Bar Surface Research Articles

Terahertz non-destructive testing of power generator bars with a dielectric waveguide antenna

AbstractTerahertz technologies for non-destructive testing (NDT) are continuing to find their way into the industrial sector in the context of very specific inspection tasks. Part of this development is the capability to adapt terahertz systems in such a way that they can meet the sometimes harsh challenges and requirements of real-world industrial scenarios. One such scenario is the inspection of components with limited available measurement space. In particular, we show here the terahertz NDT inspection of the mica insulation of generator bars of turbogenerators at power plants, where an early on-site detection of defects and cracks in the insulation can be crucial, but where only few centimeters of space between adjacent bars are available. To address this problem, we have developed a measurement system combining a 100 GHz all-electronic terahertz transceiver with a low-loss dielectric waveguide antenna with 90 degree tip. We achieve sub-wavelength image resolution by scanning the waveguide antenna's tip over the surface of the generator bars in a near-field measurement setup. Employing a frequency-modulated continuous wave technique, we obtain depth-resolved, volumetric terahertz images of the objects under test. We discuss here the implementation and performance of the implemented measurement system for terahertz NDT inspection. keywords: terahertz, non-destructive testing, dielectric waveguides, frequency-modulated continuous wave, millimeter waves, power generators

Structures, architecture, vertical profiles, palaeohydrology and taphonomy of an upper‐flow‐regime‐dominated fluvial system, the Triassic Dockum Group of the Palo Duro Canyon, Texas

AbstractTriassic strata of the Tecovas and Trujillo formations in the Palo Duro Canyon of West Texas record deposition dominated throughout by upper‐flow‐regime channel flow. These strata provide an opportunity for new insights into the architecture, floodplain/channel processes, vertical profiles, palaeohydrology and taphonomy typical of broader upper‐flow‐regime‐dominated fluvial systems. Thicker channel‐fills (ca 2 m, aspect ratio ca 24) host upper‐plane‐bed, symmetrical antidune, breaking‐antidune, chute‐and‐pool, and cyclic‐step structures. The thinner channel‐fill population (<1 m, aspect ratio ca 35) comprises upper‐plane‐bed and some antidune structures. Some of the larger channel fills developed low‐angle downstream‐accreting bars, with rare examples of laterally accreting side‐attached bars. This appears to be the first documentation of an ancient upper‐flow‐regime side‐attached bar. Lamina orientation of structures parallel accretion surfaces because these followed the original bed surface, and structures drop in flow regime down the bar surfaces as formative Froude numbers also declined. A generalized vertical sequence for large upper‐flow‐regime channel storeys has upper‐plane‐bed structures above the basal scour, transitioning upward into higher flow regime structures (for example, antidunes, cyclic steps, etc.), then back to a mix of upper‐plane‐bed and antidunes or lower‐flow‐regime structures towards the top. The Tecovas Formation and overlying Trujillo Sandstone both bear layers of cross‐cutting laterally amalgamated valley fills, multivalleys, and are separated by a regional sequence boundary. Calculated palaeodischarges for Tecovas (ca 90 m3/s) and Trujillo (ca 76 m3/s) rivers record flow at the stage where symmetrical antidunes were deposited. These discharges occurred at some point on the falling limb of a flood hydrograph of currently unknown shape. Slopes for the rivers were on the order of 10−4 to 10−5, consistent with typical continental‐interior rivers. Large and flashy discharge was, thus, the likely cause for supercritical‐flow conditions instead of excessive slopes. Rivers in both the Tecovas and Trujillo formations record a fluvial system developed in a tropical to subtropical megamonsoonal environment. The tendency for preservation of metre‐scale channel‐fills and catastrophic inundations of floodplains and lakes in single floods has also made the Dockum Group a prolific preserver of large Triassic vertebrates.

