Bargaining System Research Articles

Targeted transfers, a left-wing policy? The impact of left-wing governments and corporatism on transfers to low-income families (1982–2019)

In the last decades, several countries introduced new income-tested child benefits and targeted in-work tax credits to boost the income of low-income families. Inspired by the power resource theory, I postulate that left-wing governments tend to increase benefits to low-income families because their ideology favours redistribution and to consolidate the vote of low-income families, but that both right- and left-wing governments increase benefits for middle-income families. The impact of left-wing governments should be stronger in countries with a weak bargaining system as social partners are unable to reduce inequalities between families. To demonstrate this argument, I use statistical analyses based on OECD data to measure the effect of government ideology and corporatism on the level of benefits received by low- and middle-income families in OECD countries from 1982 to 2019. The results indicate that left-wing parties have a significant impact on benefits received by low-income families, but not on benefits received by middle-income families. Also, even though corporatism is associated with different types of child benefits, it does not influence the relationship between left-wing governments and benefits received by low-income families.

Determination of Fares for Online Transportation Applications with A Fare Bargaining System is Linked to Business Competition Law in Indonesia

This research examines the pricing mechanism in online transportation applications in Indonesia, focusing on the bargaining system and its implications for business competition law. Pricing in online transportation applications often causes polemics in the community because it is considered non-transparent and unfair. This study aims to analyze how the pricing mechanism is carried out by online transportation application providers, as well as evaluate its conformity with the principles of business competition law in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical, with a legislative and conceptual approach. Data was obtained through literature studies and analysis of documents related to government regulations and policies in the field of online transportation. The results of the study show that the pricing mechanism by online transportation applications still faces various challenges, especially related to transparency and compliance with business competition laws. In addition, the bargaining system implemented by several applications still causes price uncertainty for consumers. This study concludes that there needs to be stricter regulation and stricter supervision of the pricing mechanism in online transportation applications. This is important to ensure that business competition runs in a healthy and fair manner, as well as to protect the interests of consumers.

A composite index for workers’ bargaining power and the inflation rate in the United States, 1960–2018

This paper aims to construct a synthetic index of workers’ bargaining power and investigate the relationship between it and inflation in the U.S. economy. As a first step, we identify the factors affecting the bargaining power of workers, referring to different groups of variables: labour market indicators; institutional indicators (e.g., collective bargaining coverage, union density); characteristics of the economy (e.g., degree of freedom for capital mobility, share of employment by sector). We then implement Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to assess the adequacy of the indicators and calculate the weights to aggregate the single indicators into a composite index. As a second step, we estimate the impact of our Bargaining Index on inflation by estimating an equation of the determinants of inflation. The composite index thus has a twofold use: it sheds light on the extent to which changes in the labour market in recent decades have weakened workers’ bargaining power, and it can be used to test how the evolution of the wage bargaining system affects inflation.

Implementasi Plea Bargaining System Kedalam Pembaharuan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Tindak Pidana Korupsi

Purpose: This paper aims to provide information and knowledge to readers regarding the implementation of the Plea Bargaining system in the reform of the criminal justice system in tipikor cases. Research methodology: The study uses a normative legal method, which is research that examines document studies using a legislative approach, where this approach reviews all laws and regulations related to the plea bargaining system in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, which are relevant to the legal issues being raised. Results: the results of the research in this study is, The idea of using plea bargaining in an effort to reform the criminal justice system in Indonesia in corruption cases can be found on philosophical grounds based on the 5th principle of Pancasila. which efforts aim to create a judicial principle that is simple, fast and low cost. Limitations: This writing raises the formulation of the problem, namely how the application of the Plea Bargaining system idea can be implemented in an effort to reform the criminal justice system in corruption cases in Indonesia Contribution: The writing of this article is intended for law enforcers and lawmakers so that plea bargaining can be applied in the criminal justice system in Indonesia and provide a sense of justice and the completion of cases that are fast simple and low cost.

