BAP Treatment Research Articles

Essential oil constituents and secondary metabolites of Mentha viridis under tissue culture technique using violet visible light emitting diodes (LEDs)

This study aimed to propagate the valuable medicinal plant Mentha viridis through in vitro culture of nodal segments measuring approximately 1-1.5 cm. Two different types of light-emitting diode (LED) systems were used to apply three different concentrations of two different cytokinins: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0, 1, or 2 mg/L. The LED systems were white as a control and violet, which is a 1:1 ratio of red and blue light. After a 30-day incubation period, the results revealed significant improvements in the survival rate and the number of shoots per explant across the various treatment groups. With MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L TDZ and illuminated by white and violet LEDs, the highest values were obtained, yielding survival rates of 93.3% and 13.3 shoots per explant, respectively. Moreover, the treatment involving 2 mg/L TDZ under violet LEDs illumination exhibited superior outcomes in terms of leaf count per explant, callus formation, and callus size. Notably, no callus formation was observed in response to BAP treatments. All treatments resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and the accumulation of various compounds, such as anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, phenols, flavonoids, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase, when compared to the control in a broader context, the levels of IAA, kinetin, and zeatin increased, while GA3 and ABA decreased in response to the applied treatments, as compared to the control. Additionally, ten compounds were consistently found in all treatments by GC/MS analysis of the micro-propagated Mentha, with carvone accounting for the highest proportion (43.5%) and being the predominant component. Among all treatments, nodal segments that were exposed to violet LEDs and grown on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L TDZ had the highest carvone content.

Effect of BAP concentration on the growth of several types of rambutan plants (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in vitro

Abstract In vitro seed propagation is needed as an alternative to providing superior rambutan planting material. This research aimed to examine the effect of BAP on the growth of several varieties of rambutan in vitro. The method used was a completely randomized design with 2 factors, the first factor was rambutan varieties (binjai, rapiah, and ace), and the second factor was BAP concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 ppm). There were 12 treatment combinations and 3 times replications. Variables observed was analyzed using analysis of variance followed by 5% Duncan’s Multiple Range Test and other data (leaf emergence time, number of leaves, root emergence time, number of roots, and root length) were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the combination of 0 ppm BAP and binjai variety gave the best results on the shoot length, number of leaves, and number of roots. The 0 ppm BAP treatment gave the best results on the number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, number of roots, and root length. Binjai variety treatment gave the best results on the time of shoot emergence, shoot length, time of leaf appearance, number of leaves, time of root appearance, and number of roots.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Auxin as Well as Cytokinin on Shoot Initiation, Formation and Multiplication of Pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) cv. Valentia with MS Semi-solid Medium

The pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) is conventionally propagated through vegetative means. But, this approach of propagation is not feasible for commercial production of plants and has at more time the chances of reduction yield. Therefore, the availability of quality planting material is of urgent need. Recently, there has been a promising approach for pepino multiplication at large scales through tissue culture because it generates a large number of contamination free plantlets in a minimum space and time. The combination of different growth regulators may be tried to maximize the initiation, growth and development of shoot in commercial propagation of pepino plants. The Minimum days taken for shoot initiation (5.21 days) was noted under BAP 3.00 mgl-1 + IBA 0.50 ppm, and minimum days taken for shoot development (40.82 days) was noted under of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm. The highest length of shoot (9.52 cm) was produced in media supplemented with BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm. Maximum percent of developed shoots obtained from the established culture (67.79) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm; While maximum shoots per explants/ innoculums from the established culture (4.06) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm. Maximum number of leaves / plantlet from the established culture (10.85) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm and maximum fresh weight (mg) of shoot / plantlet obtained from the established culture (26.05 mg) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm.

