Bar Of Air Pressure Research Articles

Design player robot badminton-based microcontroller

Robots are one of the technologies that is currently advancing quickly. Generally speaking, a robot's movement is similar to that of an automobile; it can only move forward, backward, left, and right. Because the movement is controlled by these movements, it is thought that the robot's movement is extremely restricted to the left and right directions. solely with the front wheels. As a result, a robot was developed in this study that can control sliding motions to the left and right utilizing omniwheels on its front and back wheels. Badminton is a sport involving rackets that is played by two people or two opposing pairs. Robotic badminton players are employed as a substitute for human trainers in the training process, particularly for service and drive motions. With the use of a wireless joystick, the robot's ATMega 8535 microprocessor controls both the robot's direction of motion and the movement of its racket. Using a double acting pneumatic cylinder that requires 7 bar of air pressure, the robot service arm uses the compressor's air pressure. The average time it takes for the racket to strike the ball at 7 bar of wind pressure is 00:5.2 seconds. The time it takes for the ball to fall onto the racket in the absence of wind pressure is 00:28 seconds on average. A difference value of 00:22.7 seconds is acquired, and this value will be utilized as the programming reference delay. The robot encounters a slope with an average angle change of 7º when moving forward, an average angle change of 10º when moving backward, an average angle change of 5.2º when moving right, and an average angle change of 3º when moving left. The uneven field surface causes the robot to move at a slope, which modifies the speed of the motor on the wheels

Effects of Spray Cooling Process Parameters on Machining Performance AISI 316 Steel: a Novel Experimental Technique

Machining performance of AISI 316 stainless steel turning under dry and spray impingement cooling environments was investigated. The input parameters such as depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed, water pressure and air pressure were considered for the spray assisted turning with uncoated carbide inserts. All the experiments were carried out using Taguchi based L16 orthogonal array of the design of experiments. Cutting tool temperature, chip temperature, surface roughness and tool flank wear were the measured machining performance responses. The machining performance responses were simultaneously optimized using Taguchi based Weighted Principal Component Analysis approach. The optimal combination of the machining parameters under spray impingement cooling was found to be 0.2 mm depth of cut, 0.04 mm/rev of feed rate, 66 m/min of cutting speed, 3.5 bar of water pressure and 1.5 bar of air pressure. The optimized result was verified through confirmatory experiments and an improvement in the SN ratio of 18.1540 dB for Combined Quality Loss (CQL) was obtained. Machining under spray impingement cooling environment was most effective in turning AISI 316 steel in comparison with dry machining since reduction in chip temperatures were found out to be greater than 300%.

Dose-related Effect of Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (rESWT) on Lateral Epicondylitis in Active Patients: A Retrospective Comparative Study

Background: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is a noninvasive, safe, and well- tolerated treatment method which is increasingly used in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. However, the gold standard treatment protocol is still controversial. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and compare the efficacy of two different pneumatic pressure levels of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) in active patients with lateral epicondylitis, unresponsive to conservative treatment. Methods: This retrospective comparative study was carried out in the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Duzce University School of Medicine in 2018. A total of 330 patients with lateral epicondylitis unresponsive to conservative treatment were underwent rESWT during years 2010 - 2017. The patients were divided into two groups of 181 patients (group 1) with a total of 1500 impulses of 10 Hz frequency at 1 bar of air pressure during five treatment sessions at 1 week intervals, and 149 patients (group 2) with a total of 2000 impulses of 10 Hz frequency at 2 bars of air pressure during five treatment sessions at 1 week intervals. Functional and clinical outcomes were assessed just before the treatment, at six weeks and six months after treatment using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Q-DASH) score. Results: The mean VAS score had significantly decreased in group 1 from 8.34 ± 1.22 to 2.59 ± 1.49 (P = 0.0001) and had also in group 2 from 8.56 ± 1.22 to 2.56 ± 1.76 (P = 0.0001). The mean Q-DASH score decreased significantly in both groups; from 58.92 ± 18.48 to 9.27 ± 5.85 (P = 0.0001), and from 65.36 ± 19.32 to 9.25 ± 6.28 (P = 0.0001) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the pretreatment VAS and the 6-month scores of groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.103). The mean difference in the Q-DASH pretreatment and 6-week scores and between the pretreatment and 6-month scores in group 2 were higher than those in group 1 (P = 0.011, P = 0.003). Conclusions: Although both rESWT treatment regimens caused a decrease in pain and loss of function, the superior treatment protocol for rESWT appears to be five treatment sessions at 1-week intervals, with 2000 impulses per session and 2 bars. rESWT is a good option for treating lateral epicondylitis, as it is safe and effective and leads to no complications.

Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Is Not More Effective Than Placebo in the Management of Lateral Epicondylitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) on pain, function, and grip strength in the treatment of patients with lateral epicondylitis unresponsive to previous treatments. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in outpatient clinics in a medical faculty hospital. Fifty-six patients with lateral epicondylitis were randomized to rESWT (n = 28) or sham rESWT (n = 28) groups. Both the patients and the outcome assessing investigator were blinded to group assignment. The rESWT was administered to the painful epicondyle at the elbow with a total of 2000 pulses of 10 Hz frequency at a 1.8 bar of air pressure at each session at three once weekly sessions. Sham rESWT was applied without the contact of the applicator at the same area. Study patients were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 3 mos after treatment using a visual analog scale for pain and Roles and Maudsley scale and Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation for pain and function. Grip strength of the affected extremity was also measured using a hand dynamometer. Both rESWT and sham rESWT groups showed a significant improvement in all outcome measures at posttreatment follow-up points. Favorable absolute and percentage changes in assessments at 1- and 3-mo posttreatment did not show any significant difference between groups. The rESWT does not seem to be more effective either in reducing pain or improving function or grip strength in patients with lateral epicondylitis at least at 3 mos after treatment when compared with sham rESWT.

Finding the Optimal Condition of Exterior Spray Coating for Cookware Products

This research aims at studying the relationship of factors used in the process of spray coating in cookware industry. This research is divided into two parts. One is studied using an experimental design process, and the other is the geometric modeling for the process of exterior spray coating. This experiment is conducted to determine the appropriate parameters with an aim to use the least amount of coating material and the standard dry film thickness. The important factors of study are consisted of the height of spray gun, angle, spray pressure, spray time, and nozzle size. From the analysis of the experiment, it can be concluded that 23 cm of height, 95 degrees of gun angle, 5.4 bar of air pressure 1.95 seconds of spray time, 295 degrees of nozzle size is proposed. As a result, it can decrease the consumption around 2.82 g per piece.

Predicting of Parameters Affecting on PE Wax Powder Size Distribution and Shape in Atomization Process

The aim of this work is to study the parameters affecting on the particle size distribution and shape of Polyethylene wax (PE wax) powders in atomization process. Effect of liquid flow rate, melting temperature and air pressure are studied parameters. External mixing two fluid nozzles is used and temperature is controlled at 200˚C to avoid freeze-up within the liquid cap. PE wax is melted at various temperatures from 120˚C to 180˚C and is atomized with air pressures from 1 to 7 bar. Particle size and size distribution are determined by Particle Sizing Unified System (Mastersizer, 2000). Using 1 bar of air pressure, 140˚C of melting temperature and 3.0:1.5 of ALR gives the PE wax powders size that smaller than 200 micron and high bulk density. Moreover, smoothly and silky surface of PE wax powders are obtained.

Yarrowia lipolytica lipase production enhanced by increased air pressure

To study the cellular growth and morphology of Yarrowia lipolytica W29 and its lipase and protease production under increased air pressures. Batch cultures of the yeast were conducted in a pressurized bioreactor at 4 and 8 bar of air pressure and the cellular behaviour was compared with cultures at atmospheric pressure. No inhibition of cellular growth was observed by the increase of pressure. Moreover, the improvement of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) from the gas to the culture medium by pressurization enhanced the extracellular lipase activity from 96.6 U l(-1) at 1 bar to 533.5 U l(-1) at 8 bar. The extracellular protease activity was reduced by the air pressure increase, thereby eliciting further lipase productivity. Cell morphology was slightly affected by pressure, particularly at 8 bar, where cells kept the predominant oval form but decreased in size. OTR improvement by total air pressure rise up to 8 bar in a bioreactor can be applied to the enhancement of lipase production by Y. lipolytica. Hyperbaric bioreactors can be successfully applied for yeast cells cultivation, particularly in high-density cultures used for enzymes production, preventing oxygen limitation and consequently increasing overall productivity.

Deposit formation in aero engines—investigation by pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC)

Pressure differential scanning calorimetry has been used to evaluate the deposit-forming tendencies of selected aero engine oils. In order to simulate real aero engine conditions, oil oxidation was carried out in thin films under 8 bar of air pressure. The factors affecting deposit formation are discussed. The method is a rapid and effective technique for screening the deposit-forming tendencies of aero engine oils and similar lubricants or other fluids under a variety of conditions.