Influencing Factor Analysis on Bond Behaviors of FRP Bars and Concrete

Fiber reinforced composite (FRP) bars have the advantages such as anti-corrosion, high strength and reducing the weight of components. Applying them to concrete structures instead of ordinary steel bars can improve the stability of the whole structures and enhance the corrosion resistance of the structure, therefore the application of components will expand. The bond behavior between FRP bars and concrete is an important indicator to show its working performance, hence, the researches of the bond behaviors are significance. This paper summarizes the research status of previous researches on the bond behaviors of FRP bars and concrete under different conditions. Firstly, the commonly used test methods for testing the bonding properties are introduced. Secondly, the main research results are analyzed and compared from three aspects: concrete type, FRP bar surface shape and surface treatment method, and environmental factors. Finally, the shortcomings of the existing research are expounded, and the feasible further research directions in the future are also proposed.

Hydraulic Jump Behavior during Filling Process of Cast Start II

This paper presents a 0.25-scale quasi-three-dimensional hydraulic model experiment of transient fluid flow phenomena during continuous casting of steel under solidification. Water cooling is performed at the bottom of the mold, and saturated sodium acetate solution is covered on the spring and particle arrangement at the bottom of the mold/on the dummy bar to simulate the solidification phenomenon in the actual continuous casting process. The results show that the solidification on the dummy bar surface is very important to the early stage of the filling process and cannot be ignored. Its influence gradually decreases with the rise of the liquid level, and basically disappears when the liquid level rises to a certain height (steady liquid level, SLL). In SLL, the interface morphology of the solidified layer is more affected by the flow, while the interface morphology of the solidified layer has no significant effect on the liquid surface velocity.

Estimating the Bond Strength of FRP Bars Using a Hybrid Machine Learning Model

Although the use of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) rebars instead of mild steel can effectively avoid rebar corrosion, the bonding performance gets weakened. To accurately estimate the bond strength of FRP bars, this paper proposes a particle swarm optimization-based extreme learning machine model based on 222 samples. The model used six variables including the bar position (P), bar surface condition (SC), bar diameter (D), concrete compressive strength (fc), the ratio of the bar depth to the bar diameter (L/D), and the ratio of the concrete protective layer thickness to the bar diameter (C/D) as input features, and the relative importance of the input parameters was quantified using a sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the proposed model can effectively and accurately estimate the bond strength of the FRP bar with R2 = 0.945 compared with the R2 = 0.926 of the original ELM model, which shows that the model can be used as an auxiliary tool for the bond performance analysis of FRP bars. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the parameter L/D is of the greatest importance to the output bond strength.

A predictive model for determining shear strength and shear fracture energy of FRP bars in alkali-activated slag seawater coral aggregate concrete

Bond parameters between alkali-activated slag seawater coral aggregate concrete (ASSCAC) and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars are necessary to be determined rationally for future service of the new concrete structures in marine environment. The intention of this paper is to develop a predictive model for determining the realistic local shear strength and shear fracture energy incorporating the heterogeneity and discontinuity in the interface region. First, central pull-out tests were performed to study the bond properties between FRP bars and ASSCAC. Ordinary Portland cement CAC (OPCAC) was prepared for comparison. It is found that the ribs on the bar surfaces were seriously abrased and the extent of damage was more serious in the ASSCAC. Subsequently, a microstructure characteristic parameter was introduced indicating the heterogeneity of the interface region and determined as the rib spacing on the bar surface according to the analysis of failure process. The shear crack propagation was discretized by a discrete number. The local shear strength and shear fracture energy were then linked to the maximum pull-out load via the microstructure characteristic parameter and discrete number. Once the maximum load was given from the test, the two bond parameters were conveniently predicted from each specimen. The results indicated that the predicted local shear strength was apparently higher than the maximum average bond stress which was usually used to represent the local shear strength in traditional methods. As the bond length-to-microstructure characteristic parameter ratio increased, the predicted local shear strength showed a certain reduction but the predicted local shear fracture energy was significantly enhanced because of the reduced boundary effect. Moreover, the predicted bond parameters of the FRP bars in the ASSCAC were generally larger than those in the OPCAC.

