aggregation during the decomposition of OM. The results showed three important aspects. Firstly, the amount and nature of OM input strongly influenced the formation of organic compounds during incubation, as well as the degree of soil aggregation. Furthermore, we observed that the C groups identified by MIR spectroscopy were highly dynamic. Thus, the approach of using a band of soil MIR spectra to infer the stability of a C group can be misleading. Secondly, the low C/N of alfalfa stimulated more microbial activity with 1.1 to 2.3 times more cumulative respiration than high C/N barley straw. The rapid degradation of alfalfa immediately formed water-stable aggregates and subsequently, the macroaggregates were reorganized by microbial activities and physical disturbance. In contrast, the slow decomposition of barley straw built up aggregates gradually in a hierarchical manner and in proportion to the amount of OM added. Alfalfa amendment caused a significant increase in the mean weight diameter (MWD) and a strong correlation with the RPA in the range of 1747–1500 cm−1 (r = 0.78). While aggregation due to barley straw treatment led a stronger relationship between MWD and RPA of 3000–2800 cm−1 (r = 0.89). The results suggest MIR spectra can be used to understand the dynamics of OM that build stable aggregates.

Evaluation of the red seaweed Mazzaella japonica as a feed additive for beef cattle

Supplementing ruminant diets with macroalgae is gaining interest globally because bromoform-containing seaweeds (e.g., Asparagopsis spp.) have been shown to be highly effective enteric methane (CH4) inhibitors. Some alternative seaweeds decrease in vitro CH4 production, but few have been evaluated in animals. This study examined the effects of including the red seaweed Mazzaella japonica in the diet of beef cattle on dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation, digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization, and enteric CH4 production. Six ruminally cannulated, mature beef heifers (824 ± 47.1 kg) were used in a double 3 × 3 Latin square with 35-d periods. The basal diet consisted of 52% barley silage, 44% barley straw, and 4% vitamin and mineral supplement [dry matter (DM) basis]. The treatments were (DM basis): 0% (control), 1%, and 2% M. japonica. The DMI increased quadratically (P = 0.025) with the inclusion of M. japonica, such that the DMI of heifers consuming 1% was greater (P < 0.05) than that of control heifers. The apparent total-tract digestibility of DM decreased linearly (P = 0.002) with the inclusion of M. japonica, but there were no treatment differences in the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber, or starch. The level of M. japonica linearly (P < 0.001) increased the N intake of the heifers. Fecal N excretion linearly increased (P = 0.020) with M. japonica, but there were no differences in total urinary N excretion, N fractions (allantoin, uric acid), total purine derivatives, microbial purine derivatives absorbed, microbial N flow, or retained N. There were no treatment effects on rumen pH or total volatile fatty acids (VFAs); however, adding M. japonica to the diet quadratically (P = 0.023) decreased the proportion of acetate, whereas 1% inclusion decreased the acetate proportion. Methane production (g/day) decreased quadratically (P = 0.037), such that the heifers receiving 2% M. japonica produced 9.2% less CH4 than control animals; however, CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) did not differ among treatments. We conclude that supplementing a forage-based diet with up to 2% M. japonica failed to lower the enteric CH4 yield of beef heifers. M. japonica can be used in diets to help meet the CP requirements of cattle, but inclusion rates may be limited by high inorganic matter proportions. When comprising up to 2% of the diet, M. japonica cannot be recommended as a CH4 inhibitor for beef cattle fed on high-forage diets.

Hydrogen Production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus by the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium, Cadicellulosirupter bescii.

This work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of biohydrogen production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus. The primary obstacle in plant biomass decomposition is the recalcitrance of the biomass itself. Plant cell walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which make the plant robust to decomposition. However, the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, can efficiently utilize lignocellulosic feedstocks (Barley Straw and Miscanthus) for energy production, and C. bescii can now be metabolically engineered or isolated to produce more hydrogen and other biochemicals. In the present study, two strains, C. bescii JWCB001 (wild-type) and JWCB018 (ΔpyrFA Δldh ΔcbeI), were tested for their ability to increase hydrogen production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus. The JWCB018 resulted in a redirection of carbon and electron (carried by NADH) flow from lactate production to acetate and hydrogen production. JWCB018 produced ~54% and 63% more acetate and hydrogen from Barley Straw, respectively than its wild-type counterpart, JWCB001. Also, 25% more hydrogen from Miscanthus was obtained by the JWCB018 strain with 33% more acetate relative to JWCB001. It was supported that the engineered C. bescii, such as the JWCB018, can be a parental strain to get more hydrogen and other biochemicals from various biomass.

