Bargain Power Research Articles

Gender imbalance, wife’s bargain power and shrinking household size in Rural China

Household size in rural China has seen a shrinking trend in the past decades. This has been attributed to the one-child policy, low fertility rates, and population migration under rapid urbanization. This paper suggests that the gender imbalance in the marriage market has improved the bargaining power of wives, which has led them to divide up the family and live apart from their parents-in-law. This trend has improved the share of doubleton families and decreased the size of households in rural China. Employing nationally representative survey data, empirical evidence indicates that the gender imbalance has significant positive effects on the probability of married women living apart from parents-in-law. This effect is stronger in rural China than in urban China. This paper sheds light on the driving forces of shrinking household size in rural China and has important implications for future family policies such as supporting the elderly in rural China.

Improving Salt Farmer’s Bargain Power through Demand Allocation and Profit Sharing: A Cooperative Game Approach

Improving Salt Farmer’s Bargain Power through Demand Allocation and Profit Sharing: A Cooperative Game Approach

Hypersonic Weapon Systems as an Indicator of Changes in Concepts and Theories

Since the hypersonic weapon system has gotten into service, the military strategists try to assess what changes the new capability will cause in the current theories and concepts. Even though there is much discredit around the effectiveness of the system, everyone agrees that it will shape and change the security environment. However, the first worries focused on the changes of current nuclear strategy, inherently the weapon will implicate other significant changes in the character of war. At the theory level, the capability of the system can override the current A2AD concepts, it can compel the adversary by bargain power and it can also put the current warfighting concepts at risk. Therefore, the analysis should focus on every segment of the current concepts and theories to predict how the system changes and shape military science.

PRE-MODERN INSIGHTS FOR POST-MODERN PRIVACY: JEWISH LAW LESSONS FOR THE BIG DATA AGE

AbstractThis article makes the counterintuitive argument that the millennia-old approach of Jewish law to regulating surveillance, protecting communications, and governing collection and use of information offers important frameworks for protecting privacy in an age of big data and pervasive surveillance. The modern approach to privacy has not succeeded. Notions of individual “rights to be let alone” and “informational self-determination” offer little defense against rampant data collection and aggregation. The substantive promise of a “fundamental human right” of privacy has largely been reduced to illusory procedural safeguards of “notice” and “consent”—manipulable protections by which individuals “agree” to privacy terms with little understanding of the bargain and little power to opt out. Judaism, on the other hand, views privacy as a societal obligation and employs categorical behavioral and architectural mandates that bind all of society's members. It limits waiver of these rules and rejects both technological capacity and the related notion of “expectations” as determinants of privacy's content. It assumes the absence of anonymity and does not depend on the confidentiality of information or behavior, whether knowledge is later used or shared, or whether the privacy subject can show concrete personal harm. When certain types of sensitive information are publicly known or cannot help but be visible, Jewish law still provides rules against their use. Jewish law offers a language that can guide policy debates. It suggests a move from individual control over information as the mechanism for shaping privacy's meaning and enforcement, to a regime of substantive obligations—personal and organizational—to protect privacy. It recognizes the interconnected nature of human interests and comprehends the totality of the harm that pervasive surveillance wreaks on individuals and social relations. It offers a conceptual basis for extending traditional privacy protections to online spaces and new data uses. And it provides a language of dignity that recognizes unequal bargaining power, rejects the aggregation and use of information to create confining personal narratives and judgments, and demands equal protection for all humans.

Should vertically integrated platforms be mandated to share information with their rivals?

We examine a vertically integrated platform’s incentives to share demand information with a ‘third-party’ seller. When consumers perceive the platform’s private label and the seller’s products as relatively close substitutes, and quality strongly affects demand, the platform tends not to share information with the seller. We find that consumers are often better off without information sharing even in the absence of explicit privacy concerns, since information sharing facilitates rent extraction via targeted prices. The region of parameters where this occurs expands as the platform’s bargain power vis-à-vis the seller increases.

Declining Bargain Power: Streaming, Production, and Entertainment Labour

The fluidity of time and space, diverse collection, and personalized recommendations of streaming (OTT players) would mean a lot to a viewer looking for instant entertainment. On the other hand, such transitions from traditional viewing platforms pose a diverse challenge to everyone involved in entertainment productions. The remote select button is replaced with a scrolling option, but the difference is in the platform's 'thinking' or analytical algorithm, which was not part of traditional TV or Cinema hall. This global shift might be beneficial to a few and yet, lowers the number of personnel involved in productions. This is a conceptual paper looking into the interaction between streaming and the entertainment industry labour.

