Culture Of Barley Research Articles

Degradation of Gramine by Cell Suspension Cultures of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Degradation of Gramine by Cell Suspension Cultures of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Cell population evolution in tissue cultures from embryo barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after caffeine treatment

Over a period of time a comparative study of the evolution of the different number of nuclei as well as the different chromosome number in the cells of severalin vitro tissue cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was carried out. The cultures were obtained by culturing embryos in a control culture medium or in a media supplemented with 0.5 g/1 or 1 g/1 of caffeine, and thereafter transferred to the control medium. The drug effect was noticeable by the increase of polynucleated cells during the first days in culture, but the nuclei tended to fuse quickly, becoming polyploid mononucleated cells. Thus, a similar percentage of polynucleated cells is reached after a few days in both control and treated cultures. From the study of the chromosome number of the cells in the different cultures, it can be deduced that the predominance of the diploid class during the time observed depends upon the frequency of diploid cells at the time of starting the culture. When this frequency was higher than 40% the diploid cells constituted the class most frequent at the end of our observations, while the tetraploid cells were the predominant ones if the diploid initial frequency was lower.

Mechanization of Seeding Operation in Wheat and Barley Culture

Mechanization of Seeding Operation in Wheat and Barley Culture

Experiments on anther culture in barley. Influence of culture methods on cell proliferation and organ differentiation

Several experiments have been performed in order to induce cell proliferation and plant differentiation from pollen grains by anther culture in barley. Some modifications of the culture media, pretreatments and transfer of the anthers increased notably the frequency of cell division, but the low proportion of normal green plantlets differentiating from microspores and calluses remains the major obstacle preventing the practical use of anther culture in barley breeding.

Effect of Triacontanol on Plant Cell Cultures in Vitro

Triacontanol [CH(3)(CH(2))(28)CH(2)OH] increased growth in vitro of cell cultures of haploid tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The fresh weight of cell cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and barley (Hordeum vulgare x H. jubatum) was also increased. The increase in growth of tobacco callus seems to have been due to an increase in cell number. Another long chain alcohol, octocosanol [CH(3)(CH(2))(26)CH(2)OH], did not increase the growth of tobacco cell cultures.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Protoplasten aus Calluskulturen der Gerste

Starting with callus cultures of barley which were isolated in 1973 and cultivated since then on a solid medium we succeeded in the isolation of healthy and viable protoplasts. We also were able to cultivate this material in a suitable liquid conditioned nutrient medium. After regeneration of new cell walls and nuclear and cell divisions, cell clusters were formed; in this state the culture was transferred to a solid medium.

Pollen dimorphism and anther culture in barley

A dimorphism is observed in barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Akka) pollen when stained with acetocarmine from the mid-binucleate stage onwards. The majority of grains have staining cytoplasms, while the remainder have cytoplasms which take up little or no stain (NS grains). The staining dimorphism cannot be detected at the late-uninucleate microspore stage when anthers are normally cultured, but the evidence suggests that the microspores have already diverged at this time and it is the cells destined to become NS grains in vivo that respond in culture to become pollen calluses. Evidence comes from a comparison of the frequencies of NS grains and pollen calluses and from their distribution between and within anthers.

Toxicity and excretion of ochratoxin a in rats intubated with pure ochratoxin a or fed cultures of Penicillium viridicatum

Rats intubated daily with 500 μg of pure ochratoxin or fed a diet containing 250 μg (daily average) of the toxin present in barley cultures of Penicillium viridicatum Westling developed anorexia and had similar pathological changes in the kidneys. A large part of the intubated ochratoxin A could not be accounted for from analysis of urine and feces, and there was little accumulation of the toxin in the liver or kidneys.

AGROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF WINTER WHEAT SAMPLES

Laboratory and field assessment of 436 samples of winter barley of different systematic affiliation and ecological and geographical origin was carried out at the Dagestan experimental station. Productive varieties of winter barley are selected from the world collection. Samples were evaluated by precocity. The date of earing is used as a criterion. According to the rate of development of most varieties of medium. Studied field resistance to common fungal diseases (powdery mildew, dwarf rust). Of particular breeding value are varieties Yura, Punch (Germany) and Rambeer (France), resistant to two pathogens. As a rule, Western European barley breeding on the natural infectious background of southern Dagestan show resistance. In the conditions of irrigated agriculture and intensive type of farming, the yield of grain crops is significantly affected by resistance to lodging, the selected samples are relatively stable. The height of the stem is 100,0-115,0 cm. the Value of the indicator is optimal for the conditions of irrigated agriculture of South-flat Dagestan. An important yield-forming element of the barley is a productive plant stand. The variation of the parameter 400-945 in double-row; 350-689 pieces/m2 - shestibalny forms. This differentiation is associated with morphological features of the subspecies of barley culture. Grain size depends on the mass of 1000 grains. This indicator in two-row productive varieties is 51.3 ... 63.2; six-row – 43.4 ... 53.5, respectively. Found barley varieties to the metric value of 53.5 – 63.2 per g: Cornelia, Bombay, Yura, Viraca and Intro of selection Germany. The above elements contribute to the formation of such an integral feature as the final yield of the variety. The weight of grain per unit area of the marked samples is 500 – 635 g. Good productive stalk (834.0-945.0 pcs/m2) in combination with large grain (51.8-56.0 g) provide a high yield (520.0-610.0 g/m2) samples Docile, Caprise, Marlen and Merry selection of France. Varieties can be recommended for inclusion in breeding and genetic programs.