Integration of thermoelectric generators in a biomass boiler: Experimental tests and study of ash deposition effect

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are based on Seebeck effect and produce electricity from a heat flow. They require low maintenance and provide quiet operation. However, they have low efficiency and need suitable temperature values. Accordingly, the integration of TEGs in boilers is a promising approach, since these equipment present high temperature differences between hot gases and water and allows the use of waste heat for water heating. There are experiences of the integration of TEGs in biomass boilers, but almost none with unconventional biomass with a high tendency to ash deposition. The integration of TEG modules in a commercial pellet-fired 25 kWth boiler is described and experimental results, working with pine pellets and with an agropellet (70% of vineyard pruning and 30% of barley straw), are presented. Power produced with only 6 modules can reach 60 W. After quantifying the effect of the temperature on both gas and water sides, the study focuses on analyzing the ash deposition on the exchange surfaces and their effect on TEG modules operation (e.g. power reduction of 0.24 W per hour with pine and 0.78 with agropellet). This effect can be minimized by working with high excess of air or by integrating a cleaning system.

Study of Ash Sintering Temperature and Ash Deposition Behavior during Co-Firing of Polish Bituminous Coal with Barley Straw Using Non-Standard Tests

The need to reduce CO2 emissions forces the use of biomass as a fuel in the conventional energy conversion process implemented by combustion. Burning biomass alone can be problematic because of the high potential for slugging and fouling on boiler heating surfaces. Therefore, co-firing of biomass with coal is used. This article presents the results of a study of biomass blends of barley, straw, and hard coal biomass from the Polish Makoszowy mine. The sintering of ash from biomass-coal blends was studied by experimental non-standard methods, such as the fracture stress and the pressure drop test. The results were confirmed with the result of thermodynamic modeling using FactSage 8.0 software. Additionally, ash deposition tests were performed in a 3.5 m boiler. The tests conducted showed a significant effect of the addition of biomass to hard coal on the formation of ash deposits on the heating surfaces of the boiler. In addition, the usefulness of non-standard methods in the assessment of the degree of fouling and slugging hazard was confirmed.

Simultaneous production of biogas and volatile fatty acids through anaerobic digestion using cereal straw as substrate

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant wastes worldwide, with 30.000 million tons produced per year. Bioconversion of this residual material into carboxylates by anaerobic digestion could potentially replace conventional production based on fossil feedstocks (oil). In this work, fundamental issues of this bioconversion have been explored, including: different kinds of straw (wheat, barley and rye), biomass size reduction, mass balances and modeling of the different steps of the digestion. Under optimum conditions, 44% of the raw material was effectively converted into VFAs (mainly acetate) when barley was used as substrate. Wheat and rye straw presented lower conversion rates due to the higher lignin content compared to barley straw. According to the modeling proposed, methanogenesis and hydrolysis presented very similar reaction rates, which resulted in a simultaneous production of VFAs and biogas. In view of these results, a process integration is proposed where biogas covers the thermal needs of the biotransformation of barley biomass into VFAs.

Development of a new lightweight gypsum composite: Effect of mixed treatment of barley straws with hot water and bio-based phase change material on the thermo-mechanical properties

Regenerative construction currently enables the development of regenerative composites intended for the thermal rehabilitation of outside walls. The composite studied is the gypsum lightened by barley straws treated with hot water (BS.HW) and then treated with the bio-based phase change material (palm oil (PO)). The aim is to improve the thermophysical properties of the composite studied. The results show that the new lightweight gypsum composite with the ratio 2.6:1 of (PO:BS.HW.3%) has improved the thermal diffusivity, with a reduction of 12.1% compared to the basic composition. The microstructural analysis results are also very interesting, especially considering the good chemical stability.