Analysis of Fish Market Chain: The Case of Abobo District, Agnwua Zone, Gambella, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Abobo district, Agnwua zone in Gambella, Ethiopia. The study aim at analysis of fish market chain. Despite some study were carried out in different regions of the country which provided empirical evidence for the improvement of the fish market chain, no study was undertaken in the study area. As a result, there is strong need to study market chain in the study area. Therefore multistage samplings were used to select district from the zone, producer and traders. Thus primary were collected from randomly selected 124 producer using semi structure interviews. Then 30 fish trader were selected purposively. Thus, Primary data were collected by using semi structure interviews, key informant, focus group discussion and field observation for both fish producer and trader. Descriptive statistics were used to characterizing fish producer, traders, market performance. Econometric model were used to identify factors determining fish supply. Fish producer are confronted with seasonality and weather, lack motorized boat, lack of government support, fishing net theft and crocodile attack problem. While in marketing, price fluctuation, lack of market information, lack of transport, poor linkage with traders, perishability and lack of proper storage facility are the major problems. MLR result confirmed that, family size, distance to market, access to off farm are the factors determining quantity of fish marketed and exceptional to total quantity of fish produced other variable affected negative. The top four fish traders controlled 66.49% of fish trading. Therefore fish markets are strong oligopoly market. Thus, market performances are inefficient in channels IV and V. Thus, wholesalers marketing margin share is highest while producer is lowest from TGMM. To enhance the ability of fish producer to produce market structure government has develop cooperative to enhance the bargain power it believed to be way to improve it structure. Based on finding the following recommendations are forwarded. Therefore, government, and stakeholder has to play crucial role in addressing problem determining quantity fresh fish marketed and to enhance quantity of fish supply to market by fish producer. Keywords: Fisheries, Abobo, Market performance, multiple linear regression. DOI : 10.7176/DCS/10-1-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

Do the buyback contracts of undistributed stocks coordinate the supply chain?

The concept of supply chain coordination implies that it is possible to obtain an optimal result for both independent chain participants and supply chain due to participants’ coordinated actions. This paper examines the question whether a buyback contract will be coordinating or not. The authors argue that a coordinating buyback contract should have the following substantive properties: practical feasibility, collective and individual rationality. The paper off ers a mathematical defi nition of a coordinating buyback contract which highlights these properties. Entering into buyback contract process is considered as a two-step game of two players (a supplier and retailer) on the assumption that the players are risk neutral and make decisions with full information available, the market price is fixed, and the product demand is a random variable. The authors demonstrate that the buyback contract does not coordinate the chain, however, there has been obtained a non-empty set of eff ective contracts depending on the buyback price. For such contracts, the defi nition of “conditional coordination” is given to introduce the property of a supplier’s partial rationality; its existence was proved. The findings reveal that the choice of buyback price affects the allocation of profits between chain participants so the decision on its choice must be cooperative. To substantiate the nature of cooperative choice of conditionally coordinating contracts, the asymmetric Nash solution is considered. All results were obtained both in general terms and under the assumption that the product demand has uniform distribution. For the latter case, the conditionally coordinating contract parameters were found and it was justified that the conclusion of such a contract is possible only when a supplier has greater bargain power than a retailer.

Risky Supplier Encroachment and Reliability Investment Spillover

The common wisdom is that a retailer will get hurt when its wholesale supplier encroaches on the retailer’s territory by selling directly to the same end market. Motivated by practices in variety of industries that supplier with random supply loss maintain dual channel structure, this study demonstrates that a retailer may benefit from supplier encroachment. The encroachment incentivizes the supplier to invest more in improving its supply reliability, and this investment can spill to and benefit the retailer. Although the encroachment always decreases the contribution margin the retailer obtained, the spillover effect increases the retailer’s profit as long as the competition caused by encroachment is not extremely fierce. Eventually, Pareto gains arise in the supply chain. To check the robustness of the spillover effect, we extend the main model with considering selling cost, supplier’s positive production cost, nonlinear investment cost, bargain power, and decentralized encroachment, respectively. In these extensions, the retailer still could benefit from the encroachment, which means the spillover effect is robust.

PCP8 - BENELUXA INITIATIVE: WHY THE FIRST ATTEMPT OF JOINT ASSESSMENT FAILED?