SOME FACTORS IN THE COMPETITION OR ANTAGONISM AMONG BACTERIA, ALGAE, AND AQUATIC WEEDS.

Field observations of changes in the populations of aquatic weeds and phytoplankton have confirmed that aquatic weeds have antagonistic activity toward phytoplankton. Nutritional studies in the laboratory indicate that cultures of the aquatic weeds, Myriophyllum sp., Ceratophyllum sp., and duckweed (Lemma minor L.); liquid cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Dickson variety); and cultures of the filamentous green algae, Cladophora sp. and Pithophora oedogonium (Mont.) Withrock, will remain relatively free of epiphytes or competing phytoplankton if the cultures are nitrogen-limited. Field observations of Cladophora sp. have confirmed that the growth of epiphytes on the Cladophora is related to conditions of surplus available nitrogen compounds. It is proposed that this antagonistic activity may be due to a "nitrogen sink" effect in which the aquatic weeds or filamentous green algae prevent the growth of contaminating algae by competition for the limited nitrogen compounds available. However, the presence of bacteria-sized organisms which have selective toxicity to certain algae indicates that perhaps multiple factors exist. Discussed are the ecological implications of associations of certain algae with bacteria that have selective toxicities for other species of algae under certain environmental conditions such as nitrogen-limited growth.

Culture methods and detection of glucanases in suspension cultures of wheat and barley.

Suspension cultures of Triticum monococcum L., Triticum vulgare Vill. var. Thatcher, Hordeum vulgare L. var. Gateway, and Hordeum vulgare L. var. Gateway mutant yv2 have been established. The cultures were derived from root sections of seedlings and cultured in a denned medium consisting of mineral salts, sucrose, B vitamins, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with nitrate and ammonia as the sources of nitrogen. In the early period of the cultures the cell aggregates readily, differentiated to form roots, but this characteristic diminished after several generations of subculture. The cells and medium contained a number of glucanases. The presence of a laminaranase (endo-β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.99)) that did not attack lichenan was established. The culture media of the wheat contained an oligosaccharide which on acid hydrolysis yielded galactose, arabinose, and xylose. Hydrolysis of a cell-wall fraction yielded the same sugars in addition to glucose and mannose.

Effect of Bare Fallow, Barley, and Grass on Salinity of a Soil Over a Saline Water Table

AbstractConsiderable acreage in the semiarid to subhumid upper midwestern USA is affected by excessive salinity, which occurs mainly on nonirrigated lands with high water tables where methods for improvement are limited. In northeastern North Dakota a 4‐year study was conducted to compare effects of bare fallow, perennial grass and barley culture on salinity of land affected by a highly saline, shallow water table that ranged in depth from 0.5 to 3 m during the study period. Land use did not appreciably influence salinity of the surface 15 cm. However, by the end of the first season, 46% of the soluble salts were leached out of the 15‐ to 60‐cm depth under fallow. Salinity increased slightly under barley, and definitely increased under perennial grass. Two consecutive years of fallow removed 60% of the soluble salts in 15‐ to 60‐cm depth. Salinity reductions continued under fallow through the third year. Under grass, salinity fluctuated considerably, but generally increased, under barley, salinity fluctuated less. Quantities of ions most often moved where: Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+, and Cl‐ > SO42‐.