Nutritional Content Analysis of Crop Residues in Three Agroecologies in East Gojjam Zone.

Livestock is important and plentiful in Ethiopia, but its potential is not being used to its full extent due to limited supply and inconsistent feed supply. This has a negative impact on livestock productivity in the tropics, where crop residues are used as livestock feed. The analysis of the nutritional content of feed and the measurement of feed production are crucial for maintaining the optimal balance of annual livestock feed and improving livestock production. However, no research has been conducted on the nutritional composition of the crop residues in the East Gojjam zone. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the nutritional content of crop residues in the three agroecologies in Ethiopia's East Gojjam zone. Ash, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analyzed in the feed samples. According to the findings, the overall mean content of DM, ash, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and ADL was 92.3, 5.2, 87.1, 4.1, 71, 56.6, and 9.6%, respectively. The faba bean has the highest CP (6.2%), followed by barley straws (5.5%), vetch haulms (5.5%), Eragrostis tef (3.7%), wheat straws (3.2%), and maize stover (2.9%). In general, all crop residues contain CP content below the critical CP level required even for livestock maintenance. The highest NDF was found in barley straw (75.1%), which was followed by wheat straw (72.0%), Eragrostis tef straw (70.2%), vetch haulms (69.3%), maize stover (67.4%), and faba bean haulms (67.2%). All types of crop residues were classified as low-quality feed because they contained more than 65% NDF, which could affect feed intake and livestock production. Therefore, crop residues must be improved using mechanical, biological, and chemical methods in order to increase livestock production in the study areas by increasing feed consumption.

Activated carbon derived from highland barley straw for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants

Abstract Biomass activated carbon has been widely used in the field of wastewater treatment because of its unique properties, such as high specific surface area and porosity, good adsorption capacity, good mechanical strength, rich functional groups and thermal stability. In this work, highland barley straw is recycled and made into activated carbon using hydrothermal carbonization and alkaline activation processes in which the dependence of the product properties on the activation temperature, as one of the critical parameters, is intensively investigated. Under the optimum conditions at an activation temperature of 1100°C, activated carbon in the form of mesoporous structure and polycrystalline graphite was produced with a specific surface area as large as 1906 m2/g, which is superior to that of commercial products. To investigate the absorption capacity of the prepared samples for pollutants in water, such as heavy metals and organics, potassium dichromate and methylene blue were utilized as the simulated pollutants. The removal efficiency of Cr6+ and methylene blue in water reached 90.3% within 8 hours and 87.7% within 4 hours, respectively, and this demonstrated an excellent absorption capacity for activated carbon converted from agricultural waste. The successful fabrication of activated carbon with a super large specific surface area and remarkable adsorption ability derived from highland barley straw through a hydrothermal carbonization and alkaline treatment demonstrated the feasibility of the ‘turning waste into wealth’ recycling strategy. It has also shown great potential for use in environmental protection applications, especially for water purification.

Effects of functional group loss on biochar activated persulfate in-situ remediation of phenol pollution in groundwater and its countermeasures

Biochar is considered a good activator for use in advanced oxidation technology. However, dissolved solids (DS) released from biochar cause unstable activation efficiency. Biochar prepared from saccharification residue of barley straw (BC-SR) had less DS than that prepared directly from barley straw (BC–O). Moreover, BC-SR had a higher C content, degree of aromatization, and electrical conductivity than BC-O. Although the effects of BC-O and BC-SR on activation of Persulfate (PS) to remove phenol were similar, the activation effect of DS from BC-O was 73% higher than that of DS from BC-SR. Moreover, the activation effect of DS was shown to originate from its functional groups. Importantly, BC-SR had higher activation stability than BC-O owing to the stable graphitized carbon structure of BC-SR. Identification of reactive oxygen species showed that SO4•-, •OH, and 1O2 were all effective in degradation by BC-SR/PS and BC-O/PS systems, but their relative contributions differed. Furthermore, BC-SR as an activator showed high anti-interference ability in the complex groundwater matrix, indicating it has practical application value. Overall, this study provides novel insight that can facilitate the design and optimization of a green, economical, stable, and efficient biochar-activated PS for groundwater organic pollution remediation.