Controlled release of corrosion inhibitor from microwave-responsive capsules and anti-corrosion performance of steel bars

A novel type of microwave-responsive, actively controlling capsule (ActiveCaps) is designed and prepared. In this study, ActiveCaps are used to carry corrosion inhibitors, and their controlled release behaviour is studied using ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) titration in a simulated concrete pore solution. Electrochemical measurements were then performed to investigate the influence of controlled release on the anti-corrosion performance of the steel bars. The results show that ActiveCaps have a slow and sustained release behaviour, following the Peppas–Sahlin release model. Compared with the traditional direct addition method, the controlled release of the inhibitor Na2PO3F through ActiveCaps can form a thicker passive film on steel bars, and the inhibition efficiency is increased by 28.73% at 28 d, indicating a higher anti-corrosion performance in the long term. This is due to the formation of Ca5(PO4)3F, which serves as a protective layer covering the surface of the steel bars, precipitated by the reaction between the sustained-released Na2PO3F and Ca2+ in solution. Thus, the utilisation efficiency of Na2PO3F is improved. The proposed novel, actively controlling technology provides a promising alternative for enhancing the durability of reinforced concrete structures using corrosion inhibitors effectively.

Investigation of the effect of sloping head fault in solid riveting on the strength of the joint

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate how the sloping head fault in solid riveting affects the strength of the joint and to develop an efficient system for the solution of the problem.Design/methodology/approachFor rivet joints, 1.2-mm thick 2024-T3 plates were used. AD 2117 T4 solid rivets with a diameter of 3.2 mm were chosen for the joints. A new riveting mechanism has been created unmatched in the literature for solid rivets. In the riveting process, the bucking bar surface is positioned at a right angle to the riveting process axis. Alternative 5°, 10° and 15° fault angles were obtained. During the riveting process, a total of eight different test samples were produced, four for each of the tension-shear and cross-tension joints, by making 0°, 5°, 10° and 15° angles to the bucking bar. To determine the mechanical properties of the prepared samples, cross-tensile and linear tensile-shear tests were performed on a universal tensile testing machine. Special apparatus has been designed and produced for cross-tensile tests.FindingsAs a result of the tensile-shear tests, the decrease in the joint at 15° was 25% compared to the joint at 0°. There is no systematic change in elongation. As a result of the cross-tensile tests, there was a decrease in the cross-tensile force toward the sample with an error of 15°. Compared to the 0° joint, this decrease was approximately 14.5% in the 10° joint, while the decrease in the 15° faulty joint was 25.8%. It has been understood that riveting with an angle of 0° affects the strength very much.Originality/valueA new riveting mechanism has been created unmatched in the literature for solid rivets. Experimentally, it has been shown that forged rivets can be made very economically and properly. It has been experimentally proven how much the rivet head shape formed in the wrong forged rivet application changes the result.

Studying the Influence of Stress Factors on the Bar Surface Quality during Rolling in Roughing Train

Studying the Influence of Stress Factors on the Bar Surface Quality during Rolling in Roughing Train

Study on electrochemical characteristics of reinforced concrete corrosion under the action of carbonation and chloride

Considering parameters of corrosion area ratio and mass loss degree, the half-cell potential method and linear polarization method were applied to study the corrosion state of steel bars under the influence of carbonation, chloride salt and compound environmental action. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure steel corrosion under coupling action and the effect of sodium nitrite rust inhibitor in the compound environment was studied. The results show that the corrosion rate of steel under carbonation, chloride salt and compound environment increases in the beginning and then decreases. In the chloride environment, sufficient moisture inside the concrete at the initial stage of curing induces a faster corroding. With the destruction of the passive film on the surface of the steel bars together with the balance of internal and external humidity, the corrosion rate tends to stabilize. At the following curing stage, the corrosion rate decreases as the degree of steel corrosion increases and the corrosion layer is formed. Carbonation reduces the alkalinity around the passive film and damages the passive film, which accelerates the corrosion happening. The following development of the corrosion layer of steel bars limits the corrosion rate. The corrosion degree in the compound environment is more serious than that under the condition of single factor action. Under electrochemical action, the order of product components resulting from steel corrosion are Fe2O3, Fe3+-Ca2SiO4 and FeO from high to low. Nitrite oxidizes the unstable Fe2+ into stable Fe3+ and precipitates on the surface of the steel to form a passivation film, which has a good anti-rust effect.

Investigating the Bond Strength of FRP Rebars in Concrete under High Temperature Using Gene-Expression Programming Model.