Studies on the Mechanized Culture of Wheat and Barley and its Application

Studies on the Mechanized Culture of Wheat and Barley and its Application

Use of krypton for surface area measurements: J. M. Haynes, J. Phys. Chem., 66 (1), Jan. 1962, 182–185

The embryogenic potential and regenerative capacity of cereal cell cultures was examined using the expression of two embryo-specific genes (the dormancy-related cDNA-clone B15C, R. Aalen, Norway; the aldose reductase cDNA-clone pG22–69, D. Bartels, Germany) in barley cell cultures. By Northern blotting the expression of both clones was limited to embryogenic cultures and not to non-embryogenic cultures. In situ hybridization showed high gene expression in the shoot and root apex of embryos and in subepidermal cell layers of embryogenic barley cultures. In androgenetic embryos the expression of the embryo-specific clones was detected as early as 2 weeks after isolation of microspores, indicating their usefulness as early markers for embryogenesis. Nevertheless, cell aggregates which were embryogenic but no longer able to regenerate plants, expressed both genes. Cell cultures consisting of embryogenic aggregates unable to regenerate plantlets were used to verify that an embryo-specific marker alone is not sufficient to characterize regenerable cultures. Comparing the protein pattern of embryogenic/regenerable and embryogenic/non-regenerable suspension cultures of barley, we identified a 85-kDa polypeptide (pI 5.8) accumulating only in non-regenerable cultures. Moreover, following the electrophoretic pattern of secreted proteins, two glycoproteins were found correlating with the embryogenic capacity (46 kDa, pI 6.1) and the loss of regenerative potential (17.4 kDa), respectively. The data indicate that at least two levels of control exist in somatic embryogenesis. One is the induction of bipolar embryos and the second the germination of somatic embryos into plantlets.

Perturbations of the nickel metal K X-ray absorption edge due to small crystal size and hydrogen chemisorption: P. H. Lewis, J. Phys. Chem., 66 (1), Jan. 1962, 105–111

The embryogenic potential and regenerative capacity of cereal cell cultures was examined using the expression of two embryo-specific genes (the dormancy-related cDNA-clone B15C, R. Aalen, Norway; the aldose reductase cDNA-clone pG22–69, D. Bartels, Germany) in barley cell cultures. By Northern blotting the expression of both clones was limited to embryogenic cultures and not to non-embryogenic cultures. In situ hybridization showed high gene expression in the shoot and root apex of embryos and in subepidermal cell layers of embryogenic barley cultures. In androgenetic embryos the expression of the embryo-specific clones was detected as early as 2 weeks after isolation of microspores, indicating their usefulness as early markers for embryogenesis. Nevertheless, cell aggregates which were embryogenic but no longer able to regenerate plants, expressed both genes. Cell cultures consisting of embryogenic aggregates unable to regenerate plantlets were used to verify that an embryo-specific marker alone is not sufficient to characterize regenerable cultures. Comparing the protein pattern of embryogenic/regenerable and embryogenic/non-regenerable suspension cultures of barley, we identified a 85-kDa polypeptide (pI 5.8) accumulating only in non-regenerable cultures. Moreover, following the electrophoretic pattern of secreted proteins, two glycoproteins were found correlating with the embryogenic capacity (46 kDa, pI 6.1) and the loss of regenerative potential (17.4 kDa), respectively. The data indicate that at least two levels of control exist in somatic embryogenesis. One is the induction of bipolar embryos and the second the germination of somatic embryos into plantlets.

THE ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON WHEAT AND BARLEY IN RIDGE CULTURE IN THE WET FIELD. : (Report 1) On the Ecology of Tops

The ecological research on tops and analytical investigations on tillerings according to their orders were carried on in order to study the relation between heights of ridges and too much moisture in soil. Varieties used were Wheat NORIN No. 72, Barley SHIGA-HACHIKOKU No. 5, and SHIGA-KAIRYO-HADAKA. 1. The change of leaf colour from green to yellow or purple were noticed from the days of February. Changes of colour and their degree appeared differently on wheat and barley. These facts show that the addaptation of wheat for too much moisture is larger than that of barley. 2. Remarkable differences were recognized between each plot of 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 Shakn plots, both in change of leaf colour and growing stayes in every variety. 3. The percentage of tillerings without heads were high in low ridge plots especially in barley, and further the percentage of tillerngs with heads in 0.5 Shaku plots was about a half of that in 2.0 Shaku plots. 4. The influence on the number of grains per head and weights of heads was considerably remarkable in low ridge plots especially on heads of higher order tillerings. The number of grains per plant in 0.5 Shaku plots were about one third of that in 2.0 Shaku plots. 5. The comparison between 2.0 and.0.5 Shaku plots was as follows: Mean number of grains per head: On main stems, 15 to 25%, on III, 45 to 60%, and on II, 21, 41 to 43%, less in 0.5 Shaku plots than in 2.0 Shaku plots. Weight of 100 grains: On main stems, 15 to 25%, on III, about 30%, and on II, 21, 25 to 35%, less the same. Iength of head: On main stems, about 10%, on III, 25 to 35%, and on II, 21, 20 to 25%, less the same. 6. The economical culture of wheat and barley is consedered to be hard in lower than 1.0 Shakn ridge, when the whole growing period is in the wet field.