An increasing trend toward strengthening multinational collaborations on drug procurement has been seen recently among European countries with the aim to contain growing economic burden of new expensive medicines and to increase access to medicines in these countries. BeNeLuxA initiative is one of the first prominent example of European cross-border collaborations, and the sole initiative which, to date, published results including that of its first joint HTA for informing pricing and reimbursement pilot. The drug combination lumacaftor/ivacaftor indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis was jointly assessed by two out of four BeNeLuxA collaborating members, the Netherlands and Belgium. Joint negotiation of lumacaftor/ivacaftor ended up with the absence of consensus on the product price, while the drug was considered not to be cost-effective, and the price assessed to be overestimated by about 80%. One strategic error during this first joint assessment of lumacaftor/ivacaftor was the selection of an orphan product as pilot. Orphan drugs are usually not cost-effective, while the joint assessment was driven by cost- effectiveness analysis. It was unlikely that the manufacturer will be willing to accept an 80% price reduction with a stakeholder presenting 28.5 million inhabitants, the risk of domino effect on others European countries being extremely high versus the potential revenue. BeNeLuxA brought few small-market countries together into negotiations thereby increasing their bargain power. However, even upon recent accession of Ireland, all member countries together are less than market of one large European country. The limited power of volume is inherent to BeNeLuxA initiative, yet, is counter-balanced by the intense collaboration that beyond joint HTA and pricing negotiations encompasses horizon scanning and information sharing, the framework in place and the shared vision. If more countries join it may be the first one to land a successful procurement.

Vertical Arrangements and Upstream Mergers

We study the incentives for horizontal upstream mergers in a quantity-setting vertically related industry, under bargain and endogenous contract types. We show that the contract types used could have important consequences for the equilibrium market structure and vice versa. If it is the retailers who choose contract types, they share the same preferences as the policymakers and choose to offer two-part tariff contracts, leading the suppliers not to merge. This result has some obvious policy implications. If it is the suppliers who decide contract types, they prefer to merge and offer a partial forward vertical ownership scheme. Under Bertrand competition, there is always an upstream merger, but the common manufacturer will offer a two-part tariff contract for intermediate bargain power levels. For high bargain power levels, he will choose a partial forward vertical ownership scheme, while for low bargain power will suffer from negative profits. A policymaker, considering the maximization of the social welfare should consider the upstream merger and two-part tariff contracts.

Disclosure Regime and Bargaining in Vertical Markets

We consider the strategic implications of the disclosure regime of vertical contract terms by endogenizing them. The latter are exogenously set in the literature either as observable or as secret. By endogenizing the disclosure regime we show that the mode and intensity of the downstream competition, as well as the upstream market structure, play a significant role in the observability of the vertical contract terms. On the contrary, this decision is independent of the bargain power distribution or the product differentiation. When a common supplier bargains with each retailer over a two-part tariff contract, interim observability intensifies the commitment problem, by offering a wholesale price below the marginal cost. The same holds under linear contracts or Bertrand competition. On the other hand, under dedicated suppliers, it is more profitable to bargain over interim unobservable contracts and through them to alleviate the commitment problem. Policymakers could increase the social welfare by encouraging interim observability (unobservability) when firms compete in quantities (prices). Monopolized upstream markets are more prone to have aligned incentives with the policymakers, especially if the downstream retailers compete over quantities.

SAMPANG COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Powerlessness phenomenon in Sampang in this research applying a benchmark of Human Capital theory perspective supported by empowerment concept suggested Friedman and Paulo Feire. This research purposes are : 1. To examine how education program as human capital investment opportunity in order to improving Sampang community empowerment. 2. To find out how contestation of education between formal education and pesantren (Muslim Boarding School) influence the increasing number of illiterate people in the town. Also to find out how hegemonic factors when educational contestation took place. This research yield obtained : first, already found out, to answer the power of Sampang community required known on powerlessness hinder factors previously and will be gained solution from these hindrances. Next applying model from Richard J. Toracco’s Human Capital Theory as implementation of Gery S. Breker’s Human Capital Theory. Second, found the potentials of Sampang people regarding with basic potential as character human, natural potency, social structure potency, cultural potency, religion believe power potency and political potency. Furthermore these potentials can be drawn as supporting factors in realizes human capital theory perspective. Third, found a formula of model development from Richard J. Toracco’s human capital. From the findings above gained as application perspective of human capital theory. Implications of this research outcome are first, in theoretical implications before human capital theory application, is necessary to known in advance empowerment inhibitor factors in region will be developed and solution of exist obstacle all at once. Then using Human Capital theory development suggested by Thomas J. Toracco as perspective of the theory. Second, practical implication are how the role of pesantren be more optimal in preparing their students. The alumnus who have bargain power position (marketable) able to answer mundane and. That is by equipping pesantren education with formal education. Using national language as an introductory language without eliminating local language. Thus will be able to raise Human Development Index (HDI) of Sampang district be better. Third, how empowerment transformation setting through pesantren, formal and nonformal education, serious and focused. Concurrently handling on involvement from various partnership elements engaged. Keywords: community empowerment, human capital theory perspective