EFFICIENT CLONAL PROPAGATION OF GUAVA CULTIVARS BY MINI SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is commercially propagated by seeds in Punjab and vegetative propagation systems are lacking. Propagation by stem cuttings is handicapped by the non-availability of plant material in bulk for cuttings and season dependency. Hence, juvenile mini softwood (MSW) shoot cuttings (3"-4") of Gola (Round) cultivar having two to three nodes were treated with plant growth regulators (PGRs) including indole butyric acid ‘IBA’ or naphthalene acetic acid ‘NAA’ in combinations with benzyl aminopurine ‘BAP’ and planted in sand, silt and coco peat (40:40:20 v/v) under CRD layout for PGR optimization. Cuttings treated with BAP and IBA (2 mgL-1 + 3 mgL-1) started early sprouting in 8 days and induced a greater number of branches (5-6), number of leaves (11), number of roots (6-7) and long roots (14 cm). Whereas, sprout length was higher up to 14 cm in cuttings treated with BAP and IBA (3 mgL-1 + 1 mgL-1). In the second part of the study, application of the optimized PGR treatment of BAP and IBA (2 mgL-1 + 3 mgL-1) to MSW cuttings of different commercial strains of cultivars Gola (Round) and Surahi (Pyriform) showed a better number of roots (5, 4), root length (13 cm, 11 cm), bud sprouting (100% and 80%) and number of nodes (5 each) in Gola (Sadabahar ‘G1’) and Surahi (Sindhi Bao ‘S2’), respectively. The rooted cuttings were maintained under standard growth room conditions and higher humidity till proper plant growth and the established plantlets were transferred to green house. This study established an efficient clonal propagation system using MSW cuttings thus reducing the plant material and PGRs required for mass multiplication of elite guava cultivars. Keywords: Auxin, cytokinin, softwood cuttings, shoot, rooting.

The Effect of Benzyl Amino Purin and NaphtalenaAcetic Acid Applications on Direct Shoot Organogenesis in Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri B)

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri B.) is a tuberous plant with the potential to be the main source of carbohydrates and is rich in benefits. Porang proliferation is limited by a 6-month dormancy period per year, and generative propagation is unlikely due to the seeds being apomictic triploid. The aimed of my research to analyze the application of BAP and NAA in culture media for direct propagation of porang shoots. The explant used in this research was young leaves. The research was arranged in a completely randomized design with a combination of BAP and NAA hormones added to the MS medium. There were three BAP treatments, namely 1.0 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L, and 3.0 mg/L, while NAA treatments consisted of 2 levels, namely 2.0 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L. The addition of 1.0 mg/L BAP combined with 4.0 mg/L NAA was the best treatment that produced seven shoots with an average shoot length of 2.14 cm and root length of 3.6 cm, with the earliest bud emergence (9.7 weeks after planting).

In Vitro Shoot Culture Growth of Pontianak Orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) with the Addition of Naphthalene Acetic Acid and 6-Benzyl Amino Purine

Pontianak siam orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) is an important agricultural commodity unique to Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan. The demand for Pontianak siam oranges has been steadily increasing over the years, yet the production of Pontianak oranges has not been able to meet the domestic demand. The limited availability of superior seedlings is one of the reasons for this situation. Therefore, efforts are needed to fulfill the demand for Pontianak siam oranges by producing a large quantity of superior seedlings in a short period. One of the strategies that can be employed is in vitro propagation. This research aims to observe the growth of Pontianak Siamese orange shoot explants after administration of NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine). This research was conducted from January to June 2023 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors namely NAA concentrations with 4 levels (0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75 mg/L), and BAP concentrations with 5 levels (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 mg/L). Parameters observed were the emergence time of shoot, shoot number, height of shoot, and the number of leaves. The results showed that single NAA, single BAP, and combination treatment of NAA and BAP significantly affected all growth parameters. Treatment with the addition of 0.25 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP (A1B2) was the treatment with the fastest shoot emergence time (2.80 days after planting), the largest number of shoots (2.60 shoots)the tallest shoots (1.50 cm), , and the greatest number of leaves (2.60 leaves).

The Effect of PVP (Polivinil Pirolidon) and BAP (6-benzylamino purine) on Shoots Induction of Teak Plus Perhutani (Tectona grandis)

The goal of this study is to see how BAP and PVP concentrations affect in vitro teak shoot induction. The research was carried out at Diponegoro University’s Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture, between April and June 2022. The research method was a 4x4 factorial design based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor was the concentration of PVP (mg.L-1): 0, 110, 220, and 330, and the second was the concentration of BAP (ppm): 0, 1.3, 2.6, and 3.9. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and orthogonal polynomials were used to test the data for variance. The interaction between the 0 mg.L-1 PVP treatment and the 110, 220, and 330 mg.L-1 PVP treatments after the addition of 2.6 ppm BAP had the quickest callus emergence time, with an average of 7 days. PVP treatments of 110 mg.L-1 and 220 mg.L-1 had a significant effect on the shoot length parameter. BAP concentrations of 1.3 and 2.6 ppm were found to increase the shoot length, number of shoots, and number of leaves response parameters. The 1.3 ppm BAP treatment also reduced browning by 17% in the explants. There was no effect of PVP or BAP treatments on shoot emergence time, leaf emergence time, or the percentage of explants that formed shoots.