Wheat and barley culture in the light volcanic ash soil scope in Kanto district.

In Kanto district we can find light volcanic ash soii scope with poor land, low temperature and dry climate. Especially, in such soil scope, freezing layer, which does not melt whole day, is made up under the condition that mean temperature is below than 2°C. On this land, wheat and barley are not so grown. In ease when the roots of wheat and barley cannot go through the freezing layer, the plant is tend to be injured from drgught and cold. As the characteristics of the varieties fit to the land, good growth in earley period is required. The root system of the wheat and barley which is planted later, can not go down under the ground, and so is likely to be damaged, Consequently, in selection of variety as well as in cultivation method, it is important to take care in the earley period of the plant.

Barley Culture in Japan1

Agronomy JournalVolume 39, Issue 8 p. 643-658 Article Barley Culture in Japan1 Warren H. Leonard, Warren H. Leonard Professor of Agronomy, Colorado A. and M. College, Ft. Collins, Colo. Formerly, Major, CAC, US Army, and Chief, Agriculture Division, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, Japan, from October 2, 1945, to August 20, 1946. Acknowledgment is made to Dr. H. Terao, retired Director, imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Nishigahara, Tokyo, Japan, for valuable aid in the collection of material for the preparation of this paper. Helpful criticisms of the manuscript were made by Dr. S. C. Salmon, Principal Agronomist in Charge of Wheat Investigations, and by Dr. G. A. Wiebe, Principal Agronomist in Charge of Barley Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md. Valuable suggestions were also received from Dr. Carl L. W. Swanson, Soils Department, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Lt. Col. H. G. Schenck, Chief of the Natural Resources Section, GHQ, SCAP, for his encouragement on the preparation of scientific papers on Japan.Search for more papers by this author Warren H. Leonard, Warren H. Leonard Professor of Agronomy, Colorado A. and M. College, Ft. Collins, Colo. Formerly, Major, CAC, US Army, and Chief, Agriculture Division, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, Japan, from October 2, 1945, to August 20, 1946. Acknowledgment is made to Dr. H. Terao, retired Director, imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Nishigahara, Tokyo, Japan, for valuable aid in the collection of material for the preparation of this paper. Helpful criticisms of the manuscript were made by Dr. S. C. Salmon, Principal Agronomist in Charge of Wheat Investigations, and by Dr. G. A. Wiebe, Principal Agronomist in Charge of Barley Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md. Valuable suggestions were also received from Dr. Carl L. W. Swanson, Soils Department, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Lt. Col. H. G. Schenck, Chief of the Natural Resources Section, GHQ, SCAP, for his encouragement on the preparation of scientific papers on Japan.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1947 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1947.00021962003900080001xCitations: 3 1 Authorized by the Director of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station for publication as scientific journal series article No. 246. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume39, Issue8August 1947Pages 643-658 RelatedInformation

Climatic Relations of American Barley Production

HE primary patterns of American barley production reveal an intimate relationship between the ecologic requirements of the grain and certain clearly marked climatic elements. Although barley is cultivated in an amazingly wide range of environments throughout the world, a circumstance in large measure made possible through the diverse adaptabilities of the many varietal forms of the plant, this grain is profoundly sensitive to meteorological influences. So far as climate is concerned, the areas in which barley can be profitably grown in the United States are more limited than those available to corn, wheat, or oats.' Of outstanding importance is the inability of barley to withstand the simultaneous occurrence of high temperature and high humidity, though, other environmental factors being suitable, it may thrive under conditions characterized by either element alone. At just what point these two factors attain a combined proportion prohibitive to the profitable culture of barley has not been defined geographically, though even if such a temperaturehumidity ratio could be established, it would still be impossible to draw definite limits on the map: additional climatic, biotic, varietal, and cultural factors, all intimately related, shift too much, in character and position, from year to year. Transitional border zones, however, marked by a constantly fluctuating acreage, betray the general position of the lines of climatic resistance.

〓麥の收量と氣象との關係(第1報)

The coefficients of correlation between the yield of naked barley and the weather factors (Monthly mean temperature, monthly amount of rainfall and monthly total hours of sunshine) have been calculated by the method previously reported in this magazine, for each prefecture in Japan, each month during the cultivating time.The correlation coefficients calculated are shown in tables 1, 2, 3.From the correlation coefficients we see clearly that the weather at the early stage of growth and from flowering to ripening time has most important influence upon the yield of naked barley and it is favourable for the naked barley culture when the weather is rainless, sunny at the above each time.