A view on ecological and social taxonomy in the EU

The article examines the views in the European Union on ecological and social taxonomy and Reports on this topic submitted to the European Commission. The author shows how the scope of the «Taxonomy Ordinance» is expanding beyond environmentally sustainable economic activities and transferred to the social goals of sustainability. The connection between ecological and social taxonomy is shown and it is noted that social taxonomy was developed in the European Union according to the model of ecological taxonomy. The tasks facing the authors of the Social Taxonomy Report are highlighted. It is emphasized that there are three very important differences between ecological and social taxonomy, which sometimes make it difficult to apply some of the approaches used in ecological taxonomy to social phenomena. The article notes that the social taxonomy is not intended to replace national regulation and must respect the contractual separation that exists in different countries, which means recognition by the EU governing bodies of differences in national labor market models and collective bargaining systems. The author concludes that social taxonomy is designed to support investment in activities that contribute significantly to social goals, in much the same way that environmental taxonomy is designed to support investment in environmentally sound activities.

Collective Bargaining in Fissured Work Contexts: An Analysis of Core Challenges and Novel Experiments

Facilitating access to effective and meaningful collective bargaining is at the heart of the most recent set of reforms to the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (‘ FW Act’) enacted in the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Secure Jobs, Better Pay) 2022 (Act). In the shadow of these reforms, this article explores who can engage in collective bargaining in Australia and under what conditions. While there are a range of issues impeding the effectiveness of the collective bargaining system under the FW Act, this article focuses on the question of bargaining access under both labour and competition laws and reveals some of the formidable challenges facing employed and non-employed workers alike. It examines how the rise in dependent contractors and the disaggregation of firms—through labour hire, subcontracting, franchising and/or digital platforms—has destabilised the binary conception of employment. The decline in formal employment and the growth of the ‘fissured workplace’ have not only perpetuated the problem of ‘wage theft’, they have altered the way in which wages are set in the first place. Moreover, these factors have exposed the tensions that lie between the regulation of mainstream labour markets through worker-orientated labour legislation and the regulation of product markets and business relationships under consumer-orientated competition legislation. The discussion explores the limitations created by the siloing of regulatory approaches to enabling collective bargaining for workers covered by different statutory regimes. We identify that in both labour and competition laws, meaningful access to collective bargaining in fissured work contexts has been frequently stifled by misplaced assumptions about the nature of the regulatory target and the power distribution in business networks. The article contends that a regulatory response to fissuring (or the problem of ‘the networked firm’) would straddle the labour/competition law divide in various ways, to ensure fissured workers are no longer excluded from exercising collective power by both legal domains.

Economic Behavior of Traditional Market Traders in Responding to the Existence of Modern Markets and Online Markets

This study aims to determine the economic behavior of traditional market traders in facing the existence of modern markets in Makassar City. This research uses qualitative research. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The informants in this study were traditional market traders in Makassar City totaling 5 people as the object of research. The results of the research obtained are that the existence of modern markets greatly affects the income of traditional market traders which is marked by a drastic reduction in income. As for determining the price of traditional market traders using a bargaining system and an agreement between the seller and the buyer. In improving product quality, traditional market traders sort the goods taken from the camp to avoid damage to the product. While in improving the quality of service traditional market traders serve one by one buyers, that way buyers can also ask directly about the products to be purchased.

Workplace democracy in action? Assessing employee board representation in Australian government agencies