SAMPANG COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Powerlessness phenomenon in Sampang in this research applying a benchmark of Human Capital theory perspective supported by empowerment concept suggested Friedman and Paulo Feire.This research purposes are : 1. To examine how education program as human capital investment opportunity in order to improving Sampang community empowerment. 2. To find out how contestation of education between formal education and pesantren (Muslim Boarding School) influence the increasing number of illiterate people in the town. Also to find out how hegemonic factors when educational contestation took place. This research yield obtained : first, already found out, to answer the power of Sampang community required known on powerlessness hinder factors previously and will be gained solution from these hindrances. Next applying model from Richard J. Toracco’s Human Capital Theory as implementation of Gery S. Breker’s Human Capital Theory. Second, found the potentials of Sampang people regarding with basic potential as character human, natural potency, social structure potency, cultural potency, religion believe power potency and political potency. Furthermore these potentials can be drawn as supporting factors in realizes human capital theory perspective. Third, found a formula of model development from Richard J. Toracco’s human capital. From the findings above gained as application perspective of human capital theory.Implications of this research outcome are first, in theoretical implications before human capital theory application, is necessary to known in advance empowerment inhibitor factors in region will be developed and solution of exist obstacle all at once. Then using Human Capital theory development suggested by Thomas J. Toracco as perspective of the theory. Second, practical implication are how the role of pesantren be more optimal in preparing their students. The alumnus who have bargain power position (marketable) able to answer mundane and. That is by equipping pesantren education with formal education. Using national language as an introductory language without eliminating local language. Thus will be able to raise Human Development Index (HDI) of Sampang district be better. Third, how empowerment transformation setting through pesantren, formal and nonformal education, serious and focused. Concurrently handling on involvement from various partnership elements engaged. Keywords: community empowerment, human capital theory perspective

The Relationship of Abnormal Audit Fees and Accruals: Bargain Power or Cost Control?

This paper uses the empirical data of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2013 to examine the relationships between abnormal audit fees and accruals (audit quality), and tries to find out the mechanism and the consequences of abnormal audit fees affecting accruals (audit quality). The research found that abnormal audit fees were negatively correlated with accruals. After taking the positive and negative nature of the abnormal audit expenses into consideration, research found that the abnormal audit fee reflects the economic bond between the auditor and the company, which impair the independence of auditors and degrade the audit quality. Negative audit fees reflect strong bargaining power of companies, and lower audit fees impel auditors to reduce audit effort, control audit costs to achieve a certain profit target, which will also degrade audit quality.

Integration in Tourism Distribution Channels and Bargain Power Of Tour Operators Over Accommodation Establishments: TUI and Thomas Cook Cases

Nowadays, large international tour operators, play an important role in tourism distribution channels. They can significantly affect international tourism flow and dominate accomodation establishments and other businesses particularly in mass leisure tourism. Through mergers and acquisitions in tourism industry market structure also changes. This study is supported by secondary research focusing on mass tourism distribution channels and the pricing problems arising between tour operators and accomodation establishments. First of all, vertical and horizontal integration in tourism industry is stated through TUI Group and Thomas Cook Group cases which are two of the largest tour operators in Europe. Afterwards, bargain power of tour operators over accommodation establishments is tried to expose. In conclusion, some recommendations are given in the light of literature.

Farmer's Prosperity: How to Increase Farmer's Bargain Power (In Islamic Perspective)

Prosperity in Islamic perspective has a wide point of view, prosperity not only talking about material gain but also achieving spiritual benefit (immaterial gain). By using a qualitative approach, farmer's bargain power is needed to achieve the prosperity of farmer. First, what kind of factors that becoming a barrier to increase bargain power of farmers in these recent years? Second, how farmer will achieve prosperity, in Islamic perspective, by increasing their bargain power. Finally, farmer can create their bargain power in order to achieve farmer's prosperity, not only about material gain but also spiritual benefit (immaterial gain).