In recent times, the use of fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) has increased in reinforcing concrete structures. The bond strength of FRP rebars is one of the most significant parameters for characterising the overall efficacy of the concrete structures reinforced with FRP. However, in cases of elevated temperature, the bond of FRP-reinforced concrete can deteriorate depending on a number of factors, including the type of FRP bars used, its diameter, surface form, anchorage length, concrete strength, and cover thickness. Hence, accurate quantification of FRP rebars in concrete is of paramount importance, especially at high temperatures. In this study, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based genetic-expression programming (GEP) method was used to predict the bond strength of FRP rebars in concrete at high temperatures. In order to predict the bond strength, we used failure mode temperature, fibre type, bar surface, bar diameter, anchorage length, compressive strength, and cover-to-diameter ratio as input parameters. The experimental dataset of 146 tests at various elevated temperatures were established for training and validating the model. A total of 70% of the data was used for training the model and remaining 30% was used for validation. Various statistical indices such as correlation coefficient (R), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used to assess the predictive veracity of the GEP model. After the trials, the optimum hyperparameters were 150, 8, and 4 as number of chromosomes, head size and number of genes, respectively. Different genetic factors, such as the number of chromosomes, the size of the head, and the number of genes, were evaluated in eleven separate trials. The results as obtained from the rigorous statistical analysis and parametric study show that the developed GEP model is robust and can predict the bond strength of FRP rebars in concrete under high temperature with reasonable accuracy (i.e., R, RMSE and MAE 0.941, 2.087, and 1.620, and 0.935, 2.370, and 2.046, respectively, for training and validation). More importantly, based on the FRP properties, the model has been translated into traceable mathematical formulation for easy calculations.

Anti-Corrosion Performance of Migratory Corrosion Inhibitors on Reinforced Concrete Exposed to Varying Degrees of Chloride Erosion.

This study investigated the anti-corrosion performance of commercial amino alcohol migratory corrosion inhibitors (MCIs) on concrete that underwent varying degrees of chloride erosion. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PD), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses were performed to study the anti-corrosion performance and mechanism of the MCIs on the steel bars. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the steel bars in concrete was significantly improved by coating with the MCIs, and the earlier the specimens were coated with the MCIs, the higher the anti-corrosion efficiency. The anti-corrosion efficiency was 55.35% when the MCIs coating was applied before chloride erosion; however, the anti-corrosion efficiency decreased to 3.40% when the MCIs coating was applied after the ninth drying–wetting cycle. The improvement in corrosion resistance of the steel bar in concrete coated with MCIs was due to the protective MCIs-molecule film that formed on the steel bar surfaces, and the oxidative dissolution of iron at the anode was effectively inhibited by the MCIs coating.

Micro-toughness of ZrB2-based ceramics evaluated by ultra-shallow V-notch

ABSTRACT Because of the essential difference between micro-toughness and macro-toughness, the indiscriminate application of deep notch tests may result in serious errors of micro-toughness associated with shallow cracks or flaws in ceramics. Here, the micro-toughness values of ZrB2, ZrB2-SiC and ZrB2-SiC-Grapite ceramics were successfully measured through ultra-shallow sharp V-notches (depth less than 40 μm, the ratio of notch depth to sample height less than 0.01) produced by nanosecond laser on the surface of bending bars for the first time. Results indicated that the micro-toughness values obtained from these three typical ceramics were significantly lower than the macro-toughness values measured from deep notches. Furthermore, conflicts may arise when comparing the micro- with macro-toughness between different materials, such as the macro-toughness of ZrB2-SiC-G was larger than that of ZrB2-SiC, while a contrary result was obtained for micro-toughness. Compared with the indentation method, improved accuracy of micro-toughness measurement could be obtained by this method.

Study on Bond-Slip Behavior between Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Bars with Different Surface Shapes.

