River Bank Research Articles

New Petroglyphs of the Baga-Oygur River (Right Bank) in Northwestern Mongolia

Purpose. The prehistory of the Mongolian Altai is represented by chronologically various archaeological sites, especially the rock art ones. In 2023 (as part of 2019 season), the Russian-Mongolian expedition continued to study the rock art complexes in northwestern Mongolia.Results. On the right bank of Baga-Oygur River, 7 new petroglyphs locations were discovered; the photo and graphic documenting of multi-temporal compositions was performed. In particular, the earliest petroglyphs of the “Kalguty” style were studied. Conclusion. Dozens of images refer to the Bronze Age; images and scenes of the Early Iron and Medieval periods are also discovered. Along with the points where petroglyphs are concentrated and strictly localized, a wide distribution of petroglyphs was noted on boulders lying on coastal terraces, as well as on rocky outcrops and on the peaks of the mountain frame of the river.

A Study of Weeds on the River Banks of Kathmandu Valley

The paper deals with weeds found along the river banks of the Kathmandu valley. It lists 219 species in 156 genera belonging to 50 families. Pilea peploides Hk. & Arn. is recorded here for the first time from the valley.

Ecological Observations along the River Banks at Allahabad, U. P.

This paper embodies the ecological observations made along the exposed riverbeds and the immediate banks of the rivers Jamuna and Ganga at Allahabad during thé months of April to June in 1962 and 1963.The physical features, climate and soil of the area are discussed.Botanical composition of the vegetation and the relative abundance, preference for habitat, types, and phenology of the important species are given.The vegetation is characterised by the preponderance of annual plants and consists of the species of the wet meadow and dry meadow stages of Dudgeon (1920). The thorn scrub Stage is represented by Acacia arabica and Zizyphus jujuba.

The Vegetation of Marshes, Ponds and River Banks in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh

The paper deals with the aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation of Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh. The phenology, distribution in various habitats and ecology have been given. Hydrophytic vegetation of Shivpuri has been compared with that of other investigated parts of M.P. The collection made includes 101 species in 82 genera belonging to 37 families. Ruppia maritima Linn. is a new record for M.P.

New Species of <i>Polygonum</i> from Assam

A new species of Polygonum named Polygonum glundulosum Subba Rao, collected from the sandy bank of Sarbhanga river, Goalpara, Assam by Shri R. S. Rao (Rolla Seshagiri Rao 7162 A) haa been described with the illustrations.

Notes on the Flora of Pravarasangam Area, Maharashtra State

This paper deals with the general floristic account of Pravarasangam area, Maharashtra State. A brief description of the grassland in the moist river banks and the scrub jungle in the dry plains is given. 150 species belonging to 118 genera and 35 families are enumerated, out of which Gramineae, Papilionaceae, Compositae and Amaranthaceae are the dominant ones.

Macroplastic Fate and Transport Modeling: Freshwaters Act as Main Reservoirs.

Macroplastic fate and transport in the freshwater environment are of great concern due to the potentially harmful effects of macroplastic on plants, animals, and humans. Here, we present a modeling approach to simulate macroplastic fate and transport at the country scale based on an existing plastic release model. The fate model was parametrized through available monitoring data and results from field experiments and applied to Swiss rivers and lakes. We found that almost all (98%) macroplastic emissions into freshwater remain within Switzerland. After exploring the influences of weirs, retention in rivers, and retention in lakes through a sensitivity analysis, we found a high retention variability across different catchments and within rivers. In all 22 analyzed scenarios for continuous retention along each river bank (i.e., beaching), we found that at least 70% of input emissions into the water bodies would be retained long-term in the catchments (about 200 g per river km and year). Across all catchments, we found a dominance of "continuous retention" through beaching along the entire river length compared with "point retention" at weirs or lakes. Thus, by modeling macroplastic fate and transport on a country level for the first time, we were able to confirm the concept of "rivers as plastic reservoirs" through modeling.

Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts of River Bank Erosion: Enhancing Resilience in the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh

River bank erosion is one of the major natural calamities of Bangladesh. The purpose of this study is to assess the socio-economic impacts of riverbank erosion in Mehendiganj Upazila, Barishal district, using quantitative and qualitative approaches. 58% of the respondents reported that the intensity of erosion is extremely high. 80% of the cultivable land of Ulania union has disappeared in the river where this amount is near 50% for the other two unions. Nearly 45% of the respondents have migrated within the last 4 years. Among the migrated people, 94% reported that their social bondage had been broken. The findings of this research indicate that river erosion significantly affects social, economic, psychological, and ethical risks in the local community. The study will provide a comprehensive guideline to the role of local government, non-government organizations and communities to reduce the adverse impact of river erosion.

Developing Guidelines to Increase Green Space in Communities in Thailand Based on the Integration of Green Space into Commercial and Waterfront Routes in Singapore and Hangzhou (China)

The objective of this study is to determine how to increase green space that can overlap with areas that are primarily used for transport in commercial areas and waterfront routes in communities in Thailand, where transportation is limited, in order to provide urban populations an opportunity to access green space in various forms. In this study, the following was found: (1) Commercial routes should be considered. Specifically, green spaces should be created in various forms by considering the sizes of footpaths as well as restrictions on planting; the plants should be native plants because they are easy to care for and help convey the boundaries of an area. A “landmark” that represents the identity of a community should be used to create a meeting point for people entering the commercial area, and designers should use the principles of universal design to make all groups of people feel confident and safe when accessing the area. Finally, vacant or abandoned areas between buildings may also be used. (2) Waterside travel routes should also be considered. Green spaces should be distributed into points, or some routes should be made wider to accommodate various activities; areas along canals or river banks or degraded waterways should be developed or improved to create a recreational area designed with the community’s unique identity in mind, which may develop into a destination for tourists. Importantly, agencies who are responsible for working with the people in the community need to continuously care for these green spaces to enhance sustainability.

Bamboo Bandalling Technique for River Bank Protection and Flood Control – A Critical Review

River training is crucial for safeguarding river banks against erosion and preventing damage during floods. Various established methods like spurs, dykes, and revetments have been employed for many years. Researchers are currently investigating a novel river training approach known as bandal-like structures, aiming to demonstrate their cost-effectiveness as a potential alternative to existing structures. The bamboo bandalling technique effectively controls erosion and promotes sedimentation in rivers, reducing sediment loads. Biodegradable bamboo, readily available and cost-effective, ensures minimal harm to aquatic life. However, these structures require replacement after a single monsoon season, making them suitable for short-term river training in low-discharge, unsubmerged conditions. The current study analyzes scour around bandalling structures, emphasizing the need for further research to address discrepancies in velocity distribution and optimize scour control. Numerical simulation strengths and weaknesses highlight the suitability of Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and Computational Fluid Dynamics for different aspects of the investigation.

Dinamika Kesultanan Panai Tahun 1862 – 1946

Cultural history in East Sumatra, close relationship with interactions between residents and immigrants. North Sumatra is one of the well-known migration destination areas in Indonesia and even Asia, because it is supported by its rapid economic development. The governments of kingdoms and sultanates in the past were founded on the banks of rivers which were the means and source of social and economic life. The Panai Sultanate was one of the sultanates that built a government center on the river bank. Apart from being a strategic location and a source of livelihood. The main focus of this thesis problem is the history of a sultanate that was once established in the city of Labuhanbilik by analyzing the sultanate. This sultanate is called the Panai Sultanate which is located in Labuhanbilik Village, Central Panai District. Another problem is that the author discusses the dynamics of the Panai Sultanate in 1862-1946 and the factors of the destruction of the Panai Sultanate. The type of method used in this research process is the historical research method. Meanwhile, for the approach, the author uses a qualitative approach. In searching for data, this research uses data collection techniques which consist of three types, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The observation technique was carried out by going directly to research locations such as the Panai Grand Mosque, Tengku Kelana Putra Tomb, Labuhanbatu Regency Regional Library, Tengku Luckman Sinar Reading Park, and the area of ​​the former Panai sultanate located in Labuhanbilik Village, Central Panai District. Meanwhile, the interview technique was carried out using interview sessions with informants, namely community leaders from Labuhanbilik Village, staff from the Panai Tengah sub-district office, and officials from the Mabmi Medan office management. And documentation techniques are carried out by collecting sources, both oral and written sources. The results obtained from this research are that the Panai Sultanate was an ethnic Malay Sultanate that was founded around 1670 with the first capital being Kampung Sipege, then Mabar Negeri Lama and finally Labuhanbilik. The Panai Sultanate has a royal leadership lineage of ten kings. The ten kings are Raja Murai, Raja Umu, Raja Muhammad Soleh, Raja Kaharuddin, Raja Abdullah, Raja Muhammad Tahir, Tengku Sulong Syahnara, Tengku Kelana Putra, Tengku Mahmud Aman, and Tengku Hamlet. The Panai Sultanate was destroyed when the social revolution occurred in 1946 in East Sumatra. The fact that can prove the existence of the Panai Sultanate is the existence of the remains of this Sultanate to this day in the form of mosques and tombs.