In vitro multiplication of “Kepok” banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana) using different concentration of BAP and NAA in MS media

This study aims to determine the effect of different composition of BAP and NAA concentration added to Murashige and Skoog (MS) basic media on the in vitro multiplication of Indonesian “Kepok” banana variety. The research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of Bonto-Bonto Horticultural Plant Seed Center. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed with two factors tested. Four concentrations of each BAP and NAA used were 0 ppm, 4.5 ppm, 5 ppm, and 5.5 ppm for BAP, and 0 ppm, 2 ppm, 2.5 ppm, and 3 ppm for NAA resulted in 15 composition of BAP:NAA in addition to control (without the hormones). The results show no interaction between the BAP and NAA treatments, BAP concentration of 5 ppm gave the best result on parameter time to shoots emergence (7.50 DAP). NAA concentration of 2.5 ppm gave the best results on root emergence time (8.61 DAP), time to plantlet formation (11.72 DAP), number of roots (4.81 roots) and root length (5.93 cm).

The response of pea plants to ultraviolet B radiation and cytokinin

Aim. The effect of chronic ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and cytokinin benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) on the growth, content of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide (HP) in leaves of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) was studied. Methods. Pea plants cultivar Gotivsky were irradiated by chronic UV-B at a dose of 3.5 kJ/m2 per day during 5 days. Groups of the irradiated and non-irradiated plants were treated with 6-BAP after the end of the UV-B radiation. Length of shoots and roots of pea plants were measured during all time of experiment. Content of photosynthetic pigments and HP in leaves were determined during the experiment. Results. It was shown that plant growth delayed, content of photosynthetic pigments reduced, content of HP increased in the leaves after the chronic UV-B radiation of pea plants. The content of pigments increased and content of HP stabilized in pea leaves after the treatment of plants with 6-BAP. Conclusions. It was shown that chronic UV-B radiation of pea plants by dose of 3.5 kJ/m2 per day caused inhibition of plants growth, increasing HP content, decreasing photosynthetic pigments content in mature leaves. The BAP treatment of irradiated plants stimulated the restoration of photosynthetic pigments content in leaves.

Role of homobrassinolide, abscisic acid, and 6-benzylamino purine on delaying flower senescence in Gladiolus grandiflora

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of homobrassinolide (HBL), abscisic acid (ABA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) on the post-harvest life of 2 Gladiolus grandiflora cultivars, snow princess and nova lux. Different concentrations of HBL, ABA and BAP were applied to cut flowers. The experimental results showed that ABA and BAP treatments significantly increased post-harvest life in snow princess and nova lux cultivars compared to untreated flowers. However, HBL treatment was unsuccessful in delaying senescence in gladiolus. Furthermore, ABA and BAP treatments were more effective in delaying senescence in the nova lux cultivar than in the snow princess cultivar. Vase solutions containing BAP (500 M) and ABA (10 M) were the most efficient in extending the life of the cut floral spike of the nova lux variety (10 and 9 days respectively) followed by the snow princess variety (8 and 7 days respectively). Increasing fresh weight of flowers, vase solution uptake and membrane integrity along with a decrease in pH, malondialdehyde content, and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity prolonged flowers' post-harvest life. In terms of the post-harvest life of G. grandiflora, BAP outperformed ABA in improving the flower longevity of Gladiolus by maintaining higher physiological and biochemical stability in petals.

In vitro sterilization and callus induction from Cananga odorata forma genuina steenis explants

Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) is a plant with numerous uses, including ornamental use, traditional medicinal ingredient, as fragrance, and cosmetics. The high market demand for ylang-ylang essential oil needs to be supported by information on the in vitro process of callus formation to supports the secondary metabolites production without having to cut or harvest the trees so that biodiversity is maintained. The aims of this study were to analyze the explants sterilization method using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution that was most suitable for the ylang-ylang initiation, and to analyze the effect of BAP and NAA treatment on the formation of ylang-ylang callus. The design used is a completely randomized design. The methods used included the preparation, sterilization, and callus induction using a combination of BAP and NAA hormones with twenty four treatment combinations. The results are: the sterilization of explants with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution at a concentration of 20% (v/v) 10 minutes followed by a concentration of 15% (v/v) 20 minutes was able to produce sterile explants in as much as 67.5% of cases. At the callus induction stage, the highest score of callus formation in leaf explants was in media-23 (BAP 4 ppm plus NAA 5 ppm).

