Bark Flour Research Articles

PENGARUH VARIASI KECEPATAN PUTAR DAN RATIO BAHAN PADA HIDROLISA TEPUNG KULIT SINGKONG

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>: </strong><em>Generally, people make use of cassava bark to feed livestocks. Very often, they just throw it away as waste or rubbish. In order to increase the economical value of it, the cassava bark is attempted to be alternative substance to create glucose through hydrolysis. This research is meant to uncover the effect of rotation speed and substance ratio at cassava bark flour hydrolysis towards the reducing glucose being produced, and hydrolysis reaction constant of cassava bark with acid chloride catalyst. The constant variable of this research is the cooking volume of 250 ml and the cooking temperature of 95<sup>0</sup>C (boiling temperature). The observed variable is the rotation speed (100 rpm, 150 rpm, 200 rpm, and 250 rpm) and substance ratio (20 gr, 25 gr, 30 gr, and 35 gr. The sample of glucose is analysed using Lane-Eynon Method. The analysis of the data reveals that the more the rotation speed and substance ratio, the more glucose degree is produced. Moreover, the longer the reaction period, the higher the glucose degree is produced. Maximum glucose production is gained at the operation condition of the speed rotation at 250 rpm and the substance ratio is 35 gram. In this research, in regard with orde one reaction, the constant of reaction speed at 0,0202 – 0,0243/minute and substance ratio variable at 0.023 – 0.052/minute is gained.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords</em>:</strong><em> </em><em>cassava bark; starch; hydrochloric acid; glucose</em></p>

All‐wood biocomposites by partial dissolution of wood flour in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

AbstractAfter cedar‐derived wood flour (WF) and bark flour (BF) were mixed with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMIC) at 100°C, the obtained compounds with BMIC content 40 wt % were compression‐molded at 210°C to give WF/BMIC and BF/BMIC composites, respectively. The BMIC contained in the composites was twice extracted with ethanol at 60°C to afford WF/BMIC‐E and BF/BMIC‐E biocomposites, which were subsequently annealed at 200°C for 24 h to produce WF/BMIC‐A and BF/BMIC‐A biocomposites. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed that WF has a higher content of cellulose and a lower content of lignin than BF does, and that the BMIC content diminished by the extraction process. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that woody particles joined together by the compression molding of WF/BMIC and BF/BMIC compounds, and that the extraction of BMIC roughened the surface and the annealing again smoothed the surface due to the fusion of the residual BMIC and woody particles. The XRD measurements indicated that the annealing enhanced the crystallinity of cellulose component. The tensile properties and 5% weight loss temperature of the biocomposites were considerably improved by the extraction of BMIC and further by the annealing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

The effects of poplar bark and wood content on the mechanical properties of wood-polypropylene composites

Bark, as a residue from trees, is mostly used for thermal energy production, but a better utilization of this resource was considered as an alternative raw material for wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The influence of bark, wood, and blending of bark and wood flour content of the poplar tree on the mechanical characteristics of WPCs were investigated. Wood and bark flours with 2% maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and polypropylene were compounded into pellets using a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder, and test specimens were prepared by injection molding. The results showed that both bark fiber and wood flour increased mechanical strength (flexural strength (MOR), flexural modulus (MOE), tensile modulus, and tensile strength) significantly (P<0.05). Composites made with bark flour exhibited lower mechanical strength compared to those made with wood flour and wood flour/bark flour. Differences in chemical composition between bark and wood, fines, low aspect ratio (length/width) of bark flour, delamination between fines and matrix, and the lower intrinsic fiber strength of bark fibers compared to wood fibers are good explanations for this demarcation. The notched impact strength of all reinforced composites was significantly lower than neat polypropylene (P < 0.05).

Effect of bark flour on melt rheological behavior of high density polyethylene

AbstractThe melt rheological behavior of neem bark flour (BF) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied at varying volume fraction (ϕf) from 0 to 0.26 at 180, 190, and 200°C in the shear rate range from 100 to 5000 s−1 using extruded pellets of the composites. The melt viscosity of HDPE increases with ϕf because the BF particles obstruct the flow of HDPE. With the incorporation of the coupling agent HDPE‐g‐MAH, the viscosity decreased compared to the corresponding compositions in the HDPE/BF systems due to a plasticizing/lubricating effect by HDPE‐g‐MAH. The composites obeyed power law behavior in the melt flow. The power law index decreases with increase in the filler content and increases with temperature for the corresponding systems while the consistency index showed the opposite trend. The activation energy for viscous flow exhibited inappreciable change with either ϕf or inclusion of the coupling agent, however, the pre‐exponential factor increased with filler concentration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Effect of bark flour on viscoelastic behavior of high density polyethylene

The dynamic mechanical behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in HDPE/bark flour (BF) composites on varying the volume fraction (Φf) of BF (filler) from 0 to 0.26 has been studied. The storage modulus decreases with increase in BF content up to Φf = 0.07, which is attributed to a pseudolubricating effect by the filler. The storage modulus for the composites at Φ f = 0.20 is higher than HDPE in all other temperature zones due to enhanced mechanical restraint by the dispersed phase. At Φf = 0.07, the loss moduli were either marginally lower or similar to that of HDPE, which is due to the ball-bearing effect of the filler as well as decrease in the crystallinity of HDPE. Above Φf = 0.07, the loss moduli were higher than HDPE. The α-relaxation region of the damping peak shifted toward the higher temperature side with increase in BF content. In the presence of the coupling agent, maleic anhydride-grafted HDPE (HDPE-g-MAH), the storage modulus values were marginally lower than those of the HDPE/BF systems. In the HDPE/BF/HDPE—g—MAH composites, the variations of the loss moduli were similar but values lower than those of the HDPE/BF systems. Damping peak shift in the α-region toward higher temperature was more than those of the HDPE/BF systems, which may be due to the hindrance to the relaxation due to an enhanced phase interaction. The values of tan δ were higher than the rule of mixture for both the composites.