Soil Bacterial Community during Straw Decomposition Depending on the Amount of Available Organic Matter

The properties and functions of soils are largely determined by the amount of available organic matter, which is most significant for the vital activity of microorganisms. The influence of the content of soil available organic matter on the composition and functioning of the microbial community during the transformation of barley straw in the soil is considered. A soddy-podzolic soil (Umbric Albic Retisols (Abruptic)), layer 0–20 cm, was incubated (t 25°C, 60% TFC) for 4 months and a model soil with a reduced content of available organic matter was obtained. Next, a laboratory experiment was carried out with the introduction of barley straw into native and model soil. In dynamics (0, 7, 40, and 70 days), soil respiration, microbial biomass (SBI), the number of microorganisms, and the taxonomic composition of the microbial community (16S-rRNA sequencing) were analyzed. The quality of soil organic matter was assessed by the content of total organic carbon (Ctot) and its fractions: available (Cavail), water-soluble (Cwat), labile (Clab). It has been shown that in the model soil the amount of Cwat and Cavail decreases by half in the absence of significant differences in the content of Ctot. In addition, there was a visible deterioration in the aggregate structure of the soil and an acceleration in the transformation of straw in it (25% more than in the native one). The taxonomic composition of the soil bacterial community was influenced by the amount of available organic matter in the soil, the addition of straw, and the time of incubation. A decrease in the content of available organic matter changes the composition of the microbial community: the proportions of the phyla Acidobacteria and Firmicutes decrease, while the proportions of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and archaea increase. It was revealed that the dominant part (50% of the total) of the microbial community of the depleted soil is characterized by great diversity and oligotrophy. Indicators are proposed for comparing soils by the oligotrophy of the microbial community based on the taxonomic composition.

Discussion of “Effect of Barley Straw Fiber as a Reinforcement on the Mechanical Behavior of Babolsar Sand”, by Ali Vafaei et al. (2023), published in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, DOI.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00281-7

Discussion of “Effect of Barley Straw Fiber as a Reinforcement on the Mechanical Behavior of Babolsar Sand”, by Ali Vafaei et al. (2023), published in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, DOI.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00281-7

Pyrolysis and CO[formula omitted] gasification of barley straw: Effect of particle size distribution and chemical composition

We evaluate how the heterogeneity of the precursor may affect pyrolysis and CO2 gasification behavior aimed at activated carbon applications. Barley straw, ground and classified into five size ranges, is characterized by non-isothermal thermogravimetry tests at various heating rates. Fixed carbon and volatile matter contents decrease with particle size. Also, the finest fraction is enriched in minerals by exogenous contamination and accumulation of silicon-rich leaves. Faster pyrolysis kinetics are found for small sizes, caused by their higher alkali contents and heat-mass transfer rates. Char-CO2 gasification conversion rates show an unexpected behavior, not previously reported. Higher reactivity is found for the finest fraction, decreasing significantly at temperatures beyond 750 °C. The high alkali content of the finest fraction promotes the catalytic effect of minerals on gasification reactivity at lower temperatures, hindering the reaction at higher temperatures by forming low-melting-point potassium silicates. Results help improve pretreatment strategies to enhance activated carbon quality.

Isolation, Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of the Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus spp. and Evaluation of Its Efficacy in Producing the Antibiotic Pleurotin

Fruit bodies of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus, were collected for 5 isolates symbolized by Has.AA-10, Has.AA-11, Has.AA-12, Has.AA-13 and Has. AA-14, which was initially diagnosed according to phenotypic characteristics. Fungal isolates were identified to the species level using the nucleotide sequence analysis method for 5.8S rRNA as P.ostreatus .strain Has.AA-10, P. floridanus strain Has.AA-12, P. cornucopiae strain Has.AA-13, P. cystidiosus strain Has.AA-11 and P. eryngii var. ferulae strain Has.AA-14 and registered in the world Gene Bank at the NCBI website with accession numbers KX688447.1, MK281340.1, KX787088.1, AB115054.1 and KU612924.1, respectively. The purity of pleurotin was tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which showed a concentration of 7.68 μg/ml for the purified pleurutin from Pleurotus spp. The results showed that the highest pluorotin was recorded in presence of crushed sunflower seeds and wheat bran compared with the absence of those supplements in all tested media, while the results showed that no pluorutin was recorded as a result of the non-growth of all Pleurotus spp. in all media supplemented with crushed soybeans. The highest plurotin reached 24.67, 24, 21.35 and 20.99 mg/L in the treatment of P. cornucopiae grown in the (wheat straw + rice husks mixture), (barley straw + rice husk mixture), wheat straw and corn cobs supplemented with crushed sunflower seeds, respectively, while the lowest plurotin concentrations were 0.26, 1.13, 2.11 and 2.66 mg/L in Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae grown in the unsupplemented corn cobs, wheat straw, (wheat straw + rice husks mixture) and (barley straw + rice husks mixture), respectively.