Growth regulators on the shooting and rooting of Tamarix chinensis stem cuttings

Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) is a halophyte that plays a critically important role in the restoration of saline land. It reproduces via seeds, but the germination rate of seeds is low in its natural environment, which greatly limits its ability to spread. Vegetative propagation is a useful method for enhancing the quality and reproduction of plants, and the effects of growth regulators on stem cuttings vary. Here, we evaluated the effects of different concentrations (0, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 3000 mg L−1) of gibberellin A3 (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzylamine purine (BAP) on the survival, shoots, and root formation of tamarisk stem cuttings. The survival of tamarisk stem cuttings was 100% in the 100 mg L−1 GA, 1000 mg L−1 IBA, and 500 mg L−1 BAP treatments. The highest number of new shoots per cutting was observed in the 1000 mg L−1 IBA treatment and three times higher than in the control (0 mg L−1; CK), only significant difference with the 250 mg L−1 NAA treatment. The fresh weight of the shoots and roots was higher in the 100 mg L−1 GA, 1000 mg L−1 IBA, 500 mg L−1 BAP, and 250 mg L−1 NAA treatments, and was 161%, 200%, 114%, 66% and 150%, 300%, 150%, 183% higher than in the CK, respectively. Although, the fresh weight of the shoots and roots was highest in the 1000 mg L−1 IBA treatment, it is only significantly differed from that in the 500 mg L−1 BAP and 250 mg L−1 NAA treatments in the fresh weight of the shoots. No significant differences in root length and diameter were observed in the 100 mg L−1 GA, 1000 mg L−1 IBA, 500 mg L−1 BAP, and 250 mg L−1 NAA treatments. Root surface area and volume were significantly higher in the 250 mg L−1 NAA treatment than in the 1000 mg L−1 IBA and 500 mg L−1 BAP treatments. Overall, growth regulators significantly affected the shooting and rooting ability of tamarisk stem cuttings. The following treatments were the most effective for enhancing the quality of tamarisk stem cuttings: 100 mg L−1 GA, 1000 mg L−1 IBA, 500 mg L−1 BAP, and 250 mg L−1 NAA. The growth of tamarisk stem cuttings was maximized in the 1000 mg L−1 IBA treatment, and the survival of tamarisk stem cuttings was lowest in the 250 mg L−1 NAA treatment. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the technology of growth regulators on the shooting and rooting of tamarisk stem cuttings.

Transcriptome reveals the toxicity and genetic response of zebrafish to naphthenic acids and benzo[a]pyrene at ambient concentrations

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are typical contaminants in heavily crude oil. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is also a component of crude oil, but their combined effects have not been systematically explored. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used as the test organisms, and behavioral indicators and enzyme activities were used as toxicity indicators. Combined with the effects of environmental concentrations, the toxic effects of low concentrations of commercially available NAs (0.5 mg/LNA) and benzo[a]pyrene (0.8 μg/LBaP) at single and compound exposures (0.5 mg/LNA and 0.8 μg/LBaP) were assayed in zebrafish, and transcriptome sequencing technology was used to explore the molecular mechanism of the two compounds affecting zebrafish from the molecular biology level. Sensitive molecular markers that could indicate the presence of contaminants were screened. The results showed that (1) zebrafish in the NA and BaP exposure groups exhibited increased locomotor behavior, and the mixed exposure group exhibited inhibition of locomotor behavior. Oxidative stress biomarkers showed increased activity under single exposure and decreased activity under the mixed exposure. (2) NA stress led to changes in the activity of transporters and the intensity of energy metabolism; BaP directly stimulates the pathway of actin production. When the two compounds are combined, the excitability of neurons in the central nervous system is decreased, and the actin-related genes are down-regulated. (3) After BaP and Mix treatments, genes were enriched in the cytokine-receptor interaction and actin signal pathway, while NA increased the toxic effect on the mixed treatment group. In general, the interaction between NA and BaP has a synergistic effect on the transcription of zebrafish nerve and motor behavior-related genes, resulting in increased toxicity under combined exposure. The changes in expression of various zebrafish genes are manifested in the changes in the normal movement behavior of zebrafish and the intensification of oxidative stress in the apparent behavior and physiological indicators. Capsule abstractWe investigated the toxicity and genetic alterations caused by NA, B[a]P, and their mixtures in zebrafish in an aquatic environment using transcriptome sequencing technology and comprehensive behavioral analysis. These changes involved energy metabolism, the generation of muscle cells, and the nervous system.