Латиноамериканская интеграция выходит в мир. Перспективы для России

Extra-regional contacts of Latin American integration unions have been actively developing over last decades. Generally it was the effect of a globalization process. Regional platforms have been created for multi-format cooperation both with separate countries and unions. The motives of inter-union cooperation are the efforts of developing countries to strengthen their bargain power and the requirement to expand export markets. The experience of such partnership between Latin America and different regions allows to define several models characterized by different mechanisms and instruments of a dialogue development (LAC–EU, LAC–US and “South–South” cooperation). There are different approaches to economic integration with extra-regional partners among Latin American unions and countries. A number of them follow open and flexible trade policy, while other establish preferential blocks with restrictions on bilateral trade negotiations. Until now Russia preferred to develop bilateral relations with its key allies in Latin America without building close ties with integration unions. But current geopolitical and economic situation encourages Russia to establish such partnership agreements with regional organizations, which are the rising power on the regional and global scene. Without it the full development of economic and political ties between both regions and their association on the international scene would be complicated. The fact that Eurasian Economic Commission recently launched the negotiations process with MERCOSUR demonstrates that Latin American unions start to be considered as prospective partners. In the future, Eurasian Economic Commission can serve as the main platform for bi-regional partnership.

A Novel Collaborative Partner Selection algorithm Based on Nash Bargaining Game and Hungarian Method for Wireless Networks

In this paper, the problem sharing resource among selfish nodes and cooperative partner selection are considered in wireless networks. Each wireless node can act as not only a source, but also a potential relay in the system model. The cooperative partners are willing to jointly adjust their power levels and channel bandwidth for cooperative relaying so that an extra rate increase can be achieved. In order to bargain joint bandwidth and power allocation (JBPA) between cooperative partners, a two-user Nash bargaining solution (NBS) is proposed. Then, based on Hungarian method, multiple-user bargaining algorithm and multiple-user grouping algorithm are developed to solve partner selection in large network. By using the proposed multi-user algorithm, the optimal coalitions are formed and the rate increase of overall network is also maximized. Simulation results indicate that the total rate increment based on grouping algorithm is fully close to the optimum, and the resource allocation fairness is dependent on how much rate increase its partner can make to. All in all, based on JBPA, each user negotiates with its partner and a fair NBS is achieved. Then the optimal coalition pairs based on the Hungarian method can be determined with a limited centralized control (such as base station) for the whole network efficiency. Index Terms—Relay selection, bandwidth allocation, power control, nash bargaining solution

공급망 내 교섭지위와 기업 간 거래관계에 관한 실증연구

공급망 내에서의 교섭지위와 신뢰는 전략적으로 매우 중요한 이슈임에도 불구하고 교섭지위가 신뢰에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 논란이 많다. 본 연구는 교섭지위 및 신뢰에 관한 이론적 배경을 토대로 연구가설을 설정하고 공급망 참여기업에 대한 설문조사를 통해 타당성을 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 특히 교섭지위의 다양한 위상이 신뢰에 미치는 영향을 비선형함수로 설정하고 이를 반응곡선모형을 통해 분석해 본다는 데에 방법론적 차별성이 있다. 127개 기업의 설문조사 데이터를 통계적으로 분석한 결과, 구매기업이 인식하는 교섭지위는 공급자에 대한 신뢰요인에 대해 비선형적 영향을 미친다는 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 공급망 내에서의 신뢰와 거래관계에 대한 통합적 시각을 제시했다는 측면에서 의의가 있을 것이다. Bargain position and trust are core issues in supply chain management, yet the effect of bargain position on trust remains to be undetermined. The purpose of this research is to present theoretical and methodological hurdles for the relationship among various bargain positions and trust, and develops a set of hypotheses about the asymmetric effect of bargain position on trust in supply chain network. An analytical tool to analyze nonlinear effects on a response surface is introduced. Based on the data collected through a survey of firms participating in Project Supply chain, a set of hypotheses is tested. The analysis results support the prediction that the bargain position perceived by the buyers have asymmetric effects on trust toward supplies, and provide more fine-grained accounts on the relationships among bargain power, bargain position and trust in a supply chain network.