The application of CFRP bar and seawater sea-sand concrete (SSSC) in construction can overcome the shortcomings in conventional reinforced concrete, such as corrosion induced by carbonation and chloride ingress. In this study, the bond-slip behavior between an SSSC cube and CFRP bar has been investigated, and different CFRP bar surface shapes have been considered. A total of 27 specimens (9 groups) were fabricated for a pull-out test, where three types of CFRP bar with different surface shapes were used: smooth regular bars, double-wrapped bars and ribbed bars. Bond strength, bond-slip curve, and failure mode have been presented and discussed. FE models have been constructed and validated by experimental results. The effect of concrete compressive strength and relative area of ribs on bond strength has been studied through numerical simulations. It is found that the bond strength increased with concrete compressive strength, and the ribbed bar had significantly higher bond strength than the smooth regular bar. Pull-out failure was observed when the cover-depth-to-bar-diameter ratio was no less than 4 and, otherwise, splitting failure occurred. In addition, a simple formula has been proposed to approximately evaluate the bond strength between an SSSC cube and CFRP bar and validated by experimental results, and analytical expressions for different bond-slip curves have also been developed.

Influence of Afferentation from the Contralateral Hand during Imitation of Cello Bowing in Musically Untrained Individuals

We studied hand movement during imitation of cello bowing while the rectilinear movement of the right bowing arm should occur in parallel with the bow orientation along the arm trajectory. Musically untrained individuals moved the bow across the bar that imitated the cello. Motion analysis was used to investigate the influence of a variety of experimental conditions: (1) bow motion on the bar surface, (2) on the left hand lying on the bar, and (3) in the air without touching the bar. It was found that the trajectory of the marker on the index finger at the bow frog differed significantly from the marker trajectory at the bow tip. In all conditions the marker on the index finger moved along a trajectory close to a straight line with an orientation slightly deviating from perpendicular to the bar. The marker trajectory at the bow tip deviated more from the perpendicular direction. Differences in the trajectories of markers at the bow frog and the bow tip depended on the condition of bow movement. The smallest differences were observed when the bow was moved on the left hand. It is suggested that sensation from the contralateral hand was used to create the internal representation of the relative position of the bow and the bar.

Environmental effects on condition assessments of concrete structures with ground penetrating radar

Reflection amplitude from rebar is the most commonly used parameter for condition assessment of concrete structures using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR). However, it was reported that such amplitudes might affect by several factors, including the chloride content, rust accumulated on the surface of steel bars due to corrosion, and the environmental conditions at the time of GPR data collection. The objectives of this study were to observe the change of GPR signals over time and to evaluate the effects of those factors on the reflection amplitude of steel bars. A series of six reinforced concrete slabs were fabricated with identical configurations but for different chloride contents. Two testing phases with the multiple GPR measurements were conducted both outside and inside an environmental chamber. In the first testing phase, the development of GPR signals was daily obtained from day one to day 90 in the laboratory conditions. In the second testing phase, the GPR data were collected inside the environmental chamber at an interval of 24 h. Relative Humidity (RH) was set at three levels of 55%, 70%, and 85%, respectively, while the temperature was varied between 5 °C and 40 °C. The test results from the first testing phase showed that the GPR signals developed at an exponential rate during the first three months. In addition, results from the second testing phase revealed that both the added chloride and the rust on the surface of steel reinforcement reduced the amplitude of rebar reflection. Regarding the effects of temperature, for sound (i.e., non-contaminated) concrete, the reflection amplitude decreased approximately 0.05 dB for every 1 °C increments. For the contaminated concrete, such ratio was found to increase proportionally to the chloride levels. Finally, the RH was observed to have insignificant effects on the amplitude of rebar reflection.

Predicting Bond Strength between FRP Rebars and Concrete by Deploying Gene Expression Programming Model.

Rebars made of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) might be the future reinforcing material, replacing mild steel rebars, which are prone to corrosion. The bond characteristics of FRP rebars differ from those of mild steel rebars due to their different stress-strain behavior than mild steel. As a result, determining the bond strength (BS) qualities of FRP rebars is critical. In this work, BS data for FRP rebars was investigated, utilizing non-linear capabilities of gene expression programming (GEP) on 273 samples. The BS of FRP and concrete was considered a function of bar surface (Bs), bar diameter (db), concrete compressive strength (fc′), concrete-cover-bar-diameter ratio (c/d), and embedment-length-bar-diameter ratio (l/d). The investigation of the variable number of genetic parameters such as number of chromosomes, head size, and number of genes was undertaken such that 11 different models (M1–M11) were created. The results of accuracy evaluation parameters, namely coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) imply that the M11 model outperforms other created models for the training and testing stages, with values of (0.925, 0.751, 1.08) and (0.9285, 0.802, 1.11), respectively. The values of R2 and error indices showed that there is very close agreement between the experimental and predicted results. 30 number chromosomes, 9 head size, and 5 genes yielded the optimum model. The parametric analysis revealed that db, c/d, and l/d significantly affected the BS. The FRP rebar diameter size is greater than 10 mm, whereas a l/d ratio of more than 12 showed a considerable decrease in BS. In contrast, the rise in c/d ratio revealed second-degree increasing trend of BS.