An amino trimethylene phosphonic acid‐based chelated boric acid complex that works as a synergistic flame retardant for enhancing the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics

AbstractThe chelating ligands of boric acid and amino trimethyl phosphonate prepared a novel flame retardant (BAP) for the cotton fabric. A stable chemical and coordination bond was formed on the surface of the cotton fibers by a simple three‐curing finishing process to make the fabric exhibits excellent durable flame retardancy. Cotton fabrics' tensile strength and whiteness got substantially retained after BAP treatment. 90 g/L BAP‐treated samples (3 curing times, 50 laundry cycles) showed good flame retardancy and durability, holding the largest limit oxygen index, 29.7%, and the shortest damage length, 61 mm. A condensed phase and gas phase synergistic flame retardant mechanism was concluded by thermogravimetric, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric infrared analysis.

Effects of exogenous hormones on the regeneration of juveniles from Sargassum fusiforme holdfasts

During the cultivation of Sargassum fusiforme, sexual reproduction of superior strains can hinder the stable inheritance of their desirable traits and reduce their economic benefits. However, vegetative reproduction of S. fusiforme holdfasts has high potential for subculture. In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellin (GA3), and 6-benzyladenine (BAP) on the growth and regeneration of S. fusiforme holdfasts. Exogenous application of 1.5, 2 mg·L-1NAA, 1.5 mg·L-1 GA3 or 2, 3 mg·L-1BAP significantly promoted photosynthetic activity and the absorption and utilization of nitrate nitrogen in S. fusiforme holdfasts, thus improving the relative growth rate (RGR) and regeneration rate (RR) and shortening the time for the regeneration of juveniles from S. fusiforme holdfasts to around the 6th day. Among these, the RGR and RR at the end of the culture period with 1.5 mg·L-1 of NAA increased by 118.9% and 67.4%, respectively, compared with those of the control group. However, treatment with 1.5 mg·L-1 GA3 increased the RR of S. fusiforme holdfasts by 58.8% compared with that of the control group. Under BAP treatment at 3 mg·L-1, the RR of S. fusiforme holdfasts increased by 23.4% compared with that of the control group; its promoting effect was thus weaker than that of NAA and GA3. When the concentration of GA3 or BAP was too high (3 mg·L-1; 5 mg·L-1), the RR of the holdfasts decreased by 46.5% and 42.8%, respectively compared with that of the control group. Therefore, exogenous application of NAA at 1.5 mg·L-1, GA3 at 1.5 mg·L-1, and BAP at 3 mg·L-1 can be used to induce regeneration of S. fusiforme holdfasts, shorten the culture time of regenerated seedlings, and obtain more regenerative seedlings, thereby improving economic efficiency.

EFFECT OF NAA AND BAP APPLICATION ON THE GROWTH RESPONSES OF Mentha × piperita L.

Mentha × piperita L., also known as peppermint, is a plant with various uses, including medicine, cosmetics, and food. Numerous industries have a high need for peppermint products, but Indonesia is currently unable to meet this demand and should continue to import peppermint. One effort can be made to improve cultivation procedures, and tissue culture becomes one alternative. This research uses shoots as explants with Murashige & Skoog's basic media and growth regulators BAP and NAA. The research was conducted in two phases: six-week initial planting and seven-week subculture. The treatment of BAP 4 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L provides better performance for the number of leaves, and BAP 3 mg/L produced the best response regarding the number of shoots. Furthermore, BAP 1 mg/L + NAA 1 mg/L produced the best response to shoot height and number of leaves, and BAP 3 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L generated the best response to root length. Based on the research, BAP 3 mg/L is the optimal treatment.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of BAP Concentration and Pre-Cooling Treatments on Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Traits of Different Olive (Olea euorpea L.) Cultivars