AbstractVarious scholars and political actors advocate workplace democratisation to give employees greater influence over decision‐making. Many suggest employee board representation (EBR) as a mechanism to facilitate this, but some question how influential employee board representatives (EBRs) are and whether they represent their colleagues’ views. This study investigates the extent to which EBR contributes to workplace democratisation, via a comparison of three Australian public sector organisations. The study found EBRs exerted significantly more influence at the Australian National University than at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the Australian Film Television and Radio School. Most EBRs wanted to draw upon staff experiences but their communication with colleagues was often constrained. Variances of influence were explained by the number of EBRs, the actions of the Chair, chief executive officer, government, and other board members. Two findings stand out as unique contributions: the importance of appointment powers to EBR influence in the public sector, and EBRs’ limited influence on labour issues in the Anglosphere due to the adversarial system of labour bargaining being positioned largely outside the boardroom. The study concludes that EBR is a non‐tokenistic form of workplace democratisation, albeit with a specific scope, which has utility within a mix of democratising mechanisms.Points for practitioners Most EBRs exerted a limited or moderate influence on decision‐making, but others exerted more significant influence. They were most influential on matters related to their experience and expertise and were largely unable to influence workers’ pay, conditions, and other labour issues. Most EBRs did not represent their colleagues in a transactional or direct sense, but drew upon their experiences as staff members when making decisions. However, EBRs had fluctuating issues communicating with their fellow employees, largely due to managerial direction around confidentiality. The number of SEDs on the board and the actions of other board members, the Chair, chief executive officer, and the government explained the variances in SEDs’ influence between agencies. This study's findings regarding EBR influence were middling compared to European research, but appointment powers were found to be particularly important in the public sector context. EBRs’ influence was found to be limited on labour issues, suggesting a potential clash between the corporatist inclination of EBR and the adversarial system of labour bargaining prevalent in the Anglosphere. Elected EBRs offer employees a non‐tokenistic form of representation but within a limited scope of strategy and oversight. Given factors that constrain SEDs’ influence and representativeness can be at least partly countered by policy design and political leadership, these findings bolster the policy case for extending EBR throughout the public sector.

Collective bargaining in the Australian public service: From New Public Management to public value

In 2022, Australia's Labor Opposition pledged to reintroduce collective bargaining covering the whole Australian public service (APS) if elected. The elected Labor government is now implementing this ground-breaking reform. The APS has, since 1997, bargained at the agency level with no mandated common terms and conditions of employment applying across the service. This has led to pay dispersion and inequity, and fragmentation of the terms and conditions of employment. The current negotiations aim to rectify this situation. We argue that these reforms represent an ideological shift and a repudiation of New Public Management (NPM) towards a public value approach, which also incorporates being a model employer. We consider whether this refocusing will overcome the problems inherent in the system of bargaining practised under an NPM framework. We examine some of the most important items being negotiated at the time of writing, namely, wages, job security, flexible working, paid parental leave and paid family and domestic violence leave. We conclude that the new approach will overcome the legacy of the previous bargaining system to benefit individuals and the APS as a whole. We further conclude that this public value approach substantially fulfils the government's ideal of becoming a model employer.

Automation and unemployment: Does collective bargaining moderate their association?

The stock of robots used in industrial production in the OECD more than doubled over the last two decades. Empirically, the direction of the association between automation and (un-)employment varies across countries. Which factors explain this cross-country variation? We argue that differences in collective bargaining systems play a role. We structure the collective bargaining systems of 37 OECD and EU countries by the degree of coordination of their collective bargaining on the one hand, and by the strength of labor unions on the other hand. These results in four types of collective bargaining systems: highly coordinated with strong unions; highly coordinated with weak unions; weakly coordinated with strong unions and weakly coordinated with weak unions. We use a dynamic panel data approach to investigate whether the association between increased automation and the unemployment rates of different societal groups differs across collective bargaining systems. Our findings are consistent with the view that increased automation is positively associated with unemployment in countries where collective bargaining is weak. In coordinated systems the association is muted, notably for workers with medium skill levels, that is, for the group of workers which is frequently seen to be especially prone to be “automated away”. We cannot unveil indications of insider-outsider behavior of labor unions.

Plea Bargaining System as a Non-Litigation Settlement In The Framework of Repositioning Criminal Justice In Indonesia

In its development, Plea Bargaining was accommodated into a written rule in 1970, when the court decided the case of Brady v United States. The Plea Bargaining System uses methods in civil law to resolve criminal cases. Indonesia's legal system can adopt the Plea Bargaining concept into the criminal justice system. The drafting team introduced the term Plea Bargaining in the Academic Paper of the Draft Criminal Procedure Code (NA RUU KUHAP). This design is considered different from the initial concept applied in other countries. Therefore, an analysis of legal protection and certainty for justice seekers (justiciabelen) is needed. The research method used is normative juridical, namely by studying secondary data and understanding law as a set of rules related to Plea Bargaining.