ODCHÓW NORCZ ˛AT POCHODZ ˛ACYCH Z GNIAZD OCIEPLANYCH RÓZNYM MATERIAŁEM

The aim of this study was to compare the rearing of mink in nests insulated with different materials. The study was conducted on a large-scale mink farm located in northwestern Poland. The results of rearing mink from 144 females of the pearl variety, aged one and two years, were analyzed. Four groups were created, taking into account the type of nest lining material and the age of the females. Two weeks prior to the scheduled birth, the nesting houses were lined with two types of insulating material - sawdust from deciduous trees and a mixture of barley straw and hay from meadow vegetation. Data were collected on: the number of born and live-born cubs per litter, the number of reared mink per litter, and the mortality of mink during the rearing period at the mothers. It was found that the material with which mink nests are insulated has an effect on the number of born, live-born and weaned mink. Better reproductive results were reported for females whose nests were insulated with barley straw mixed with meadow hay. They gave birth to larger litters, with more live mink, and raised more young. The mortality rate of young mink was lower in nests insulated with a mixture of straw and hay. The results showed that the use of sawdust as a nest insulating material is associated with a lower survival rate of reared mink. The study shows that the choice of a suitable nest insulating material can favorably affect the number of reared young mink.

Agricultural Byproducts Used as Low-Cost Adsorbents for Removal of Potentially Toxic Elements from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are ubiquitous chemical compounds in the environment due to contamination of air, water, or soil. They are primarily sourced from fossil fuel combustion, mining and smelting, electroplating, dyes and pigments, agricultural treatments, and plastic and metallic industries. These chemical contaminants can produce various adverse effects when they enter the human body and can also affect crops and aquatic ecosystems. To address these issues, researchers are developing various techniques, including ion exchange, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, electrochemical methods, bioadsorption, and combinations of these processes, to reduce the levels of these contaminants, especially from wastewater. Among these methods, bioadsorption has gained much attention due to its high efficiency, low cost, and abundance of adsorbent materials. Agricultural byproducts used as biosorbents include rice husk and bran, citrus peel, banana peel, coconut husk, sugarcane bagasse, soybean hulls, walnut and almond shells, coconut fiber, barley straws, and many others. Biosorption capacity can be described using adsorption kinetic models such as Elovich, Ritchie’s, and pseudo-second-order models, as well as different adsorption isotherm models such as Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin isotherm, and BET models. Both conventional processes and adsorption models are influenced by parameters such as pH, agitation speed, contact time, particle size, concentration of the adsorbent material, initial concentration of the contaminant, and the type of modifying agent used. This review paper aims to examine the low-cost adsorbents and their removal efficiency and bioadsorption capacity for different PTEs present in wastewater, and their potential as decontamination methods.

Potential of Opuntia Ficus-Indica Cladodes In M’sila (North ALGERIA) as feed for ruminants: chemical composition and in vitro assessment

ABSTRACT The main objective of the present study was to investigate a strategy to bioconverte spineless cactus Opuntia Ficus-Indica (O. ficus indica) Cladodes, Medicago sativa L. (M. sativa) and barley straw (H. vulgare) based on their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters. The CP ranged from 51.41 to 156.09 g/kg DM, which was especially high within M. sativa and low in H. vulgare. O. ficus indica had the highest values in free condensed tannins. The most digestible plant sample was that from M. sativa and O.ficus indica. The maximum in vitro gas production was recorded with M. sativa and H. vulgare. The same trend was observed with the total gas production (144 h). Based on the results, it can be concluded that O. ficus indica could replace common plant species, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas in which the livestock production section frequently suffers low efficiency and big losses.