Effects on Fluvial Geomorphology and Vegetation Cover following Hydroelectric Power Plant Operation: A Case Study in the Maule River (Chile)

The installation of hydroelectric plants has generated multiple environmental impacts on the world’s river systems. In central Chile, the impacts of hydroelectric reservoir operation have been documented in ecological and hydrologic regime terms. This investigation assesses the changes in channel morphology, vegetation distribution, and flows in the middle section of the Maule River during the period following the start-up of a hydroelectric plant. Changes in fluvial morphology (active area) and land cover are quantified using LANDSAT images, contrasted with a vegetation sampling and flow analysis. The results show a 12% decrease in active areas of the river, indicating a loss of geomorphological diversity. Within the active channel, there was a gradual increase in plant-covered surface area, which reached 159% between 1989 and 2018, mainly due to reductions in water (−61%), active bar (−35%), and bare soil surface areas (−29%). The changes were evident ten years after plant operations began and intensified during the period known as the megadrought in central Chile (2008–2018). The flow magnitudes present a decrease for exceedance probabilities (P) below 85% in the period after 1985, with a slight increase recorded for low flows (P > 85%). In the segments with superior stabilization, invasive species such as Acacia dealbata (silver wattle) predominated, which are specialists at taking advantage of disturbances to settle and stabilize active areas, narrowing the possibilities for morphological change.

Influence of Rust Inhibitors on the Microstructure of a Steel Passive Film in Chloride Concrete

To compare the corrosion inhibition behaviors of rust inhibitors with different mechanisms on steel bars, the rust resistance effect of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4), sodium chromate (Na2CrO4), benzotriazole (BTA), N-N dimethyl ethanolamine, sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) + benzotriazole (BTA), and sodium chromate (Na2CrO4) + benzotriazole (BTA) on steel bars in a simulated chloride concrete pore solution was studied. The rust resistance effects of different types of rust inhibitors were assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of different types of rust inhibitors on the film formation characteristics of a passive film on a steel bar surface were expounded. The results show that: When sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) and benzotriazole (BTA) acted together, the impedance value and the capacitive reactance arc radius were the largest, and the density of the passive film and the inhibition efficiency were the highest. The composition of the passive film was primarily composed of iron compounds, and it also contained oxide and adsorption films that were formed on the steel bar surface by the rust inhibitors. The rust resistance effect was proportional to the compactness of the passive film.

Physicochemical, Nutritional, Microstructural, Surface and Sensory Properties of a Model High-Protein Bars Intended for Athletes Depending on the Type of Protein and Syrup Used.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using a combination of vegetable proteins from soybean (SOY), rice (RPC), and pea (PEA) with liquid syrups: tapioca fiber (TF), oligofructose (OF), and maltitol (ML) in the application of high-protein bars to determine the ability of these ingredients to modify the textural, physicochemical, nutritional, surface properties, microstructure, sensory parameters, and technological suitability. Ten variants of the samples were made, including the control sample made of whey protein concentrate (WPC) in combination with glucose syrup (GS). All combinations used had a positive effect on the hardness reduction of the bars after the storage period. Microstructure and the contact angle showed a large influence on the proteins and syrups used on the features of the manufactured products, primarily on the increased hydrophobicity of the surface of samples made of RPC + ML, SOY + OF, and RPC + TF. The combination of proteins and syrups used significantly reduced the sugar content of the product. Water activity (<0.7), dynamic viscosity (<27 mPas∙g/cm3), and sensory analysis (the highest final ratings) showed that bars made of RPC + OF, SOY + OF, and SOY + ML are characterized by a high potential for use in this type of products.