Analysis of the Plea Leniency System and Plea Bargaining System in the Era of Big Data

Abstract In the era of big data, comparing plea leniency and plea bargaining systems can bring important insights to legal practitioners. In this paper, by studying the principle of the fuzzy K-mean clustering method, optimization using rough set theory is proposed for the problem of unclear boundaries in the fuzzy clustering process. Then, based on comparing the origins and development of the plea-leniency system and the plea-bargain system, big data analysis of the plea-leniency system cases in China and the plea-bargain cases in the United States is conducted using the fuzzy clustering method based on rough sets. The application rate of China’s plea leniency system is, on average, 49.67% lower than that of the U.S. plea bargaining system. In terms of the sentencing range, the plea leniency system is 32.73% lower than the plea bargaining system. Compared to the two, the plea leniency system is more stringent in terms of discretionary limits and standards of proof. Based on the big data analysis, the plea leniency system should expand the application area and strict leniency standards and improve the relevant subject system and evidence disclosure system.

Transnational Company Agreements and EU Law

This article analyses transnational company agreements (TCAs) as a new form of social dialogue in multinational companies and examines why a legal framework for TCAs has not yet been introduced at European level. It argues that a reopening of the discussion on the introduction of such a legal framework should be promoted in order to strengthen the social dialogue in multinational companies and raise social standards in Europe Transnational Company Agreements, Social Dialogue, Multinational Companies, Legal Basis, Austrian Collective Bargaining System

PERILAKU PEDAGANG PASAR TRADISIONAL SAMBONGGEDE KECAMATAN MERAKURAK KABUPATEN TUBAN DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA PASCA COVID-19

This study aims to determine the behavior of traditional market traders in Sambonggede Village, Merakurak District, Tuban Regency, East Java when the Covid-19 pandemic occurred. This study uses a type of qualitative research. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. The informants in this study were traditional market traders in Sambonggede Village, Merakurak District, Tuban Regency, totaling 6 people as research objects. The research results obtained were that during the Covid-19 pandemic, the existence of traditional markets greatly affected the income of traditional market traders, which was marked by a very drastic reduction in income. The traders still maintain the quality of production, because it is a basic daily need. In addition to maintaining production quality, traders also use certain strategies to maintain existing networks by establishing personal relationships with customers. As for determining the price, traditional market traders use a bargaining system and an agreement between the seller and the buyer. During a pandemic, to improve product quality, traditional market traders sort goods taken from raw material producers in order to avoid product damage. Meanwhile, in improving the quality of service, traditional market traders serve buyers one by one, by providing products at home in that way, buyers can also ask directly about the availability of the product to be purchased. Keywords: trader behavior, traditional markets, the Covid-19 pandemic.

Complementary collective bargaining and firm performance: new evidence for Italian firms