SmartWood: field-based analysis of large wood movement dynamics using inertial measurement units (IMUs)

Wood plays an important ecological role in rivers. Yet challenges arise when large wood (LW) is mobilised and transported during floods. Due to a lack of quantitative data, movement behaviour of LW during floods is still not well understood to date. A proof-of-concept study was conducted at three Swiss rivers to test state-of-the-art sensor-tagged logs, so-called “SmartWood” and collect quantitative field-scale data about LW movement behaviour. The experiments utilised innovative inertial measurement units (IMUs), which have been developed at the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) at ETH Zurich and implanted into wood logs (SmartWood) at prototype scale. Each IMU comprised three individual sensors (gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer) and was equipped with an on-board processor, an AA battery (4.35 V), a memory (8 MB), and a Wi-Fi transmitter (100 m) for data transfer. After successful initial verification tests of the sensors, the IMUs were installed into debranched wood logs, measuring 4.35 m in length and 0.33 m in diameter. At the time of the field experiments, each SmartWood-log weighted between 170 and 220 kg, yielding a density of roughly 500 kg∙m−3. At the Limmat, Thur, and Grosse Melchaa Rivers in Switzerland, innovative yet discontinuous data were obtained. Results revealed consistent movement dynamics across all field sites. Specifically, we observed positive yaw movement during transport of SmartWood along the left river bank and negative yaw movement along the right river bank. Furthermore, interactions of SmartWood with channel boundaries, riparian vegetation, and objects (e.g., ferry dock) were registered and quantified, even when the SmartWood-log was transported out of sight of traditional sensing methods. The conducted field experiments enabled the initial testing of SmartWood in the field and exposed critical limitations of the IMUs and software algorithms for the reconstruction and analysis of floating LW dynamics. The gained knowledge and introduced sensing method will benefit the quantitative assessment of LW dynamics in rivers to maintain safety and functionality for instream structures (e.g., considering LW movement dynamics for the robust design of LW retention and guiding structures), but also river restoration projects and numerical models that rely on quantitative field-scale data.

Geomorphological study of the debris flow events in the Harsovska River (Blagoevgradska Bistritsa catchment), observed within 2019-2023

Debris flow events in the Blagoevgradska Bistritsa catchment (SW Bulgaria) become more frequent in the past few years. To localize the debris source along the tributary system, the Harsovska River is chosen in this study. During the observation period a torrential event was registered in June 2023. The synoptic situation, which caused the flood, is re-analyzed and also geomorphological research is made for depositional landforms in the river channel for the period 2019-2023. In the study, the alluvial sediments are defined by grain size and also by morphoscopic study of pebble-sized grains. During the field research, two critical flood-risk sites are pointed, located in the Harsovo hamlet. The data about past debris flow events are collected from residents of Harsovo with interviews regarding their experience in this issue. In the period of the study, the main part of debris nourishment in Harsovska catchment is provided by the tributary Marulevska River, where active mass movement processes are registered. However, the alluvial profiles of both rivers – Marulevska and Harsovska, showed an alternation of coarser and finer materials, resulting of turbulent and calm discharge. Such periodical change in the sedimentary environment of the two compound rivers demonstrates their unsteady torrential character. Regarding the fortification activities in this area, at the moment some new forestation has been noticed. Still, the species, used to fortify the river banks are not suitable for the climate and hydrological regime of the region. The channel fortifications, built in the middle of the 20th century, currently are not maintained properly, which puts under threat of future debris flow events the settlements and infrastructure along this catchment.