Poly(vinyl chloride)–Acacia bark flour composite: Effect of particle size and filler content on mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics

AbstractThis article describes the effect of filler [obtained from bark of Acacia (Babool)] content and its particle size (ranging from 100 to 150 μm and <50 μm) on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites. Bark of the fast‐growing species Acacia was used as powder for making PVC composites, which may find applications as a substitute to high‐cost wood and to avoid deforestation. A two‐roll mill was used for mixing varying amounts of bark flour with PVC formulation. Samples for testing were prepared by compression molding. Tensile strength and percentage of elongation at break decreased, whereas modulus increased with an increasing amount of bark flour. A significant increase in storage modulus (E′) was observed upon incorporation of filler. Improvement in properties was significant in the presence of filler, having a particle size <50 μm as compared to filler, having a particle size ranging from 100 to 150 μm. Morphological characterization was conducted by using scanning electron microscopy. A uniform dispersion of filler was observed in PVC matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Effect of bark flour content on the hygroscopic characteristics of wood–polypropylene composites

AbstractThe effects of the bark content on the water absorption and thickness swelling of wood–plastic composites prepared from polypropylene, wood flour, and bark flour were studied. Samples were made with a laboratory twin‐screw extruder. The results showed that among composites free of maleic anhydride polypropylene, those composites containing a higher bark flour content exhibited lower water absorption and lower thickness swelling. Maleic anhydride polypropylene reduced water absorption and thickness swelling in composites containing wood flour and a lower content of bark flour but had no influence on the hygroscopic properties of composites made with higher bark contents. Adding maleic anhydride polypropylene had no effect on the water diffusion coefficients and swelling rate parameters of composites made with a higher bark flour content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Mechanical properties of HDPE/bark flour composites

AbstractTensile and impact properties of Neem bark flour (BF) containing high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were studied at 0–0.26 volume fraction of filler. Tensile modulus and strength and breaking elongation decreased with increase in BF concentration. The decrease in tensile modulus and strength was attributed to the decrease in crystallinity of the polymer compared to the imposed mechanical restraint by the BF. Analysis of tensile strength data indicated formation of stress concentration in the interphase. Because of this stress concentration and the mechanical restraint, the elongation‐at‐break and Izod impact strength decreased. Use of a coupling agent, HDPE‐g‐MAH, brings about enhanced phase adhesion, increasing the tensile modulus and strength. Enhanced adhesion marginally lowers composite ductility at higher filler contents and aids stress transfer increasing the Izod impact strength inappreciably. Scanning electron microscopic studies indicated better dispersion of BF particles and enhanced interphase adhesion in presence of the coupling agent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

PEMANFAATAN KULIT GEMOR (Alseodaphne sp) SEBAGAI BAHAN UNTUK PEMBUATAN ANTI NYAMUK BAKAR The Possible Utilization of Gemor (Alseodaphne sp.) Bark as Material for the Manufacture of Anti Mosquito Agent

Gemor ( Alseodaphne sp.) plants belong to the Lauraceae family and grow abundantly in particular Indonesian regions, predominantly South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. It has been known that the bark portion of gemor plants can be used as an effective stuff or material to repel the mosquitoes (i.e. anti-mosquito agent). In this research, a laboratory-scale trial on the manufacture of anti-mosquito agent was conducted by diversifying its manufacturing formulations. As such, two kinds of formulae were prepared. The first formula (designated as A) consisted of the gemor bark (20 percent), which has been fragmented into flour, wood flour (60 percent), coconut-shell flour (10 percent), and wood flour of Cassiavera sp. (10 percent), and cassava flour (3 percent). Meanwhile, the second formula (B) contained gemor bark flour (25 percent), wood flour (50 percent), coconut-shell flour (10 percent), Cassiavera wood flour (12 percent), and cassava flour (3 percent). During the trial, in addition to varying or diversifying the formulation, the manufacturing process (i.e. cooking) was also conducted in two different durations, i.e. 45- and 65-minutes. Afterwards, the resulting anti-mosquito agents were tested of their efficacy through the burning process (i.e. the ease to get ignited, flaming duration, and efficacy to repel the mosquitoes). Besides, assessing the qualities of the anti-mosquito agent was also conducted not through the burning process (i.e. the resistance of the agent to breakage, crumbling, and other destructive mechanical actions). The results revealed that the anti-mosquito agents manufactured using the two kinds of formulae (A and B) turned out to have almost similar characteristics, i.e. the ease to get ignited, flaming (burning) duration, and mosquito-repelling efficacy. Meanwhile, the agent resulting from formula B disclosed better resistance to damage (crumbling/breakage) due to mechanical actions than the one from formula A. Formulation A and B are to use anti mosquito agent.