In vitro propagation of olive (Olea euorpea L.) always remained a challenging task due to its woody nature and oxidation of culture. The current study intended to optimize shoot induction and proliferation protocol for different cultivars (“Leccino”, “Gemlik”, “Moraiolo” and “Arbosana”) of olive-on-olive media (OM) provided with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mgL−1) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) by pre-exposing their explants (nodal segments) with different regimes (0, 24, and 48 h) of cooling. The impacts of treatments were evaluated on morphological (shoot induction percentage, primary shoot length, number of leaves shoot−1, and number of shoots per explant−1), physiological (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, CO2 assimilation, and proline), biochemical (primary and secondary metabolites) attributes of cultivars after 50 to 60 days of culture. Data recorded were subjected to statistical analysis. All traits depicted significant increases in all genotypes with increasing pre-cooling treatments and increasing supplementations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). This increase was the highest for the interaction of 48 h pre-cooling and 2.5 mgL−1 BAP concentration. Moreover, correlation analysis of all traits revealed significant paired association among them in a positive direction, while principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the extent of association varied with types of treatments and the nature of genotypes. Among cultivars, Arbosana depicted more dramatic changes in morphological traits, physiological attributes, and biochemical contents due to varying interactions of pre-cooling and BAP treatments as compared to Moraiolo, Gemlik, and Leccino with in vitro systems.

Pengaruh BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Pada Pertumbuhan Brokoli Hibrida (Brassica oleracea Var. Valencia) Dan Kandungan Sulforafan Pada Kultur In vitro

This study aimed to determine the effect of BAP on the growth of hybrid broccoli and the synthesis of sulforaphane content grown on MS media. Observations were made for 2 weeks, namely on the first day after planting until the 14th day after planting. This study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and was repeated 9 times. The results showed that on the first day after planting the hybrid broccoli had germinated. It was found that the highest Broccoli sprout height in the treatment without BAP (Control) was 8.82cm, the highest weight of Broccoli sprouts in the treatment without BAP (Control) was 0.17g, and the highest sulforaphane content in the 1 ppm BAP treatment was 6.56µg/g.

Impact of in vitro hormone treatments on the bibenzyl production of Radula complanata

Bibenzyls are a specialized metabolite class found throughout the plant kingdom. One of the most prolific producers of bibenzyls are liverworts, specifically plants of the Radula genera. These plants possess an incredible diversity of bibenzyls, prenylated bibenzyls, and a few (bis)bibenzyls, several of which have medicinal properties, including perrottetinene, an analog of tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis. To provide insight into the bibenzyls’ biosynthesis in planta, exogenous phytohormones were applied to in vitro grown Radula complanata and bibenzyl metabolite production was monitored with targeted and untargeted metabolomics. The targeted metabolomic analysis of six prenylated bibenzyls revealed that production of these metabolites was largely reduced when plants were treated with abscisic acid (AA), salicylic acid (SA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The reduction of these metabolites in the BAP and NAA treatment suggests that prenylated bibenzyl production is negatively correlated with vegetative plant growth. The reduction of bibenzyls at low AA and SA concentrations and mild increase at higher AA and SA concentrations suggest that their production is regulated by these stress hormones. In addition, six other bibenzyl metabolites were tentatively identified from the untargeted analysis. These results provide insight into the influence of phytohormones on the bioactive bibenzyl content of R. complanata.

Cytokinin increases vegetative growth period by suppressing florigen expression in rice and maize.

Increasing the vegetative growth period of crops can increase biomass and grain yield. In rice (Oryza sativa), the concentration of trans -zeatin, an active cytokinin, was high in the leaves during vegetative growth and decreased rapidly upon induction of florigen expression, suggesting that this hormone is involved in the regulation of the vegetative phase. To elucidate whether exogenous cytokinin application influences the length of the vegetative phase, we applied 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages. Our treatment delayed flowering time by 8-9 days when compared with mock-treated rice plants, but only at the transition stage when the flowering signals were produced. Our observations also showed that flowering in the paddy field is delayed by thidiazuron, a stable chemical that mimics the effects of cytokinin. The transcript levels of florigen genes Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering locus T1 (RFT1) were significantly reduced by the treatment, but the expression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), a gene found directly upstream of the florigen genes, was not altered. In maize (Zea mays), similarly, BAP treatment increased the vegetative phage by inhibiting the expression of ZCN8, an ortholog of Hd3a. We showed that cytokinin treatment induced the expression of two type-A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2) which interacted with Ehd1, a type-B response regulator. We also observed that cytokinin did not affect flowering time in ehd1 knockout mutants. Our study indicates that cytokinin application increases the duration of the vegetative phase by delaying the expression of florigen genes in rice and maize by inhibiting Ehd1.