A comparative study of Cellulomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. in utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as feedstocks for enzyme production

The demand for enzymes is increasing continuously due to their applications in various avenues. The pectin-hydrolyzing bacteria, Cellulomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., isolated from forest soil have the potential to produce industrially important enzymes (pectinase, PGase, Cellulase, and xylanase). However, these bacteria have different optimal cultural conditions for pectinase production. The optimal cultural conditions for Cellulomonas sp. were room temperature (25-26℃), pH 7, 1% inoculum volume, and 1.5% citrus pectin with 8.82 ± 0.92 U/mL pectinase activity. And Bacillus sp. illustrated the highest pectinase activity (12.35 ± 0.72 U/mL) at room temperature, pH 10, 1% inoculum volume, and 1.5% pectin concentration. Among the different agro-wastes, the orange peel was found to be the best substrate for pectinase, PGase, and cellulase activity whereas barley straw for xylanase activity. Further, Cellulomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. illustrated higher pectinase activity from commercial pectin compared to orange peel showing their preference for commercial citrus pectin. In addition, the optimization by the Box-Behnken design increased pectinase activity for Cellulomonas sp., while a noticeable increase in activity was not observed in Bacillus sp. Besides, all the agro-wastes exploited in this study can be used for pectinase, PGase, and xylanase production but not cellulase. The study revealed that each bacteria has its specific optimal conditions and there is a variation in the capacity of utilizing the various lignocellulosic biomass.

Compression stress-strain curve of rammed earth: Measuring and modelling

This research article is about a study on the mechanical behavior of rammed earth under compression stress. The main purpose is to establish a simple stress-strain model for rammed earth. The tested rammed earthen materials are made of various local materials with different grain-size curves and grain shapes. Some of them are stabilized using cement and lime, or reinforced using barley straw and date palm fibers.The compression tests, the results of which are reported and analyzed in this article, were conducted in a monotonic manner on the produced cylindrical specimens at their almost dry state. For each compression test, the stress-strain curve is established, then the main mechanical characteristics are determined. These characteristics are the compressive strength, the initial tangent modulus, and the peak strain corresponding to the maximum compressive stress. Also, the secant modulus, defined as the ratio of the compressive strength to the peak strain, is calculated. Resultsshow that, for all the tested materials, stabilized or not, the stress-strain relationships observed can be modeled as quadratic polynomial. On the basis of this stress-strain model, the stress limit of the linear mechanical behavior of rammed earth was established. This stress limit, stated as a percentage of the compressive strength, depends on the ratio of the secant modulus to the initial tangent modulus, which themselves depend on the component materials used to manufacture the specimens.

Undefined xylose media extracted from biorefinery waste for enhanced and eco‐friendly production of cephalosporin C by Acremonium chrysogenumM35

AbstractXylose‐rich undefined broth, extracted from the dilute acid pretreatment wastes of barley straw, serves as resourceful media for Acremonium chrysogenum M35 culture and production of cephalosporin C (CPC). Concentrating the extract with proper reprocessing enables to prepare various concentrations of xylose broth (2%–8%). The undefined xylose media were prepared for CPC production from A. chrysogenum M35 by the addition of other nutrients. Cell growth and CPC production were the most effective at 6% xylose and additional 2% glycerol, with maximum CPC production of 9.07 g/L after 6 days, which is higher production than that in defined media prepared with laboratory‐level nutrients and reagents. Investigation of autotrophic and reverse trans‐sulfuration pathways for cysteine synthesis, a limited element of three precursors for CPC synthesis, supports the enhanced CPC production in undefined media. Abundance of xylose ensures a maintained NADPH concentration required for sulfate reduction and synthesis of amino sulfide such as cysteine. Cystathionine‐γ‐lyase activity profiling indicated more efficient biosynthesis in undefined media than in other cultures use glycerol and glucose, and the biosynthesis pathway of CPC production by the cephalosporin gene cluster (i.e. pcbC and cefG genes) was investigated. The process using undefined xylose media was designed, and process simulation program confirmed our results.