Viscous flow and collapse of macroscopic cavities in a granular material

The viscous flow in a granular material containing macroscopic cavities (or clear fluid regions) is determined on the basis of the generalized Darcy equation (outside the cavity region) and the Stokes equation (inside the cavity region). A three-dimensional singularity termed a “Darcylet”, which is a fundamental solution in the granular material, is distributed over the surface of a spherical cavity of unit size that surrounds the isolated singularity. The latter is calibrated with the exact solution and applied to describe the interaction between two cavities, which successfully reproduces previous analytic results. The proposed method is applicable to two cavities until they come into contact, thus providing a theoretical explanation of the fundamental collapse-and-merger process of two cavities. Furthermore, we extend this method to the interaction among multiple cavities, which reveals the effect on the flow field of an arbitrary number of cavities in an arbitrary configuration. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed method, we first apply it to a one-dimensional array of cavities of arbitrary orientation and curvature and estimate the convective diffusion of fluid volume, before considering a two-dimensional slightly disordered array of cavities. The results indicate the development and creation of new fluid passages, which may provide clues for predicting the anomalously fast spread of contaminants in inhomogeneous granular material; the formation of waterways, collapse of river banks, and landslides in civil engineering; and fluidization in chemical engineering. Our results may also provide insights into medical engineering techniques for creating new blood veins for micro-circulation (angiogenesis).

Evaluation of the Thermal Erosion of River Banks Based on Laboratory and Numerical Modeling

Evaluation of the Thermal Erosion of River Banks Based on Laboratory and Numerical Modeling

Assessment of climate change induced rainfall trend and variability with non-parametric and linear approach for Sirajganj district, Bangladesh

The monthly and annual trends and variance of rainfall have been studied for five stations in an economically important Bangladeshi district named Sirajganj since 1965 to 2021. Natural disasters have prevalent in Sirajganj which is indispensable to assess. But, several researchers have been normally focused on river bank management and flood risk assessment. However, no extensive research has been conducted on Sirajganj based on non-normally distributed time series meteorological data such as rainfall time series so the current study is very important. In this study, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods have been used to determine the statistical significance of a positive or negative trend in rainfall data. Also, cumulative sum charts and bootstrapping, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's range tests, and linear regression have been used to discover the incidence of abrupt changes, compare the significant difference in monthly and annual rainfall data, multiple comparisons amidst mentioned stations to find changes, and to investigate the changeover on dry and rainy days, respectively. The analysis showed a statistically significant decreasing trends in monthly and annual rainfall series. As well, changes from positive to negative direction have been recognized in the February, May, July, September, and annual rainfall time sequence. Besides, ANOVA and Tukey's range tests revealed a statistically substantial difference in all monthly and annual rainfall volume excluding January, March, and June. Additionally, these two tests demonstrated momentous differences in all monthly and annual frequency of rainfall categories excepting January and April. However, Linear regression analysis revealed that the number of dry days gradually reduced at the end of the dry winter, though the number of rainy days decreased during the rainy season. As in, the number of rainy days replaces the number of dry days during the dry season and vice versa during the rainy season. Even though, with very few exceptions, the volume of rainfall decreases throughout the year. The outcomes of this research might helpful for implementing the planning and evaluating hydrological projects on Sirajganj district.