PurposeWithin the two-tier bargaining system, the role of complementary collective bargaining is somewhat controversial. In this paper, the authors analyse collective agreements from a triple perspective: scanning the contents of firm-level complementary collective agreements (CCAs); identifying the factors that determine the probability of signing a CCA and analysing the relationship between the latter and firm performance with a focus on the role of different negotiated topics.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical procedure is based on 2 main linked sources: longitudinal balance sheet data and a cross-sectional dataset of a representative sample of Italian firms with at least 15 employees, including some retrospective information. The innovative dataset derives from integrating multiple sources. The main empirical approaches include Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations, multivariate regressions, as well as instrumental variable (IV) estimations to overcome simultaneity issues.FindingsWith respect to the probability of signing a CCA, on the firms' side, the authors find a positive role of the degree of firm capitalisation and affiliation with an employers' association and a negative role of family firms compared to non-family firms; on the workers' side, a positive role of the workers' unionisation rate and a positive but differentiated weight of workers' union representations and industrial conflicts. With regard to firm performance, the authors' estimates suggest that signing a CCA is associated with an average increase of 3% in total factor productivity (TFP) and 7.8% in labour productivity. By investigating the contents of the complementarity agreements, the authors show that bargaining a wider range of topics implies advantages that are not homogenous, benefitting more efficient firms. Moreover, the authors find a specific positive and significant role for three main interacting issues: economic incentives, organisation and employment.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional structure of the data on bargaining practices prevents detecting causal relationships due to either potential common driver(s) of both the target variables (firm performance) and bargaining practices (simultaneity bias) and unobservable time-invariant firm-level characteristics (heterogeneity bias).Practical implicationsAccording to the authors' results, policymakers should operate along four fiscal channels to spur the efficiency of firms, via CCA. First, tax incentives stimulate higher firm capitalisation, as this seems to be a CCA-favouring factor. Second, deduction in taxable income for union members, which should led to higher membership rates, hence raising the likelihood of obtaining a CCA. Third, incentives aimed at directly promoting the greater diffusion of CCAs as a source of improved performance. Fourth, fiscal tools aimed at favouring the negotiation of either specific contents or “bundles” of contents, which the authors' estimates show as an additional performance-enhancing tool of CCA practices.Originality/valueThe conceptualisation of the contents of CCA as organisational investments and the whole probability function of signing a CCA are quite innovative. Moreover, the econometric strategy takes account of several potential sources of bias when estimating the relevant coefficients at each stage, which is currently not fully considered in the literature. Finally, this is the first study to shed light on both the diverse outcomes associated with different negotiated topics (in terms of quantity and quality) and the distinction between short and medium-long term effects.

The Japanese Cooperation Agreement System in Practice: Derived from the U.S. Plea Bargaining System but Different

Abstract On 1 June 2018, the Japanese cooperation agreement system was introduced, and its effectiveness has been examined through cases including the Carlos Ghosn Case. Although it was devised by emulating the U.S. plea bargaining system, there are major differences. It has the potential to thoroughly change the Japanese criminal system. However, the portrayal of the new system in academic discourse is quite inaccurate. This article analyses the Japanese cooperation agreement system in comparison with the U.S. plea bargaining system in order to give an accurate understanding and identify points that need attention. The article also gives a background to the Japanese version of criminal immunity to help provide a context to the new system.

Facts and Fantasies about Wage Setting and Collective Bargaining

In this article, we document and discuss salient features of collective bargaining systems in the OECD countries, with the goal of debunking some misconceptions and myths and revitalizing the general interest in wage setting and collective bargaining. We hope that such an interest may help close the gap between how economists tend to model wage setting and how wages are actually set. Canonical models of competitive labor markets, monopsony, and search and matching all assume a decentralized wage setting where individual firms and workers determine wages. In most advanced economies, however, it is common that firms or employer associations bargain with unions over wages, producing collective bargaining systems. We show that the characteristics of these systems vary in important ways across advanced economies, with regards to both the scope and the structure of collective bargaining.

Defining the problem of low wage growth in Australia and Denmark: From the actors’ perspectives

Low wage growth is a challenge common to many OECD countries including countries with very different institutional systems. This paper utilises and extends Rochefort and Cobb’s (1993) ‘problem definition’ framework to analyse how employer and union representatives in Australia and Denmark explain the causes of low wage growth. Drawing on elite interviews, which allow us to assess the nuance of actors’ perceptions, we find disagreement among Australian actors about the role of the collective bargaining system in contributing to low wage growth. Despite disagreement over the extent of the low wage growth problem in Denmark, both unions and employers expressed confidence in the ability of the bargaining system to resolve it. We argue that the greater degree of consensus in Denmark compared with Australia reflects differences in national institutional systems and knowledge regimes, which have influenced the ways actors in these countries perceive low wage growth.

What Does the Growth of Media Unions Mean for the Broader Labor Movement?

What Does the Growth of Media Unions Mean for the Broader Labor Movement?

Collective Bargaining Systems in Germany and Kazakhstan

Collective Bargaining Systems in Germany and Kazakhstan