Analysis of the Consolidation Properties of Soil in the Mucherbari Regulator in Sunamganj

Analysis of the Consolidation Properties of Soil in the Mucherbari Regulator in Sunamganj

Evaluating the efficiency of indigenous soil bacterial strains for heavy metal removal

Significant quantities of toxic heavy metals are regularly deposited into soil environments every day as a result of industrial and human activities, as well as natural emissions. Today, biological methods for reducing heavy metal pollution are becoming increasingly common as an innovative approach to combating heavy metal pollution. The purpose of this study was to identify soil bacteria capable of removing heavy metals and to explore the potential of native bacteria in the bioremediation process. During this experiment, various soil samples were collected from several sites (river bank Rvs1, bus station Bt2, agricultural site Ag3, landfill Gr4 and construction site Cn5). Five bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples using a conventional serial plate dilution method. Morphologically distinct colonies were selected and purified during incubation. Pure cultures of bacterial colonies were established and maintained as slant cultures. Depending on preliminary physical, chemical and morphological characteristics, isolates RvsS1, Bt2, Ag3, Gr4 and Cn5 were compared with the bacterial species: “Proteus”, “Staphylococcus”, “Pseudomonas”, “Bacilli” and “Klebsiella” respectively. Bacterial isolates were examined for their uptake of Cu, Cd and Pb in flask bioreactors. Strains RV1, Bt2, Ag3 and Gr4 removed 48.7%, 25.6%, 59.8% and 23.5% of lead, respectively. The removal efficiency of isolate Cn5 was 35.68% for lead and 48.53% for copper. Thus, the data demonstrate that the use of indigenous bacteria is potentially effective in the bioremediation of heavy metals. Keywords: BIOREMEDIATION, MICROORGANISMS, HEAVY METALS, LOCAL BACTERIA, ISOLATES, STRAINS, ABSORPTION

Detailed Landslide Traces Database of Hancheng County, China, Based on High-Resolution Satellite Images Available on the Google Earth Platform

Hancheng is located in the eastern part of China’s Shaanxi Province, near the west bank of the Yellow River. It is located at the junction of the active geological structure area. The rock layer is relatively fragmented, and landslide disasters are frequent. The occurrence of landslide disasters often causes a large number of casualties along with economic losses in the local area, seriously restricting local economic development. Although risk assessment and deformation mechanism analysis for single landslides have been performed for landslide disasters in the Hancheng area, this area lacks a landslide traces database. A complete landslide database comprises the basic data required for the study of landslide disasters and is an important requirement for subsequent landslide-related research. Therefore, this study used multi-temporal high-resolution optical images and human-computer interaction visual interpretation methods of the Google Earth platform to construct a landslide traces database in Hancheng County. The results showed that at least 6785 landslides had occurred in the study area. The total area of the landslides was about 95.38 km2, accounting for 5.88% of the study area. The average landslide area was 1406.04 m2, the largest landslide area was 377,841 m2, and the smallest landslide area was 202.96 m2. The results of this study provides an important basis for understanding the spatial distribution of landslides in Hancheng County, the evaluation of landslide susceptibility, and local disaster prevention and mitigation work.

Bangladesh's Climate Vulnerability and Overseas Migration: Navigating Challenges and Paving the Way Forward

Bangladesh ranks seventh on the Global Climate Risk Index 2021, which identifies the nations most susceptible to natural catastrophes, demonstrating how sensitive the country is to both climate change and natural disasters. Millions of people are forced to migrate to neighboring cities and urban areas in search of work and a living each year as a result of climate change and natural disasters such as river bank erosion, salinity intrusion, floods, cyclones, and landslides in Bhola, Khulna, Bagerhat, Patuakhali, and Gaibandha. Urban life is strained by this influx, especially in terms of housing, water supply, and sanitation. Many of these individuals also seek overseas employment as a means of survival. While numerous organizations, including government institutions, are working to promote safe and regular international migration and overseas employment, a portion of these individuals fall prey to labor trafficking due to a lack of information, monitoring, and services from the administration. Additionally, communities in climate-risk areas are ultimately forced to choose between internal and international migration due to the sluggish adoption of climate-resilient agricultural methods and technologies, as well as the dearth of technical and vocational education options. For these regions of significant natural disasters and climate change, the government has to provide more secure migration policies and encourage productive remittance investment.